Prepare a PowerPoint Presentation of a minimum of 12 slides based on your final research project submission from Unit VII (ATTACHED). Each slide must contain slide (speaker) notes. Title and references slides are not counted toward the minimum slide counts. Use two current peer-reviewed sources. Follow APA style to format your presentation. Your PowerPoint should include:

1) Title slide (1 slide),

2) Introduction (1 slide),

3) Aim, scope, and prospective audience (2 slides),

4) Dissemination plan (poster, oral presentation, etc.; 2 slides), 

5) Discuss how to select a journal for publishing (1 slide),

6) Explain the review process (2 slides),

7) Considerations for oral presentations (2 slides),

8) Discuss the benefits of publishing (2 slides), and

9) References (1 slide).

For this assignment, you are to use graphics and animations; however, be sure to maintain a professional appearance. Your presentation should adhere to APA style guidelines. 

Running Head:

Obesity, Healthy Diet and Health

1

Obesity, Healthy Diet and Health 19

Obesity, Healthy Diet and Health

PUH 6301 Public Health Research

Abstract

Having a good nutrition habit, healthy body weight, and physical activities are essential aspects of good health and wellness. The combination of all three factors is critical in reducing the chances of getting severe health complications such as diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, cancer, stroke, and heart complications. Managing a good health condition also relies on how one adhere to regular physical exercises, a well-maintained body weight, and a healthy diet. However, according to (Healthy People 2020), most Americans don’t check their menu and are lazy in taking apart in physical activities to the required levels as a way of maintaining proper health.

According to CDCP (2013), fruit consumption among adults is 1.1 times in a day, and the use of vegetables on a daily scale is 1.6, with adolescents recording the lowest use of both fruits and vegetables. The statistic shows that the average daily consumption of both fruits and vegetables among Americans doesn’t meet the recommended intake of fruits and vegetables. About 81.6% and 81.8% of American adults and adolescents respectively don’t take part in physical activities on a recommended daily scale. These behaviors are among the leading factors that contribute to the rising cases of Obesity. Approximately 1 out of 3 US adults, which represents 34 % and 1 out of 6 adolescents and children, which is 16.2 %, are obese.

Obesity-related complications include stroke, heart disease, and type two diabetes. The current in death cases is as a result of the obesity-related complications. Besides the death cases, obesity-related diseases cots this country millions of money annually, making it one of the most significant burdens that this country is struggling with regards to the health care system.

Introduction

Maintaining a healthy diet is an essential factor that determines how healthy our bodies become. We must retain less sugar, salt, and fats diet daily. Cases associated with obesity are not causing deaths but also taking so much of this country’s financial resources. Every year both the federal, state, and county governments invest million into the health sector as a way of improving the infrastructures required to deal with obesity-related complications. Any healthy combines a variety of foods such as cereals, legumes, proteins, fruits, and vegetables. Research shows that obesity is gradually grown into a global crisis with WHO initiating campaigns aimed at establishing the importance of maintaining a healthy diet (Abidin, 2014).

The love for foods prepared away from homes is another challenging factor in dealing with obesity complications. Fast foods contain high saturated fats and energy density and high sugar levels. Public health studies indicate that frequent consumption of meals prepared away from home leads to an increase in weight and BMI (Body Mass Index), leading to the development of obesity. Use of high fats, cholesterol, and sugar have a reduced IQ. On the other hand, improved intelligence associated with maintaining right food proportions. Based on the changing culture concerning a healthy diet, cases of obesity among children are now frequent and increasing at alarming rates (Abidin, 2014).

Based on the fact that obesity is a gradual process with very long-term adverse effects on various aspects of life, the method of preventing obesity should preferably start by focusing on children. According to NHS (2015), cases of overweight among children in the US increases gradually since 1995, increasing the number of children diagnosed with obesity. Although the US government invests a lot annually in the health care sector, factors associated with diet is still a challenge.

Obesity and Healthy Ageing

Forest Hill, Toronto, is one of the most affluent neighborhoods of the Canadian city, offering unique scenery and filled with expensive mansions. It is not all rosy; however, since at least a third of all children who go to school are obese. Obesity is the existence of excess fats in one’s body, and this is an issue of health concern since statistics show that the average Canadian has at least three times more calorie intake than is recommended by health authorities and most of it attributed to unhealthy food choices (Burwell, 2016). This factor is similar to most other modern countries today and is the story of the urban North American adult. The average person living in the city and having poor dietary habits is not uncommon, and this is partly due to mainstream media propagating the narrative of unhealthy foods being fresh for the mass population (Pi-Sunyer, 1993).

According to Whitaker (1997), at least 97 million people in America are battling obesity and its effects. The result is an entire population in the future that is characterized by unhealthy aging. Its connection to adult life and childhood, however, draws some interesting findings. It is a well-known fact, for example, that obesity at youth can most likely cause obesity in adulthood. However, how a child becomes obese as a result of one or both parents being obese is unknown. There is a low risk for children under the age of three to become obese if they did not have any obese parents (Whitaker, 1997). However, among older children, they might most likely be overweight in adulthood if one was overweight in childhood. This factor exists even though none of the parents may be obese.

Poor food choices have contributed in no small part of the urban adult and youth population being overweight, as stated above. The average number of residents in the city asks for a burger instead of a fruit. The medical hazards of obesity are highlighted (Pi-Sunyer, 1993). The potential dangers of obesity highlighted as insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, hypertriglyceridemia, decreased levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, increased levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Mentioned as being linked with the disease of the gallbladder and various types of cancer. The other illnesses linked with obese conditions in the article are sleep apnea, chronic hypoxia and hypercapnia, and degenerative joint disease. When it comes to coronary heart disease, obesity termed as an independent risk factor (Pi-Sunyer, 1993).

Literature Review

An article by Jura & Kozak (2016) covers the condition of obesity and the related consequences of aging. Authors view obesity as a severe issue of concern amongst the aging population because it is associated with increased abdominal obesity that contributes to insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. The authors state that recent advancements in public health care and medical science have led to a significant extension of life expectancy, and the ability to stay longer for people aged above 65 years has risen. Fighting the issue of obesity that shortens life expectancy, the healthcare industry should first consider addressing other chronic diseases that are age-related like stroke, diabetes, and heart attacks. As such, changes in lifestyle for the aging population as they enter retirement deemed to cause severe positive energy balance state and consequently accumulation of excess fat tissue that leads to the development of many elderly-associated diseases like Obesity and cardiovascular disease.

The other journal article by Rao & Wendy (2018) is quantitative research on obesity and its impact on healthy aging based on social, mental well-being, and functional factors. Primary research conducted by the authors of this article demonstrates that participants reported being adversely affected by the condition of obesity. Those with obesity reported a lower multi-morbidity rate when compared to those living without obesity. The findings of this study depict that sexes amongst the aging Canadian population not impacted exists independently because everyone was at risk of developing the ailment. As such, they both reported functional impairments in health. In this regard, obesity hurts the aging process of an individual.

Another article by Salvestrini & Lorenzini (2019) validates the statement that’obesity may accelerate the aging process’ The authors mentioned some pathophysiological changes that are influenced by obesity among the elderly. The fact that obesity is contributing to increased death rates is validated using the prevalent issues of disability. Currently, obesity is expanding at a very worrying rate amongst adults and the elderly due to the changing lifestyles and dieting styles. Obesity is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, cancer, and work disability hence contributing to poor health status and morbidity rates.

Ethical Issues in Research

Ethical issues that could occur in my research study of obesity and healthy eating include the general safety of the people used in conducting the research, advocating for the sale of healthy foods and avoiding snacks, and general issues of governance against the whole topic of study (Whitaker, 1997). As regards the public safety of the people involved in the research, the ethical issues that could occur are unconsciously body-shaming the people involved in the study. An example is if the research targets a group of people that would be most likely considered obese, then the chances are high that it may expose them to even more body shaming. It also works negatively for their self-esteem and may affect the research results (Whitaker, 1997).

The other psychological aspect of body shaming that may occur in this regard is segregate discrimination (Pi-Sunyer, 1993). If the experiment involves different groups of people with different body sizes, you may find the group that has the socially accepted body size, which is, in most cases, skinny body types, start to shame the other group of people. The actual act of separating them for research can also affect them negatively. The solution would be to have the experiment done in a way that each group does not know about the other one (Pi-Sunyer, 1993).

The psychological aspect of body shaming is a serious ethical issue that arises when researching obesity and healthy aging. This aspect is even more crucial for ladies who are subjected to various elements of body shaming due to their obese conditions and strive, therefore, to achieve a perfect look. The society through empowering men has led them to impose strict conditions for the so called’beautiful’ physique that the modern woman should have. This problem has led to an emergence of a vast cosmetics surgery industry and countless other women suffering daily psychological torture, among other effects. A non-intrusive or unique way of doing the research would, therefore, be more suitable (MacDiarmid, 2013).

Another ethical issue that could occur during this research is advocating for the sale of healthy products while using unhealthy products to carry out research. The research critics could argue that the basis of the study is to support healthy aging and healthy food options, but the actual research process can involve the consumption of snacks to highlight how they affect the human body. It would be a serious ethical issue that could present itself and, if not handled well, could lead to people avoiding the research altogether. The obese generation is the largest consumers of unhealthy snacks from the snack industry, and statistics show that it is one of the most profitable trades in America today (Whitaker, 1997). The average working-class citizen is most likely to eat a snack as opposed to a healthy food option like fruit, and the fact that there exists Macdonald’s food store at almost every street corner in America does not help only adds to the problems of the snacking culture.

The ethical issues that would present themselves, in this case, is critics saying that the snack producing companies are an integral part of the American economy (Pi-Sunyer,1993). This factor could be because the companies pay their taxes well and have corporate social responsibility projects. They would also add that they do their part to solve the problem of unemployment, which is an integral part of development. This problem overlooked by the research and would be a severe issue of contention. The result might even include actual resistance by government or governing authorities against carrying out the research. The experiments involved should, therefore, advocate for the safety of the individuals affected by making the subjects consume only healthy foods (Pi-Sunyer, 1993). This aspect is due to mainstream media propagating the narrative of unhealthy foods being fresh for the mass population.

Research Design and Methodology

There are various types of research design, including experimental, comparative, observational, survey, and case study. The three main models relevant to the study of obesity and healthy eating are case study, comparative, and observational research designs. A case study refers to a research strategy applied to investigate a phenomenon within a real-life context. Case studies consider an in-depth investigation of a particular individual, group, or an event to explore the causes of underlying principles (Hopwood, 2004). Comparative research, on the other hand, refers to a design utilized primarily in the social sciences to make comparisons of an issue across various nations or cultures. Besides, an observational study is a research technique that entails the direct examination of phenomena in their natural setting. In this research, I will use a mixed method of data collection. Obesity and healthy habits are a sensitive and essential topic that requires both the statistical data and opinions of people on the causes of the condition and perspectives of individuals on what some have done to help address the situation (Hopwood, 2004).

The mixed method of data collection is vital since it will help in the collection of both the numerical data and people’s opinions. The quantitative techniques offer objective measurements, statistical, mathematical, and numerical analysis of the information obtained, and this will involve data collection using questionnaires, and surveys or through various computational techniques (Gill, & Chadwick, 2008). On the other hand, qualitative methods such as interviews, focus groups, and visual analysis will get used to collect opinions of individuals. The technique is essential to understand the underlying reasons and views. Thus, in addition to the statistical and numerical illustrations, the method will offer insights into the problems and aid in developing ideas or hypotheses for potential quantitative research (Gill, & Chadwick, 2008). the reason mixed research would be vital in this study.

Since the research entails using a mixed method of data collection, it will also use various tools to collect data. The various tools will include the surveys, questionnaires to collect the quantitative data and interviews, and visual analysis to gather qualitative analysis. The discussions help best understand and explore the research subjects, experiences, and opinions, and aid retrieves in-depth information (Gill, & Chadwick, 2008). Surveys, on the other hand, will be integral to reach out to a large population, and this will ensure a more accurate sample to collect targeted results to help draw conclusions and make vital decisions on the research subjects.

Internal and external validity represents the concepts that offer a reflection of whether or not the results of a research project are trustworthy and meaningful or not. The internal validity relates to the manner or how well a study conducted while the external validity refers to how applicable the findings are to the real world (McDermott, 2011). The two concepts ensured through a focus on the accuracy and string research methods, control of the extraneous variables, elimination of the alternative explanations, and also ensuring that the conclusions are warranted.

Data Collection Tool: Family Diet Research

Part 1

In today’s families, we have experienced many cases among families linked to nutrition. I set up a study focusing on determining the relationship that exists between family and food. Going deep into the areas including breastfeeding and baby healthcare and the social benefits of family settings and concerns on home eating habits and home-cooked meals. Our expectation based on the family setting and all the nutrition-based links and practices that may exist. Our society today is faced with many diseases linked to food and drinks consumed. Hence research on this sector

Collection of figures and numbers in the family on their conditions and cases of the nutrition-based disease. Quantitative data made of characters of family members and their state in terms of any nutrition-based ill health will need to be collected (Moon et.at 2017). The size of the family and the number of people will also be quantified to help in the study. For useful research on this concern, we will collect data in figures. Data will give a more accurate determination of conclusions concerning the topic of study. Numbers will provide a better understanding of the actual situation in the research area of families (Moon et.at 2017).

To comprehensively collect the required information, randomized family interviews were chosen to be received. Meetings provide flexibility to the interviewers. It is to interact much with maximum data. Discussions will also give a better response and more valid information in comparison to mailed questionnaires and other data collection methods. It is better to conduct thorough research hence the reason for using interviews. Matters concerning families and are always subject to the privacy, and people hate to share in-depth information, especially when dealing with health, nutrition, and family concerns. Face to face interviews will play a significant role in this task. Winning trust is required since this topic is susceptible. This can only be achieved by using face to face to win the interviewee’s trust easily (Moon et.at 2017).

One problem when conducting this research will be time. To avoid time wastage, our interview will involve all the family members at a go. However, some matters will require one on one interviews, especially about issues that should not include young children. Therefore, a fast interview should be conducted on the general family then break down to the parents. Public discussion will cover all matters that the children can handle since some information is too sensitive to them. On putting the interview question, an extra precaution taken on the items that asked in this case. The study population will be a random twenty homesteads in the area. Family, according to our research, will be all persons in that house at the time of conducting the research. The study will involve all the family in the house at the time of the field research (Moon et.at 2017).

Part 2

This is research on the families to identify the link between family and cases of nutrition and nutrition-related disease. The study will cover all areas from the standard type of food consumed by the family to the water and all other snacks and fruits consumed by the family. Also, for families that have small breastfeeding kids and families who have patients within the family. The research generally intends to find the relationship between nutrition and family health. Our focus will be on eating habits, types of food consumed, and cases of food and nutrition-related diseases (Campbell & Campbell, 2016) On those that have babies and sick family members, we intend to determine the composition of food they consume every day. This research conducted because of the many upcoming issues of malnutrition and food-related diseases. Determine the links to come up with a solution on how to deal with it.

The research participation will take three nights. We shall research in the evening when all the members are home. Comprehensively collect all the information, a maximum of two hours for each family shall be taken. A minimum of seven families will be cover each day for the three nights. To avoid sampling bias, a border in which the research will cover shall be drawn (Campbell & Campbell, 2016). All families that will fall within that area will stand a chance of being interview. There is no form on which family will be interviewed or which will be left behind. This simple random sampling within the drawn border will be the most effective. All the families will the research zone will be selected by chance.

To conduct a successful interview, the nature and types of questions will matter. All questions asked must be relevant and understandable. As the plan is to split the family into two, the relevancy of the problem will be taken keenly. All questions must be credential and free of any form of prejudice (Campbell & Campbell, 2016).

General family questions

1. How would you describe the family diet?

2. What are some of the best meals and the worse meal the family members like? How is the eating habits in term quality when dealing with the food?

3. What does a healthy diet look like to you?

4 How many fruits and vegetables do the family take in a day? What are some of the common fruits the family eats?

5 Do we have a member that always complains about the food and why? How is the family reaction to help?

Questions to ask the parents

1. What is the definition of a balanced diet and eating healthy?

2. Has there been any form of diet deficiency in the family?

3. Is there anyone in the family taking medications or food supplements?

4. Does the family have any strict dietary specifications?

5. What are the challenges of maintaining an excellent nutritional aide in the family?

Data Analysis Plan

Checking for Data Accuracy

Data accuracy checking will incorporate various measures for efficacy. The first method will include using reliable data sources. The data sources are critical to successful data collection as well as further analysis. Therefore, I will ensure the credibility and reliability of the systems as well as personnel responsible for information and data generation. Another significant measure will be aligning the key parameters and factors. It entails analyzing and sifting through the features that contribute to data communication, by figuring out the most relevant settings that are needed for the performance report of the specific operations or developing the feasibility (Cole & Trinh, 2017). Then, I will design a set of essential and necessary parameters and formulate a plan for the data collection.

Equally, maintaining neutrality is essential for checking data accuracy since claims and exaggerations create a negative balance to data sets. Therefore, by ascertaining that data is neutral, it becomes easy to justify the completeness of data. Importantly, I will use computerized and automated programs. There is always room for more mistakes as well as a human error with the use of manual mechanisms during information recording and data entry (Cole & Trinh, 2017). Besides, there can be higher risks of inaccuracy and compromised data entries based on personal favors and biases that wholly affect data results and inferences, leading to loss of portability and efficacy of data accuracy and analysis. However, the data collection through automated and smart systems makes it easier for focusing on parameters and factors, while the system records accurate data and real-time in a perfect manner (Cole & Trinh, 2017).

Level of Measurement

The significant degree of measurement for my research project is the nominal level of analysis. The analysis is essential to the research since it uses elements such as letters, words, numbers, and alpha-numeric (Ekinci, 2017). In the study, the hypothesis is establishing the difference in performance between private and public schools. Specifically, the hypothesis is”private schools perform better than public schools” Therefore, one of the elements will be a comparison of performance by gender. In this case, female students will be classified as F, and male students will be classified as M. The nominal level of measurement is equally essential in this research since it only possesses the description of the character meaning the unique label for identifying values to subjects (Ekinci, 2017). In this case, it is used to identify male and female students and utilizes a one-on-one correlation between the objects and letters assigned. The letters are merely for determining the gender of the students and not their capabilities in the learning process.

Besides, the nominal level of measurement is essential in the research since it does not involve quantitative variables. Specifically, the study looks at the degree of performance across each school based on three selected items. 1= Higher Performance, 2= Moderate Performance, 3= Poor Performance. The number still is only a representation of tags and not a value. Therefore, the nominal level measurement will apply to the different research elements utilized in the research while comparing performance results between public and private schools (Ekinci, 2017).

Dependent Variables

I will collect dependent variables since performance influenced by a lot of factors. The dependent variable, in this case, is performance and is controlled by an independent variable such as curriculum. Learners have a similar curriculum, but performance will change based on the dependent factors (Ekinci, 2017). In this way, one of the variables I will collect concerning performance is how much study time allocated for students in private schools versus those in public schools. Getting a difference in this variable will highlight the factors that contribute to the difference in performances. Also, I will look at the qualification of tutors among the schools. Specifically, it will involve looking at the institution with the most qualified personnel. In this way, it becomes easier to establish the impact of tutors on student’s performance in these different learning settings (Ekinci, 2017).

Besides, another essential dependent variable I will measure is the availability of learning resources in public and private schools. It entails the identification of the learning institution with the most support as well as the least resources. Usually, schools with more resources will have better performances (Ekinci, 2017). Besides, another dependent variable to measure will include the social backgrounds of learners in each institution. The unfortunate social environment is associated with deprived learning incentives that generally affect a student’s performance. Overall, by focusing on performance as the dependent variable, there are correlated variables that will result in an investigation in the research (Ekinci, 2017).

T-test

The statistical test I would use it a T-test. It is essential since it will be used as an inferential statistic to determine the critical distinction between the means of two classes (the schools), which may be related to given features. The t-test is used to test the hypotheses and allows the testing of the assumption appropriate to the population (Schabenberger & Gotway, 2017). The t-test will take a sample from every two sets as well as ascertaining the problem statement by assuming that the null hypotheses are equal. Therefore, based on the relevant formulas, specific values are compared and calculated against the average costs, and the theory is rejected or accepted accordingly (Schabenberger & Gotway, 2017).

Therefore, this statistical analysis is essential since the outcomes of the test produce at-value. The t-value compared alongside the value acquired from the critical value table. The comparison helps in the determination of the results of the changes only on the variation, and whether the dissimilarity is outside the chance range (Schabenberger & Gotway, 2017). Hence, the t-test questions whether disparities between the groups correspond to the actual difference in the research or a worthless random difference. Besides, the t-test works when there is one independent variable with two categories, and there accompanying one dependent variable. Moreover, the independent variable for the t-test is nominally scaled as established on the level of measurement.

Consulting an Expert

I will ask an expert since data analysis, specifically on the t-test. The data analysis and comparison of results should have higher accuracy, implying the involvement of an expert would be necessary. Besides, the expert can be essential in choosing the right data accuracy measure. Overall, an expert would be useful in the data analysis process by identifying the usefulness of the variable measurement and the level of sizes based on the research hypothesis. In most cases, an expert can offer an alternative research approach that fits the theory based on the established variables and measurements mentioned (Schabenberger & Gotway, 2017). Importantly, the expert is a guide towards remaining on the right track in data analysis, since he or she can offer the correct insights when there are errors or omissions in a section of the report.

Conclusion

Obesity is a condition of grave concern among the elderly since it causes early death due to severe complications in human health. Obesity is a risk factor for other chronic diseases like cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes that accelerate the aging process and death rate. The government and other stakeholders should focus on all health-related issues but give special attention to Obesity as a way of fighting other health complications associated with obesity (Abidin, 2014).

References

Abidin, N. Z., Mamat, M., Dangerfield, B., Zulkepli, J. H., Baten, M. A., & Wibowo, A. (2014). Combating Obesity through healthy eating behavior: a call for system dynamics optimization. Plus One, 9(12).

Burwell, S. (2016) United to Reduce Childhood Obesity in North America. Revisit Pan Americana De Salud Publica = Pan American Journal of Public Health, 40(2), 78–79. Retrieved from

http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cmedm&AN=27982360&site=eds-live

Campbell, T. C., & Campbell II, T. M. (2016). The China Study: Revised and Expanded Edition: The Most Comprehensive Study of Nutrition Ever Conducted and the Startling Implications for Diet, Weight Loss, and Long-Term Health. Ben Bella Books, Inc.

Cole, A. P., & Trinh, Q. D. (2017). Secondary data analysis: techniques for comparing interventions and their limitations. Current opinion in urology, 27(4), 354-359.

Ekinci, Y. (2017). Measurement of variables. Research methods for leisure, recreation, and tourism. (Ed. 2), 77-95.

Gill, P., & Chadwick, B. (2008). Methods of data collection in qualitative research: interviews and focus groups. British dental journal, 204(6), 291-295.

Hopwood, N. (2004). Research design and methods of data collection and analysis: researching students’ conceptions in a multiple‐method case study. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 28(2), 347-353.

Jura, M., & Kozak, L. P. (2016). Obesity and related consequences to aging. Age, 38(1), 23. Retrieved from

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5005878/

Macdiarmid, J. I. (2013). Food systems: A healthy diet sustains the environment too. (Report)(Author abstract). Nature, (7556), 287.

https://doi.org/10.1038/522287b

Macdiarmid, J. I. (2013). Is a healthy diet an environmentally sustainable diet?. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 72 (1), 13-20.

McDermott, R. (2011). Internal and external validity. Cambridge handbook of experimental political science, 27-40.

Moon, J. H., Roh, E., Oh, T. J., Kim, K. M., Moon, J. H., Lim, S., & Choi, S. H. (2017). Increased risk of metabolic disorders in healthy young adults with

Pi-Sunyer, F. X. (1993). How Should We Reduce Obesity in America? [Ashland, Oregon]: National Issues Forums Institute. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=1362437&site=eds-live

Pi-Sunyer, F. X. (1993). Medical hazards of Obesity. Annals of internal medicine, 119(7), 655-660.

Rao & Wendy, T. (2018). Original quantitative research, Obesity, and healthy aging: social, functional, and mental well-being among older Canadians. Health promotion and chronic disease prevention in Canada: research, policy, and practice, 38(12), 437. Retrieved from

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6329578/

Salvestrini, V., & Lorenzini, A. (2019). Obesity may accelerate the aging process. Frontiers in endocrinology, 10, 266.

https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2019.00266

Schabenberger, O., & Gotway, C. A. (2017). Statistical methods for spatial data analysis. Chapman and Hall/CRC.

Whitaker, R. C., Wright, J. A., Pepe, M. S., Seidel, K. D., & Dietz, W. H. (1997). Predicting Obesity in young adulthood from childhood and parental Obesity. New England journal of medicine, 337(13), 869-873.