Need presentation 3-4 slides and key notes for the below questions

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Essay answers are attached

With reference to the IASB Conceptual Framework Project website and associated resources, as well as the relevant accounting literature, explain why the IASB decided to revise the conceptual framework with specific reference to

a. Measurement, presentation and disclosure;

b. Definitions of an asset and liability and recognition criteria; and 

c. The roles of stewardship and prudence in financial reporting 

With reference to the IASB Conceptual Framework Project website and associated resources,

as well as the relevant accounting literature, explain why the IASB decided to revise the
conceptual framework with specific reference to:

a. Measurement, presentation and disclosure;
It was identified by the IASB board that the previous conceptual framework did not possess a
section for measurement, presentation and for disclosure issues. Further as per the general
accepted guideline on measurement, presentation and disclosure were too rigid, lengthy and
detailed. Therefore the IASB board decided to arrange a single measurement basis to be used
in measurement.Therefore two measurement bases were identified namely historical and
current value measurement ​(Conceptual framework — Presentation and disclosure; elements of
financial statements; capital maintenance (IASB only), 2020)​. Earlier in order do measurements the
historical cost, revaluation cost, relevant cost, fair value etc were used. Further when identifying
presentation requirements new definitions for assets and liabilities were introduced to identify its
economic exposure more than it was previously used ​(2020)​. Further with regard to disclosure
requirements in explanatory notes were widened to make it useful for the users to understand
the financial statements more and more. ​(Conceptual Framework Phase E — Presentation and
disclosure, 2020)

b. Definitions of an asset and liability and recognition criteria;

Previous definition of assets
In the previous definition an asset is viewed as just a resource controlled by the entity and this
asset has been arised or occured as a result of a past event and further it was stated that an
asset would bring in future economic benefits or positive financial outcomes to the entity.
New definition on assets.
Within the new definition on assets which were introduced by the IASB (international Accounting
Standards Board) board in March 2018, they have recognised an asset as a economic resource
which would be controlled by the entity and further this asset is existing within the business as a
result of a past event which has taken place. Further, a definition on economic resources has
also been highlighted as an element which possesses the potential to produce economic
benefits.

Previous definition on liabilities
Within the previous definition a liability was recognised as a present obligation or a present loan
of the entity, further this obligation has arisen as a result of a past event which has occured
within the entity and this obligation would result in future outflow of economic resources from the
entity.
New definition on liabilities
Within the new definition on liability which were introduced by the IASB (international
Accounting Standards Board) board in March 2018, they have recognised a liability as a present
or currently available obligation of the entity to transfer an economic resource or an economic
benefit to another party. Further this economic liability exists as a result of a past event.

Subsequently a definition has been identified for an obligation as a responsibility that cannot be
avoided by the entity.
(Revised Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting | Crowe Maldives LLP, 2020)
c. The roles of stewardship and prudence in financial reporting

Stewardship could be viewed as an element which could be used as a useful tool when making
decisions and professional judgements to identify tolerable levels of uncertainty measurement
when denoting faithful representation when preparing financial statements.
The newly introduced Conceptual Framework highlights specifically the importance of providing
accurate information to the management’s to identify their stewardship in preparing and
presenting financial statements and specifically states that faithful representation maintained
when recording a transaction reports its economic substance and its legal substance.

Prudence identified that when measuring financial statement elements namely the assets,
liabilities, income, expenses and capital components that those needs to be reflected at their
actual values to abide by all the qualitative characteristics of financial statements. In other words
these elements cannot be overstated or understated. The full effort needs to be exerted to
identify the actual value to faithfully represent them in financial statements.

To align the qualitative characteristics to stewardship and prudence concepts the qualitative
characteristics are mainly divided into two sections namely fundamental characteristics and
enhancing characteristics. Fundamental characteristics comprises relevance and faithful
representation and further the enhancing qualitative characteristics comprises comparability,
verifiability, timeliness and understandability.

(IFRS, 2020)

References.
Iasplus.com. 2020. ​Conceptual Framework — Presentation And Disclosure; Elements Of Financial

Statements; Capital Maintenance (IASB Only)​. [online] Available at:

[Accessed 9 March 2020].

Grantthornton.global. 2020. [online] Available at:
[Accessed 9 March 2020].

Iasplus.com. 2020. ​Conceptual Framework Phase E — Presentation And Disclosure​. [online] Available at:
[Accessed 9 March 2020].

Crowe.com. 2020. ​Revised Conceptual Framework For Financial Reporting | Crowe Maldives LLP​.
[online] Available at:
[Accessed 9
March 2020].

Ifrs.org. 2020. ​IFRS​. [online] Available at:
[Accessed 9 March 2020].

IFRS® Conceptual Framework
Project Summary

March 2018

Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting

2 | Project Summary | Conceptual Framework | March 2018

Conceptual Framework at a glance

Introduction
The International Accounting Standards Board (Board) issued the revised
Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting (Conceptual Framework), a
comprehensive set of concepts for financial reporting, in March 2018.

It sets out:

• the objective of financial reporting

• the qualitative characteristics of useful financial information

• a description of the reporting entity and its boundary

• definitions of an asset, a liability, equity, income and expenses

• criteria for including assets and liabilities in financial statements
(recognition) and guidance on when to remove them (derecognition)

• measurement bases and guidance on when to use them

• concepts and guidance on

presentation and disclosure

This Project Summary summarises:

• why the Board revised the Conceptual Framework

• the main changes from the previous Conceptual Framework

• the main concepts and guidance in each chapter of the
Conceptual Framework

Purpose
• to assist the Board to develop IFRS Standards (Standards) based on

consistent concepts, resulting in financial information that is useful to
investors, lenders and other creditors

• to assist preparers of financial reports to develop consistent accounting
policies for transactions or other events when no Standard applies or a
Standard allows a choice of accounting policies

• to assist all parties to understand and interpret Standards

Status
• provides concepts and guidance that underpin the decisions the Board

makes when developing Standards

• not a Standard

• does not override any Standard or any requirement in a Standard

Effective date
• immediately for the Board and the IFRS Interpretations Committee

• annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2020 for preparers who
develop an accounting policy based on the Conceptual Framework

Project Summary | Conceptual Framework | March 2018 | 3

Why have we revised the Conceptual Framework?

Priority
identified as a priority by stakeholders in the 2011 Agenda Consultation

Filling gaps
for example, guidance on measurement, presentation and disclosure

Updating
for example, the definitions of an asset and a liability

Clarifying
for example, the role of

measurement uncertainty

Previous
Conceptual Framework

Revised
Conceptual Framework

• issued in 1989 and partly revised in 2010

• useful, but incomplete and needed improvement

• a comprehensive set of concepts for financial reporting

Approach
In revising the Conceptual Framework, the Board
sought a balance between providing high-level
concepts and providing enough detail for the
Conceptual Framework to be useful to the Board
and others.

The Board views the Conceptual Framework as a
practical tool to help it develop Standards.
Hence, the Conceptual Framework includes concepts
that help the Board develop Standards and also
discusses the factors the Board needs to consider
in making judgements when application of the
concepts does not lead to a single answer.

4 | Project Summary | Conceptual Framework | March 2018

Main changes

New
Measurement concepts on measurement, including factors to be considered when selecting a measurement basis

Presentation and disclosure concepts on presentation and disclosure, including when to classify income and expenses in other comprehensive income

Derecognition guidance on when assets and liabilities are removed from financial statements

Updated
Definitions definitions of an asset and a liability

Recognition criteria for including assets and liabilities in financial statements

Clarified
Prudence Stewardship Measurement uncertainty Substance over form

The revised Conceptual Framework introduces the following main improvements:

Project Summary | Conceptual Framework | March 2018 | 5

Chapter 1—The objective of financial reporting
This chapter sets out the objective of general purpose financial reporting (financial reporting), what information is needed to achieve that
objective and who the primary users (users) of financial reports are.

Objective of financial reporting
To provide financial information that is useful to users in making decisions

relating to providing resources to the entity

Stewardship

Users of financial reports need information to
help them assess management’s stewardship. The
Conceptual Framework explicitly discusses this need
as well as the need for information that helps users
assess the prospects for future net cash inflows to the
entity.

Users’ decisions involve decisions about

buying, selling or holding
equity or debt instruments

providing or settling loans
and other forms of credit

voting, or
otherwise influencing
management’s actions

To make these decisions, users assess

prospects for future
net cash inflows to the entity

management’s stewardship of the
entity’s economic resources

To make both these assessments, users need information about both

the entity’s economic resources, claims against the entity and changes in those resources and claims

how efficiently and effectively management has discharged its
responsibilities to use the entity’s economic resources

Summary of changes

This chapter was issued in 2010 and went
through extensive due process at that time.
Therefore, in revising the Conceptual Framework,
the Board did not fundamentally reconsider this
chapter. However, it clarified why information
used in assessing stewardship is needed to
achieve the objective of financial reporting.

Users of financial reports

Users of financial reports are an entity’s existing
and potential investors, lenders and other
creditors. Those users must rely on financial
reports for much of the financial information
they need.

6 | Project Summary | Conceptual Framework | March 2018

Chapter 2—Qualitative characteristics of useful
financial information
This chapter discusses what makes financial information useful.

Prudence

Neutrality is supported by the exercise of prudence.
Prudence is the exercise of caution when making
judgements under conditions of uncertainty. Prudence
does not allow for overstatement or understatement of
assets, liabilities, income or expenses.

Measurement uncertainty

Measurement uncertainty does not prevent
information from being useful. However, in some cases
the most relevant information may have such a high
level of measurement uncertainty that the most useful
information is information that is slightly less relevant
but is subject to lower measurement uncertainty.

Fundamental qualitative characteristics

Relevance

• information is relevant if it is capable of making a
difference to the decisions made by users

• financial information is capable of making a
difference in decisions if it has predictive value or
confirmatory value

Faithful representation

• information must faithfully represent the
substance of what it purports to represent

• a faithful representation is, to the maximum extent
possible, complete, neutral and free from error

• a faithful representation is affected by level of
measurement uncertainty

Enhancing qualitative characteristics

Comparability Verifiability Timeliness Understandability

• these four qualitative characteristics enhance the usefulness of information

• but they cannot make non-useful information useful

Cost constraint

• the benefit of providing the information needs to justify the cost of providing and using the information

Summary of changes

This chapter was issued in 2010 and went through
extensive due process at that time. Therefore,
in revising the Conceptual Framework the Board
did not fundamentally reconsider this chapter.
However, the Board clarified the roles of prudence,
measurement uncertainty and substance over form
in assessing whether information is useful.

For information to be useful it must both be relevant and provide a faithful representation of what it purports to represent. Relevance and faithful representation
are the fundamental qualitative characteristics of useful financial information, and the guiding concepts that apply throughout the revised Conceptual Framework.

Project Summary | Conceptual Framework | March 2018 | 7

Boundary of a reporting entity

Determining the appropriate boundary of a reporting
entity can be difficult if, for example, the entity is
not a legal entity. In such cases, the boundary is
determined by considering the information needs
of the users of the entity’s financial statements.
Those users need information that is relevant
and that faithfully represents what it purports to
represent. A reporting entity does not comprise
an arbitrary or incomplete collection of assets,
liabilities, equity, income and expenses.

Financial statements
a particular form of financial reports that provide information about the reporting
entity’s assets, liabilities, equity, income and expenses

Reporting entity

• an entity that is required, or chooses, to prepare financial statements

• not necessarily a legal entity—could be a portion of an entity or comprise more
than one entity

Consolidated
financial statements

Unconsolidated
financial statements

Combined
financial statements

provide information about assets,
liabilities, equity, income and
expenses of both the parent
and its subsidiaries as a single
reporting entity

provide information about assets,
liabilities, equity, income and
expenses of the parent only

provide information about assets,
liabilities, equity, income and
expenses of two or more entities
that are not all linked by a
parent-subsidiary relationship

Summary of changes

This chapter is new.

Chapter 3—Financial statements and
the reporting entity
This chapter describes the objective and scope of financial statements and provides a description of the reporting entity.

8 | Project Summary | Conceptual Framework | March 2018

Chapter 4—The elements of financial statements

continued …

This chapter defines the five elements of financial statements—an asset, a liability, equity, income and expenses.

Previous definition

of an asset

A resource controlled by the entity as a result
of past events and from which future economic
benefits are expected to flow to the entity

Revised definition of an asset

A present economic resource controlled by the
entity as a result of past events

An economic resource is a right that has the
potential to produce economic benefits

Previous definition

of a liability

A present obligation of the entity arising from
past events, the settlement of which is expected
to result in an outflow from the entity of
resources embodying economic benefits

Revised definition of a liability

A present obligation of the entity to transfer an
economic resource as a result of past events

An obligation is a duty or responsibility that
the entity has no practical ability to avoid

Main changes
in the definition

of an asset

• separate definition of an economic resource—to clarify that an asset is the
economic resource, not the ultimate inflow of economic benefits

• deletion of ‘expected flow’—it does not need to be certain, or even likely, that
economic benefits will arise

• a low probability of economic benefits might affect recognition decisions and
the measurement of the asset

Main changes
in the definition
of a liability

• separate definition of an economic resource—to clarify that a liability is the
obligation to transfer the economic resource, not the ultimate outflow of
economic benefits

• deletion of ‘expected flow’—with the same implications as set out above for an asset

• introduction of the ‘no practical ability to avoid’ criterion to the definition
of obligation

No practical ability to avoid

The revised Conceptual Framework discusses how the
‘no practical ability to avoid’ criterion is applied in
the following circumstances:

(a) if a duty or responsibility arises from the entity’s
customary practices, published policies or specific
statements—the entity has an obligation if it has
no practical ability to act in a manner inconsistent
with those practices, policies or statements.

(b) if a duty or responsibility is conditional on a
particular future action that the entity itself may
take—the entity has an obligation if it has no
practical ability to avoid taking that action.

Summary of changes

The definitions of an asset and a liability have been
refined and the definitions of income and expenses
have been updated only to reflect that refinement.

The definition of equity as the residual interest
in the assets of the entity after deducting
all its liabilities is unchanged. The Board’s
research project on Financial Instruments
with Characteristics of Equity is exploring the
distinction between liabilities and equity.

Project Summary | Conceptual Framework | March 2018 | 9

… continued

Executory contract

An executory contract is a contract that is equally
unperformed. It establishes a single asset or liability
for the inseparable combined right and obligation to
exchange economic resources.

Substance of contracts

To represent contractual rights and obligations
faithfully, financial statements must report their
substance. In some cases, the substance of such rights
and obligations is clear from a contract’s legal form.
But, in other cases, the terms of the contract, or of a
group or series of contracts, may require analysis to
identify the substance of the rights and obligations.

Revised definition of expenses

Decreases in assets, or increases in liabilities,
that result in decreases in equity, other than
those relating to distributions to holders of
equity claims

Revised definition of income

Increases in assets, or decreases in liabilities,
that result in increases in equity, other than
those relating to contributions from holders of
equity claims

Although income and expenses are defined
in terms of changes in assets and liabilities,
information about income and expenses
is just as important as information about
assets and liabilities.

Unit of account
the right(s) or obligation(s), or group of rights and obligations, to which
recognition criteria and measurement concepts are applied

Selecting the unit of account

Relevance

• a unit of account is selected to provide relevant
information about the asset or liability and any
related income and expenses

Faithful representation

• a unit of account is selected to provide a faithful
represention of the substance of the transaction
or other event from which the asset, liability and
any related income or expenses have arisen

10 | Project Summary | Conceptual Framework | March 2018

Chapter 5—Recognition and derecognition

Recognition
The process of capturing for inclusion in the statement of financial position or
the statement(s) of financial performance an item that meets the definition of an
asset, a liability, equity, income or expenses

This chapter discusses criteria for including assets and liabilities in financial statements (recognition) and guidance on
when to remove them (derecognition).

Why recognition is important

Recognising assets, liabilities, equity, income and
expenses depicts an entity’s financial position and
financial performance in structured summaries
(the statements of financial position and financial
performance). The amounts recognised in a statement
are included in the totals and, if applicable, subtotals,
in the statement. The statements are linked because
income and expenses are linked to changes in assets
and liabilities.

Summary of changes

The previous recognition criteria were that an
entity should recognise an item that met the
definition of an element if it was probable that
economic benefits would flow to the entity and
if the item had a cost or value that could be
determined reliably.

The revised recognition criteria refer explicitly
to the qualitative characteristics of useful
information.

The Board’s aim was to develop a more coherent set
of concepts, not to increase or decrease the range of
assets and liabilities recognised.

Cost constraint

Cost constrains recognition decisions, just as it constrains other financial reporting decisions

Recognition criteria

Relevance

• whether recognition of an item results in relevant
information may be affected by, for example:

Faithful representation

• whether recognition of an item results in a
faithful representation may be affected by, for
example:

measurement uncertainty
presentation and disclosure

recognition inconsistency
(accounting mismatch)existence uncertainty

low probability of a flow of
economic benefits

Recognition is appropriate if it results in both relevant information about assets, liabilities, equity, income
and expenses and a faithful representation of those items, because the aim is to provide information that
is useful to investors, lenders and other creditors

continued …

Project Summary | Conceptual Framework | March 2018 | 11

Derecognition
The removal of all or part of a recognised asset or liability from an entity’s
statement of financial position

Derecognition resulting from a transfer

Normally, a faithful representation of a transfer
of an asset or liability is achieved by derecognition of
the asset or liability with appropriate presentation
and disclosure.

However, in limited cases, it may be necessary to
continue to recognise a transferred component of
an asset or liability together with a liability or asset
for the proceeds received or paid, with appropriate
presentation and disclosure.

Summary of changes

The guidance on derecognition is new.

Derecognition normally occurs

For an asset

when the entity loses control of all or part of the
recognised asset

For a liability

when the entity no longer has a present obligation
for all or part of the recognised liability

Derecognition aims to faithfully represent both

• any assets and liabilities retained after the transaction that led to the derecognition

• the change in the entity’s assets and liabilities as a result of that transaction

… continued

12 | Project Summary | Conceptual Framework | March 2018

Chapter 6—Measurement
This chapter describes various measurement bases and discusses factors to be considered when selecting a measurement basis.

Summary of changes

The previous version of the Conceptual Framework
included little guidance on measurement.
The revised Conceptual Framework describes what
information measurement bases provide and
explains the factors to consider when selecting
a measurement basis.

Current value measurement bases

• current value provides information updated to reflect conditions at the measurement date

• current value measurement bases include:

fair value

• the price that would be received to sell an asset, or paid
to transfer a liability, in an orderly transaction between
market participants at the measurement date

• reflects market participants’ current expectations about
the amount, timing and uncertainty of future cash flows

value in use (for assets)
fulfilment value (for liabilities)

• reflects entity-specific current expectations about the
amount, timing and uncertainty of future cash flows

current cost
• reflects the current amount that would be:

� paid to acquire an equivalent asset

� received to take on an equivalent liability

Historical cost measurement bases

• historical cost provides information derived, at least in part, from the price of the transaction or other
event that gave rise to the item being measured

• historical cost of assets is reduced if they become impaired and historical cost of liabilities is increased if
they become onerous

• one way to apply a historical cost measurement basis to financial assets and financial liabilities is to
measure them at amortised cost

continued …

Project Summary | Conceptual Framework | March 2018 | 13

Cost constraint

Cost constrains the selection of a measurement basis, just as it constrains other financial reporting decisions

The factors to be considered when selecting a measurement basis are relevance and faithful representation, because the aim is to provide information that is
useful to investors, lenders and other creditors

Selecting a measurement basis

In selecting a measurement basis, it is necessary to
consider the nature of the information in both the
statement of financial position and the statement(s)
of financial performance.

The relative importance of each factor to be
considered (see boxes) depends upon the facts and
circumstances of individual cases.

Consideration of the factors and the cost constraint
is likely to result in the selection of different
measurement bases for different assets, liabilities,
income and expenses.

… continued

Factors to consider in selecting a measurement basis

Relevance

Relevance of information provided by a measurement basis is affected by:

characteristics of the asset or liability

• the variability of cash flows

• sensitivity of the value to market factors or
other risks

• for example, amortised cost cannot provide
relevant information about a deriviative

contribution to future cash flows

• whether cash flows are produced directly or indirectly in
combination with other economic resources

• the nature of the entity’s business activities

• for example, if assets are used in combination to produce
goods or services, historical cost can provide relevant
information about margins achieved in a period

Faithful representation

Whether a measurement basis can provide a faithful representation is affected by:

measurement inconsistency

• if financial statements contain measurement
inconsistencies (accounting mismatch),
those financial statements may not faithfully
represent some aspects of the entity’s financial
position and financial performance

measurement uncertainty

• does not necessarily prevent the use of a
measurement basis that provides relevant
information

• but if too high might make it necessary to consider
selecting a different measurement basis

14 | Project Summary | Conceptual Framework | March 2018

Chapter 7—Presentation and disclosure

This chapter includes concepts on presentation and disclosure and guidance on including income and expenses in the statement of profit or loss
and other comprehensive income.

Better Communication

Information about assets, liabilities, equity, income
and expenses is communicated through presentation
and disclosure in the financial statements.

Effective communication of information in financial
statements makes that information more relevant and
contributes to a faithful representation of an entity’s
assets, liabilities, equity, income and expenses.

The revised Conceptual Framework includes
concepts that describe how information should
be presented and disclosed in financial statements.

The Board is also working on several projects on the
theme of Better Communication to make financial
information more useful to investors, lenders and
other creditors and to improve the communication of
that information.

Summary of changes
This chapter is new.

Other comprehensive income

• In exceptional circumstances, the Board may decide to exclude from the statement of profit or loss
income or expenses arising from a change in current value of an asset or liability and include those
income and expenses in other comprehensive income

• The Board may make such a decision when doing so would result in the statement of profit or loss
providing more relevant information or a more faithful representation

The statement of profit or loss

• The statement of profit or loss is the primary source of information about an entity’s financial
performance for the reporting period

• Profit or loss could be a section of a single statement of financial performance or a separate statement

• The statement(s) of financial performance include(s) a total (subtotal) for profit or loss

• In principle, all income and expenses are classified and included in the statement of profit or loss

Recycling

• In principle, income and expenses included in other comprehensive income in one period are recycled to
the statement of profit or loss in a future period when doing so results in the statement of profit or loss
providing more relevant information or a more faithful representation

• When recycling does not result in the statement of profit or loss providing more relevant information
or a more faithful representation, the Board may decide income and expenses included in other
comprehensive income are not to be subsequently recycled

Project Summary | Conceptual Framework | March 2018 | 15

Exemptions

• IFRS 3 Business Combinations

To avoid unintended consequences, acquirers are
required to apply the definitions of an asset and a
liability and supporting concepts in the previous,
rather than the revised, Conceptual Framework. The
Board plans to assess how IFRS 3 can be updated
without unintended consequences.

• Regulatory account balances

When developing accounting policies for regulatory
account balances applying IAS 8 Accounting Policies,
Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors, entities are
required to refer to the previous, rather than the
revised, Conceptual Framework. This avoids entities
revising those accounting policies twice within
a short period: once for the revised Conceptual
Framework and again when a revised Standard on
rate-regulated activities is issued.

Objective of the
amendments

• Some Standards include explicit references to previous versions of the
Conceptual Framework

• These amendments update those references so they refer to the revised
Conceptual Framework

Effects

• The Board expects the amendments to references to the Conceptual Framework
in Standards will not have a significant effect on users and preparers of
financial statements

Effective date and
transition

• The amendments are effective for annual periods beginning on or after
1 January 2020, with earlier application permitted

• The amendments should be applied retrospectively unless retrospective
application would be impracticable or involve undue cost or effort

Amendments to References to the Conceptual Framework in
IFRS Standards—a separate accompanying document
That document sets out amendments to Standards to update references to the Conceptual Framework.

16 | Project Summary | Conceptual Framework | March 2018

Important information

This Project Summary has been compiled by the staff of the IFRS Foundation for the convenience of interested parties. The views
within this document are those of the staff who prepared this document and do not necessarily reflect the views or the opinions
of the Board. The content of this Project Summary does not constitute any advice and is not to be considered as an authoritative
document issued by the Board.

Official pronouncements of the Board are available in electronic format to eIFRS subscribers. Publications are available for ordering
from the IFRS Foundation website at www.ifrs.org.

Other relevant documents

Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting—describes the objective of, and the concepts for, general purpose financial reporting.

Basis for Conclusions on the Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting—summarises the Board’s considerations in developing the
Conceptual Framework.

Amendments to References to the Conceptual Framework in IFRS Standards—sets out amendments to Standards, their accompanying
documents and IFRS practice statements.

Feedback Statement—summarises the feedback on the proposals that led to the revised Conceptual Framework.

Project Summary | Conceptual Framework | March 2018 | 17

Notes

18 | Project Summary | Conceptual Framework | March 2018

Notes

Project Summary | Conceptual Framework | March 2018 | 19

Notes

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