Hello is there anyone that can help me with my Discussion questions.  I have multiple discussion questions for different chapters. I will have the instruction in the upload.  

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READ THE5E GUIDELINE5!

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The “Woman Question” on Both Sides of the Atlantic

Betty Friedan’s equally influential bestseller drew heavily on de Beauvoir. Frieda
the “feminine mystique,” her term t’or the model ot’ femininity promoted by experts,
seemingly accepted by middle-class housewives in postwar lJnited States. As Frieda
new postwar mystique was in many ways more conservative than prewar ideals had
greater range of careers opening up to women, expansion of women’s education, an,
Organization for Women (NOW) in 1966, and served as its president until 1910.

n (1921 -2006) sought the origins of

been, despite continuing social
d so on. She cofounded the National

Simone de Beauyoi4 The Second Sex (1949)

l3I[;i*i:T;ii,.::;’;:
cies; today, as in the past, they make
up about half of humanity; and yet we
are told that “femininity is in leopardy;

”

we are urged, “Be women/ stay women,

become women.” … Although some
women zealously strive to embody it,
the model has never been patented. lt
is typically described in vague and shim-

mering terms borrowed from a clairvoy-

ant’svocabulary….
lf the female function is not enough

to define woman, and if we also reject
the explanation of the “eternal femi-
nine,” but if we accept, even temporarily,

that there are women on the earth, we
then have to ask: what is a woman?

lr4erely stating the problem sug-
gests an immediate answer to me. lt is
significant that I pose it. lt would never
occur to a man to write a book on the
singular situation of males in humanity. lf
I want to define myself, I first have to say,

”

“l am a woman”; all other assertions will

arise from this basic truth. A man never
begins by positing himself as an individ-
ual of a certain sex: that he is a man is
obvious. The categories “masculine” and

“feminine” appear as symmetrical in a
formal way on town hall records or iden-
tification papers. The relation of the two
sexes is not that of two electrical poles:
the man represents both the positive and

the neuter. , . . Woman is the negative,
to such a point that any determination
is imputed to her as a limitation, with-
out reciprocity [A] man is in his right
by virtue of being man; it is the woman
who is in the wrong. . . . Woman has ova-
ries and a uterus; such are the particular

conditions that lock her in her sub.lectiv-
ity; some even say she thinks with her
hormones. Azlan vainly forgets that his
anatomy also includes hormones and
testicles. He grasps his body as a direct

and normal link with the world that he
believes he apprehends in all objectivity
whereas he considers woman’s body an

obstacle, a prison, burdened by every-
thing that particularises it. “The female

is female by virtue of a certain /ach
qualities,” Aristotle said. “We s
regard women’s nature as suffering

natural defectiveness.” And St.
in his turn decreed that woman
“incomplete man,” an “incidental” be
This is what the Genesis story
rses, where Eve appears as if
from Adam’s “supernumerary” bo
Bossuet’s words. Humanity is male,
man defines woman/ not in hersel{
in relation to himself; she is not
ered an autonomous being. . . ,
is nothing other than what man
she is thus called “the sex,” meaning
the male sees her essentially as a
being; for him she is sex, so she is
the absolute. She determines and
entiates herself in relation to man,
he does not in relation to her; she
inessential in front of the
is the Sub1ect, he is the Absolute
the Other.

Source: Simone de Beauvoir, The Second

Constance Borde and Sheila M
(London: 2009), pp. 3-6.

984 CHAPTER 28 Red Flags and Velvet Revolutions: The End of the Cold War, 1960-1990

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How didWestern culture det’inefemininity? Did women internalize those definitions? These questions were central -il
to postwar feminist thoughi, and they were sharply posed in two classic texts: Simone de Beauvoir’sThe Second Sex -il
(9a9) and Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique (1963). De Beauvoir (1908-1986) started from the existentialist ‘
premise that humans were “condemned to be t’ree” and to give their own lives meaning. Why, then, did women accept the ; $l

fi:t’:’J;[g::x’;:::[rti!;rilirli.ziii,r’s
words”‘dream the dreams of men”? Atthough dense and ohitosolhicat’ il

il

Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique (1963)

II:{:”ffiir[:t::fl;r:
certain sense they were younger than
their fictional counterparts today. They
were young in the same way that the
American hero has always been young:
they were New Women, creating with
a gay determined spirit a new identity
for women-a life of their own. There

The feminine mystique says that the
highest value and the only commitment
for women is the fulfillment of their own
femininity. lt says that the great mistake
of Western culture, through most of its
history, has been the undervaluation of
this femininity . . . The mistake, says the
mystique, the root of women’s troubles
in the past, is that women envied men,
women tried to be like men, instead of
accepting their own nature, which can
find fulfillment only in sexual passivity,
male domination, and nurturing mater-
nal love.

But the new image this mystique
gives to American women is the old
image: “Occupation: housewife.” The
new mystique makes the housewife-
mothers, who never had a chance to be
anything else, the model for all women;
it presupposes that history has reached
a final and glorious end in the here and
noW as far as women are concerned. . . .

It is more than a strange paradox
that as all professions are finally open
to women in America, “career woman”
has become a dirty word; that as higher

education becomes available to any
woman with the capacity for it, educa-
tion for women has become so suspect
that more and more drop out of high
school and college to marry and have
babies; that as so many roles in modern
society become theirs for the taking,
women so insistently confine themselves
to one role. Why . . . should she accept
this new image which insists she is not
a person but a “woman,” by definition
barred from the freedom of human exis-
tence and a voice in human destiny?

Source: Betty Friedan, fhe Feminine Mystique
(New York: 2001; first publication, 1963),
pp. 38, 40, 42-43, 67-68.

Questions for Analysis.
1. Why does de Beauvoir ask, “What is

a woman?”

2. Why does Friedan think that a “femi-
nine mystique” emerged after the
Second World War?

was an aura about them of becoming, of
moving into a future that was going to
be different from the past. . . .

These stories may not have been
great literature. But the identity of
their heroines seemed to say some-
thing about the housewives who, then
as now read the women’s magazines.
These magazines were not written
for career women. The New Woman
heroines were the ideal of yesterday’s
housewives; they reflected the dreams,
mirrored the yearning for identity and
the sense of possibility that existed for
womenthen….

ln 1949 . . . the feminine mystique
began to spread through the land. . . .

women’s expectations and possibilities. Friedan cofounded
the National Organization for Women (NOW) in 1966; and
smaller, often more radical, women’s movements multiplied
across Europe in the following decades.

For this generatlon of feminists, “reproductive free-
dom was borh a private matter and a basic right-a key
to women’s control over their lives. Outlawing contracep-
tion and abortion, they argued, made women alone bear
responsibility for the consequences of sweeping changes
in Western sexuai life, and such measures were ineflfective
as well as unjust. French feminists dramatized the point

by publishing the names of 343 well-known women,
including de Beauvoir, who admitted to having had ille-
gal abortions. A similar petitlon came out in Germany
the followingyear, which was followed by petitions from
doctors and tens of thousands o[ supporters. In sum, the
legal changes followed from political demands, which in
turn reflected a quiet or subterranean rebellion of many
women (and men)-one with longer-term causes. Mass
consumption, mass culture, and startlingly rapid trans-
flormations in public and private life were all intimately
related.

Soctal Change and Cultural Dynamism, 1945-1968
I

985

READ THESE GUTDEL

I

NES!

Completion: Students ore responsible fon completing oll fourteen of these primory
source exercises ond for onswering oll guestions ino given exercise. Posts will be
graded for guolity ond length. No lote posts will be accepted.

Formot: Complet e sentences ond occurote grommor are required.If you do use
direct guototions, you must provide proper in-text citotions – see our oddendum
for detoils.

Originolity: Do not repeot the some informotion onother student hos olreody
posted – odd something new to secure os mony points os possiblel Breoking ground
eorly moy be odvontogeous. Eleventh hour posts thot simply restote moteriol
olreody discussed will not secune the highest scores. Cutting ond posting from on
internet source does not guolify os completing an exercise.

Student Replies: Replying to, or oddressing,onother student’s post is encouroged
ond is o greot woy to moke certoin you’re not simply repeoting informotion ond
losing points for redundoncy. Respectful debate is welcomed.

Word Count: Posts must meet the 2OO-word minimum to eorno possing score
(“C”). Quolity posts thst exceed this minimum length will secure points thot
propor^tionolify exceed the minimum possing grode. For instonce, guolity posts of
300 words or mone eorn “B’s” while guolity posts of 400 words or more secure
“A’s.” But guolity is better thon guonfity! 5o o greot post with 200 words will do
well. This is not on occosion lor lersereplies. Contextuolize lhe guestions inyour
chopter reodings.

The Meaning of the
*Third World’

‘i Alfred Sauvy, a French demographer, coined the term Third World in a t’amous 1952 article about the et’t’ects
i of the Cold War on international relations and economic development: the First World was the West, a world of
i democratic political institutions and capitalist economies; the Second World was the Soviet sphere, committed to
i socialist institutions; and the Third World was everybody else-the world of European colonies and t’ormer colonies,
i marhed by the history of imperialism.
i Though commonly used between the 1950s and the 1980s, the term Third World is less t’requently encountered
i in the present. B. R. Tomlinson, a British economic historian, examines the ways in which the concept was rooted
i in the ideological world of the Cold \Mar, as he looks t’or new vocabulary to tell the history of globalization in the
i contemporary world.

Alfred Sauvy, “Three Worlds, One Planet” (1952)

[MHitr]U’i[:;i*ii”;
about their coexistence, etc., forgetting
too often that there is a third world . . .
the collectivity called, in the style of the

United Nations, the under-developed
countries….

***
Unfortunately, the struggle for the

possession of the third world does not
allow the two others to simply pursue
their own path, believing it to be obvi-
ously the best, the “true” way. The Cold
War has curious consequences: over
there, a morbid fear of espionage has
pushed them to the most ferocious iso-
lation. With us, it has caused a halt in
social evolution. What good is it to trou-
ble ourselves or deprive ourselves, at a
moment when the fear of communism is

holding back those who would like to go
further [on the path to equality]? Why
should we consider any social reforms at

all wh,en the progressive majority is split?

. . .Why worry about it, since there is no

opposition?

ln this way, any evolution toward the

distant future has been halted in both

camps, and this obstacle has one cause:
the costs of war.

lvleanwhile . . . the under-developed
nations, the third world, have entered
into a new phase. Certain medical
techniques have now been introduced
suddenly for a simple reason: they are
cheap. . . . For a few pennies the life of
a man can be prolonged for several
years. Because of this, these countries
now have the mortality that we had in
1914 and the birthrate that we had in
the eighteenth century. Certainly, this
has resulted in economic improvement,

lower infant mortality, better productiv-

ity of adults, etc. Nevertheless, it is easy
to see how this demographic increase
must be accompanied by important
investments in order to adapt the con-
tainer to what it must contain. NoW
these vital investments cost much more

than 68 francs per person. They crash
right into the financial wall imposed by
the Cold War. The result is eloquent: the

millennial cycle of life and death contin-

ues to turn, but it isa*cycle of poverty.

Since the preparation for war is pri-
ority number 1, secondary concerns such

as world hunger will only
attention enough to avoid an
that might compromise our first
But when one remembers the

errors that conservatives have
ted so many times, we can only

Americans to play with the fire

anger. . They have not clearly
that under-developed nations of a
type might evolve more readily

a communist regime than toward

cratic capitalism. One might conso

self, if one,were so inclined, by poi
to the greater advance of
the fact remains undeniable. And
in the glare of its own vitality, the
world, even in the absence of any

solidarity, might notice this slow,

ible, humble and ferocious, push

life. Because in the end, this
exploited Third World, as
the Third Estate [in the French
tion], wants to be something.

Source: Alfred Sauvy, “Trois mondes, une
plandte,” L’Observateur 14 (August 1
This translation, by Joshua Cole, comes
a French reprint in Vingtiime Siicle, no.12
(October-December 1986): 8’l -83.

I0t4 CHAPTER 29 A World without Walls: Globalization and the West

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mediocre confidence in the ability of ffi

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B. R. Tomlinson, “Whclt Was the ThirdWorld?”
(2003)

Il:]j:f:ffl*]:{T
cultures of manY Parts of the world
in the second half of the twentieth
century. . . . Like other collective descrip-

tions of Africa, Asia, the Middle East, the

Pacific islands and Latin America-such

as the “South,” the “develoPing world,”

or the “less-develoPed world”-the
designation “Third World” was more

about what such places were not than

what theY were.

economists in the 1950s and 1960s
had suggested that the Poverty of non-

western economies was the result of

low levels of savings and investment,
and that these problems could best be

resolved by increasing external influence

over them to help local 6lites modern-

ize their societies (in other words, make

them more like those of the West) bY

providing technology and education to

increase productivity and output’

To many radical critics, these ideas,

and the U.S. government’s develoP-
ment policies that flowed from them,

seemed to mask a narrow Political
agenda that sought to justify the domi-

nance of free-market capitalism as a
model and mechanism for economic,
social and cultural development

‘One

powerful reaction to this agenda was

to argue that dependence on the West

had distorted the economic and social

conditions of non-western societies,
leading to a common of histori-

cal change in phery of the wor ld

about by “a situation

the economY of certain coun-

the process of understanding the inter-

action between the local and the global’

To write the history of the “Rest,” as well

as of the West, we need now to move

on, and to construct new narratives of

global history that go beyond the mod-

els of coherent and distinct communi-

ties, nations and states, arranged into

hierarchies of material achievement and

cultural power, and underpinned by uni-

versal institutional ideals of participatory

democracy and free markets, that domi-

nated thinking about international and

local systems in the world for much of

the nineteenth and twentieth centuries’

Source: B. R. Tomlinson, “What Was the Third

World?” Journal of Conftmporary History 38, no 2

(April 2003): 307-21.

Questions for AnalYsis

1. ln SauvY’s argument, what do the
“under-develoPed nations” have in

common? Does Tomlinson agree?

2. Sauvy calls for the First World to
invest in the Third World to prevent

an explosion of anger’ What possible

difficulties with this solution does

Tomlinson identifY?

3. How do Sauvy and Tomlinson see the

relationshiP between the Cold War

and the problem o{ understanding the

“Third World?”

Those who develoPed a concePt of

the Third World around a set of measur-

able criteria usually relied on identifying

material circumstances. . . . However, all

such attempts to establish a standard
measurement of relative poverty that

can distinguish various parts of the world

from each other run into considerable

difficulties. lt has often been argued that

the various countries of Asia, Africa and

Latin America (notto mention the Pacific

islands and elsewhere) differ greatly

in their size, political ideologies, social

structures, economic performance, cul-

tural backgrounds and historical experi-

ences. These differences exist not si

between Third World but

within them as well. There rich and

[and hence their social and
political

structures] is conditioned by the devel-

opment and expansion of another econ-

omy to which the former is subjected ”

***
The history of imperialism has been

immensely important in shaping our
view of the modern world, both from the

top down and from the bottom uP, but

the phenomenon was also historically

specific, and represents only one stage in

IN

poor people, em
powered citizens,

and disem-

found inside all

states and societies in the world’

It was over broad issues of economic

development that the fiercest battles

for the concePt of the Third World
were fought. Orthodox development

Liquid Modernity? The Flow oJ Money, Ideas’ and Peoples I
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