Please, no plagiarism, good grammar

No Plagiarismgood grammarurgent

Discussion 4

1. How is violence against the LGB community tied to the construction of gender?

2. You were presented with a lot of information on how the LGBT community is targeted for violence, discrimination, and hate crimes across the world. Describe what information impacted you the most, and make sure to explain WHY it impacted you.

Discussion Post Guidelines:

1. (30%) LENGTH. Each answer should be approximately
300 words in length
. For example, if your Discussion 2 assignment requires you to answer 2 discussion questions, your entry for that week should be 600 words in length total (at least 300 words for each of the 2 questions for that week)

2. (40%) COMPREHENSION. Demonstrate an understanding and application of the course readings and any other outside reading you may choose to use to answer the question.

3. (10%) REFERENCES. You MUST cite using at least 1 citation per question: • All discussion postings are expected to integrate information from at least one of the readings, class materials, and/or from an outside empirical or reputable news source. You should cite both within the text and provide a full reference at the bottom of your post.

DOCUMENTS TO READ FOR DISCUSSION 4

https://www.huffpost.com/entry/transphobia-latin-america-thwarts-hiv-efforts_n_2805976

https://www.npr.org/2011/09/29/140877153/violent-attacks-on-transgender-people-raise-alarm

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/26/lgbt-same-sex-marriage-homophobia-violence-world

http://fsrn.org/2015/08/murders-of-transgender-people-on-the-rise-as-public-presence-grows/

https://journalistsresource.org/studies/international/human-rights/global-discrimination-against-lgbt-persons-2015-united-nations-report/

1 Center for American Progress | LGBT Domestic Violence Fact Sheet

LGBT 1 Domestic Violence Fact Sheet

1 Disclaimer: This fact sheet focuses on domestic violence among gay and lesbian couples, but many issues overlap for bisexual and trans-
gender survivors of domestic violence as well.

Introduction

Law enforcement, government agencies, and the general population acknowledge that
domestic violence is a serious public health problem. The most commonly understood
type of abuse involves partners of the opposite gender engaging in behavior that is both
physically and mentally harmful, with the victim typically being the female. Less univer-
sally recognized is the occurrence of domestic violence among partners of the same sex.

Research indicates that domestic violence among same-sex couples occurs at similar
rates as domestic violence among straight couples. Unfortunately, domestic violence
victims in same-sex relationships are not receiving the help they need. This is due to the
lack of legal recognition of same-sex relationships, law enforcement’s failure to identity
and properly handle domestic violence cases involving people of the same sex, and the
shortage of resources available to victims of same-sex partner domestic abuse.

Lawmakers and social service providers should reconfigure the traditional model
of domestic violence prevention and treatment to include individuals involved in
same-sex relationships.

Rate of domestic violence in same -sex couples

The majority of gay and lesbian families are happy, healthy, and well-functioning, similar
to that of healthy heterosexual families. Domestic violence in same-sex families does
occur, however. Studies have found that domestic violence occurs among same-sex
couples at comparable rates to straight couples:

• One out of four to one out of three same-sex relationships has experienced
domestic violence.

• By comparison, one in every four heterosexual women experiences domestic violence
in her lifetime.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19834003

http://www.rohrbaughassociates.net/pdfs/same_sex

http://www.rohrbaughassociates.net/pdfs/same_sex

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19834003

2 Center for American Progress | LGBT Domestic Violence Fact Sheet

Comparing domestic violence in straight and same -sex couples

Both straight and gay victims of domestic violence experience a similar pattern of abuse,
albeit with some notable distinctions.

Straight and same-sex domestic violence share many common characteristics:

• The pattern of abuse includes a vicious cycle of physical, emotional, and psychological
mistreatment, leaving the victim with feelings of isolation, fear, and guilt.

• Abusers often have severe mental illnesses and were themselves abused as children.
• Psychological abuse is the most common form of abuse and physical batterers often

blackmail their partners into silence.
• Physical and sexual abuses often co-occur.
• No race, ethnicity, or socio-economic status is exempt.

But domestic violence in same-sex relationships is distinctive in many ways from
domestic violence in heterosexual relationships:

• Gay or lesbian batterers will threaten “outing” their victims to work colleagues, family,
and friends. This threat is amplified by the sense of extreme isolation among gay and
lesbian victims since some are still closeted from friends and family, have fewer civil
rights protections, and lack access to the legal system.

• Lesbian and gay victims are more reluctant to report abuse to legal authorities.
Survivors may not contact law enforcement agencies because doing so would force
them to reveal their sexual orientation or gender identity.

• Gay and lesbian victims are also reluctant to seek help out of fear of showing a lack of
solidarity among the gay and lesbian community. Similarly, many gay men and women
hide their abuse out of a heightened fear that society will perceive same-sex relation-
ships as inherently dysfunctional.

• Gay and lesbian victims are more likely to fight back than are heterosexual women.
This can lead law enforcement to conclude that the fighting was mutual, overlooking
the larger context of domestic violence and the history of power and control in
the relationship.

• Abusers can threaten to take away the children from the victim. In some states, adop-
tion laws do not allow same-sex parents to adopt each other’s children. This can leave
the victim with no legal rights should the couple separate. The abuser can easily use
the children as leverage to prevent the victim from leaving or seeking help. Even when
the victim is the legally recognized parent an abuser may threaten to out the victim to
social workers hostile to gays and lesbians, which may result in a loss of custody. In the
worst cases the children can even end up in the custody of the abuser.

http://www.sp2.upenn.edu/ortner/docs/factsheet_ipvinsamesexrelationships

http://www.rohrbaughassociates.net/pdfs/same_sex

http://www.rohrbaughassociates.net/pdfs/same_sex

http://www1.umn.edu/aurora/pdf/SameSexViolence

http://www1.umn.edu/aurora/pdf/SameSexViolence

http://www1.umn.edu/aurora/pdf/SameSexViolence

http://www.rohrbaughassociates.net/pdfs/same_sex

http://www.rohrbaughassociates.net/pdfs/same_sex

3 Center for American Progress | LGBT Domestic Violence Fact Sheet

Challenges to addressing same -sex domestic violence

The generally accepted model of a male aggressor and female survivor cannot be easily
applied when dealing with victims in same-sex relationships. Same-sex couples there-
fore face certain impediments to having their domestic violence issues recognized and
addressed that straight couples do not:

• Authorities often lack the knowledge of how to handle domestic violence cases
involving people of the same gender. An officer may mistake two males living
together for roommates, for example. And officers may fail to report an incident of
domestic violence since the two parties involved may be unwilling to divulge their
relationship status. In some cases the victim will be detained instead of the aggressor
because the latter was physically smaller.

• Same-sex partners lack the resources needed to help them get out of abusive
relationships. While domestic violence shelters appear to be increasingly responsive
to the needs of lesbian victims, gay male victims are rarely admitted. Services for gay
men are practically nonexistent.

• Survivors of same-sex domestic violence lack the same legal recognition and protec-
tion as straight survivors. Currently, a patchwork of state laws exist that offer some
protections to gay and lesbian victims of domestic violence. Some laws cover gay and
lesbian victims explicitly in their anti-domestic violence laws, while others cover gay
and lesbian victims though gender-neutral language. A federal law is needed, however,
to provide uniform and comprehensive protections for all same-sex couples.

Policy solutions for addressing same -sex domestic violence

A number of policy solutions would address the challenges that both victims and survi-
vors of same-sex domestic violence face. They include:

• New legal interpretation of existing domestic violence laws at all levels of government
that incorporates same-sex couples within the definitions of domestic violence and
related parties.

• Providing local, state, and federal funding to educate law enforcement and social service
providers about LGBT people, establish same-sex domestic violence prevention pro-
grams, and support organizations that specifically address same-sex domestic violence.

• Mandated cultural competency training for organizations receiving federal dollars to
implement domestic violence prevention or treatment programs.

http://www.pe.com/localnews/inland/stories/PE_News_Local_E_violence31.496aa11.html

http://newamericamedia.org/2010/06/myths-mask-prevalence-of-lgbt-domestic-violence.php

http://www.rohrbaughassociates.net/pdfs/same_sex

4 Center for American Progress | LGBT Domestic Violence Fact Sheet

Conclusion

Domestic violence among same-sex couples is a serious public health concern. Victims
of same-sex domestic violence face added challenges when attempting to receive help,
as outlined above. More gay and lesbian victims of abuse are reporting their experiences
as the general public has become increasingly more accepting of same-sex relationships.
Still, barriers to equal treatment for same-sex couples remain. Survivors of same-sex
domestic violence can receive the recognition and help they need with further research,
better training for law enforcement officials, and more funding for relevant programs.