Hello is there anyone that can help me with my Discussion questions.  I have multiple discussion questions for different chapters. I will have the instruction in the upload. 

READ THESE GUIDELINE5

I

Completion: Students ore responsible

f

or completing oll fourteen of these primory
source exercises ond for answering oll questions in o given exercise. Posts will be
graded for guality ond length. No lote posts will beaccepted.

Formot: Complet e sentences ond accurote grommor ore reguired.If you do use
direct guototions, you must provide proper in-text citotions – see our oddendum
for detoils.

Originolity: Do not repeot the some informotion onother student hos olreody
posted – odd something new to secure os mony points os possible! Breoking ground
eorly moy be advontogeous. Eleventh hour posts thot simply restote moterio

l

olreody discussed will not secure the highest scores. Cutting and posting from an
internet source does not guolify os completing on exercise.

Student Replies: Replying to, or oddressing, onother student’s post is encouroged
ond is o greot woy to moke certoinyou’re not simply repeating informotion and
losing points for redundoncy. Respectful debote is welcomed.

Word Count: Posts must meet the 2oo-word minimum to eorn o possing score
(“C”). Quolity posts thot exceed this minimum length will secure points thot
propontionolity exceed the minimum possing grode. For instonce, guolity posts of
300 words or more earn “B’s” while guolity posfs of 400 words ot more secure
“A’s.” But guolity is better thon guontity! 5o o greot post with 200 words will do
well. This is not on occosion for terse replies. Cont ext ualize the questions inyour
chopter reodings.

Debating the French Revolution: Edmund Burhe and

Thomas Paine

Z The best-hnown debate on the French Revolution set the lrish-born conservative Edmund Burke against the
i Aritith radtcal Thomas Paine. Burhe opposedthe French Revolution from the beginning His Reflections on the
! Revolution in France was published early, in 1790, when the French king was still securely on the throne. Burke
i disagreed with the premises of the revolution. Rights, he argued, were not abstract and “natural” but the results
i of specit’ic historical traditions. Remodeling the French government without ret’erence to the past and failing to pay
i propu respect to tradition and custom had, in his eyes, destroyed the t’abric of French civilization.
i Thomas Paine was one of many to respondto Burke. /n The Rights of lVlan (1791-1792), he det’endedthe
i revolution and, more generally, concep.tions of human rights. ln the polarized atmosphere of the revolutionary
i wars, simply possesstng Paine’s pamphlet was cause for imprisonment in Britain.

Edmund Burhe

Mxil’ixi;r:l][]+::l
the uniform policy of our constitution
to claim and assert our liberties, as an
entailed inheritance derived to us from
our forefathers. . . . We have an inherit-

able crown; an inheritable peerage; and

a house of commons and a people inher-

iting privileges, franchises, and liberties,

from a long line of ancestors. . . .

You had all these advantages in
your ancient states, but you chose to
act as if you had never been moulded
into civil society, and had every thing
to begin anew. You began ill, becau’se
you began by despising every thing that

belonged to you. . . . lf the last genera-

tions of your country appeared without

much luster in your eyes, you might have

passed them by, and derived your claims

from a more early race of ancestors. . . .
Respecting your forefathers, you would

have been taught to respect yourselves.
You would not have chosen to consider
the French as a people ofyesterday, as

a

nation of Iow-born servile wretches until

the emancipating year of .1789.. . . [Y]ou
would not have been content to be rep-
resented as a gang of Maroon slaves,
suddenly broke loose from the house of
bondage, and therefore to be pardoned
for your abuse of liberty to which you
were not accustomed and ill fitted. . . .

. . . The fresh ruins of France, which
shock our feelings wherever we can

A Whig politician who had sympathized with the Ameri-
can revolutionaries, Burke deemed the revolution in France
a monstrous crime against the social order (see Competing
Yiewpoints above).

Burke’s famous book aroused some sympathy for the
counterrevolutionary cause, but active opposition came
slowly. The first European states to express public con-
cern about events in revolutionary France were Austria
and Prussia, deciar:ing in 1791, that order and the rights

598 | cxenrrn ra The FrenchRevolution
I

I
a
l

:i’H T.:fi t :: J;:’:: l:I i::fl
:: :,:? Hff : :, ;: “”:’lJ H:..ffiare the display of incons

::H]ilI :,t,’.,.,,,,*.tlffi
Nothing is more cert

our manners/ our civilize

good things which are

manners, and with civil
this European world of

:l::*i*I[.’i;iLiJilJ#

Htr*ffi
of the monarch of France were matters or “.o.*or,n,il
est to ail sovereigns of Europe.” The leaders of the nrerffi
assembiy pronounced the declaration an affront to nuuoffi
sovereignty. Nobles who had fled France played lnto 6[
hands witlr plots and pronouncements against ,f,. gor,fl
ment. It was perhaps odd that both supporters and opfl
nents of the revolution in France believed *r, *orla r,’ril
their cause. The National Assembly’s leaders .*p..t,d.fi
aggressive policy would shore up the people’s ,rrt,,

f

the midst of arms and confusions.

Learning paid back what it received to
nobility and priesthood. . . . Happy if they

had all continued to know their indis-
soluble union, and their proper place.

Happy if learning, not debauched bY
ambition, had been satisified to continue

the instructor, and not aspired to be the

master! Along with its natural Protectors
and guardians, learning will be cast into

the mire, and trodden down under the

hoofs of a swinish multitude.

Source: Edmund Burke, Relections on the Revolution

in Fronce (1790; New York: 1973), pp. 45, 48, 49,

52,92.

Thomas Paine

r. Burke, with his usual out-
rage, abuses theDeclaration of

the Rights of Man.. . . Does ltr1r.

Burke mean to denY that man has anY
rights? lf he does, then he must mean
that there are no such things as rights

any where, and that he has none himself;

for who is there in the world but man?

But if lvlr. Burke means to admit that
has rights, the question will then

be, what are those rights, and how came

by them originallY?

The error of those who reason
by precedents drawn from antiquity,

ng the rights of man, is that theY

not go far enough into antiquitY
stop in some of the intermedi-

stages of an hundred or a thousand

and produce what was then a rule

the present day. This is no authority

To possess ourselves of a clear idea

of what government is, or ought to be,

we must trace its origin. ln doing this,

we shall easily discover that Sovern-
ments must have arisen either out of the

people, or over the people. lv1r. Burke has

made no distinction. . . .

What were formerlY called revolu-

tions, were little more than a change
of persons, or an alteration of local
circumstances. They rose and fell like

things of course, and had nothing in
their existance or their fate that could

influence beyond the spot that pro-
duced them. But what we now see in the

world, from the revolutions of America

and France, is a renovation ofthe natural

order of things, a system of principles as

universal as truth and the existance of

man, and combining moral with political

happiness and national prosperity.

Source: Thomas Paine,The Righu of Man (1791;

New York: 1973),PP.302, 308, 383.

.i , /
L’l’ti r’)’il t

/,,,/J ll jr-r’ 8?0 ct
Questions for Analysis

1. How does Burke define /ibertY? WhY

does he criticize the revolutionaries
for representing themselves as slaves

freed from bondage?

2. What does Paine criticize about
Burke’s emphasis on history? Accord-

ing to Paine, what makes the French
Revolution different from previous
changes of regime in EuroPe?

3. How do these two authors’ attitudes

about the origins of human freedoms

shape their understandings of the
revolution?

bring freedom to the rest o[ Europe. Counterrevolutionaries

hoped the intervention of Austria and Prussia would undo

all thar had happened since 1789. Radicals’ suspicious of

aristocratic leaders and the king, believed that war would

expose traitors with misgivings about the revolution and
[Iush out those who sympathized with the king and Euro-

pean tyrants. On April 20,1792′ the assembly declared war

against Austria and Prussia. Thus began the war that would

keep the Continent in arms for a generation.

As the radicals expected, the French forces met seri-

ous reverses. By August t792, the allied armies of Austria

and Prussia had crossed the frontier and were threatening

to capture Paris. Many, including soldiers, believed that

the military disasters were evidence of the king’s trea-
son. On August I0, Parisian crowds, organized by their
radical leaders, attacked the royal palace. The king was

imprisoned, and a second and far more radical revolution

began.

A New Stage: Popular Revolution I SOO

READ THESE GUTDELINES!

Completion: Students ore responsible for completing oll fourteen of these primory
source exercises ond for answering oll guestions in o given exercise. Posts will be
groded for guolity ond length. No lote posts will 6eaccepted.

Formot: Complet e sentences ond occurote grommor are required. ff you do use
direct guototions, you must provide proper in

–

text citotions – see out oddendum
for detoils.

Originolity: Do not repeot the some informotion onother student hos olreody
posted – odd something new to secure os mony points os possiblel Breoking ground
eorly moy be odvontogeous. Eleventh hour posts thot simply restote moteriol
olreody discussed will not secure the highest scores. Cutting ond posting from on
internet source does not guolify os completing on exercise.

Student Replies: Replying to, or oddressing, onother student’s post is encouroged
ond is o greot woy to moke certoin you’re not simply repealing informotion ond

losing points for redundoncy. Respectful debate is welcomed.

Word Count: Posts must meet the 200-word minimum to eorn o possing score
(“C”). Quolity posts thot exceed this minimum length will secure points thot
proportionolity exceed the minimum possing grode. For instonce, guolity posts of
300 words or more eorn “B’s” while quolity posts of 400 words or more secure
“A’s.” But guolity is better thon guontityl 5o o greot post with 200 words will do
well. This is not on occosion for tersereplies. Contextuolize the questions inyour
chopter reodings.

Marriage, Sexuality, and the Facts of Ltfe

ln the nineteenth century, sexuality became the subject of much anxious debate, largely because it raised other issues:
roles of men and women, morality, and social respectabilrty. Doctors threw themselves into the discussion, ot’t’ering
expert opinions on the health (including the sexual lives) of the population; yet they did not dictate people’s private
Nineteenth’century men and women responded to what they experienced as the t’acts of life more than to expert
The first document provides an example ot’ medical knowledge and opinion in 1870. The second oft’ers a glimpse ol
daily realities of family life in 1830.

A French Doctor Denounces Contraception (1870)

CI
ne of the most power-
ful instincts nature has
placed in the heart of
man is that which has
for its object the per-

spring. Such, however, is not the case,
and I shall show that those who have an
unlimited confidence in the patriarchal
habits of our country people are deeply
in error. At the present time frauds are
practiced by all classes. . . .

The laboring classes are generally
satisfied with the practice of Onan
[withdrawal]. . They are seldom famil-
iar with the sheath invented by Dr. Con-
dom, and bearing his name.

Among the wealthy, on the other
hand, the use of this preservative is gen-
erally known. lt favors frauds by render-
ing them easier; but it does not afford
completesecurity….

Case X.-This couple belongs to two
respectable families of vintners. They are

both pale, emaciated, downcast, sickly. . . .
They have been married for ten

years; they first had two children, one
immediately after the other, but in order
to avoid an increase of family, they have
had recourse to conjugal frauds. Being
both very amorous, they have found this
practice very convenient to satisfy their
inclinations. They have employed it to
such an extent, that up to a few months

ago, when their health began to fail,
husband had intercourse with his
habitually two and three times in
four hours.

The following is the condition
woman: She complains of continual
in the lower part of the abdomen

neys. These pains disturb the

the stomach and render her

petuation of the human race. But this
instinct, this inclination, so active, which
attracts one sex towards the other, is
liable to be perverted, to deviate from
the path nature has laid out. From this
arises a number of fatal aberrations
which exercise a deplorable influence
upon the individual, upon the family and
upon6ociety….

We hear constantly that marriages
are less fruitful, that the increase of pop-
ulation does not follow its former ratio. I
believe that this is mainly attributable to

genesiac frauds. lt might naturally be
supposed that these odious calculations

of egotism, these shameful refinements
of debauchery, are met with almost
entirely in large cities, and among the
luxurious classes, and that small towns
and country places yet preserve that
simplicity of manners attributed to prim-
itive society, when the pater familias was

proud of exhibiting his numerous off-

nervouS.

By the touch we find a very intense
great sensibility to pressure, and all
signs of a chronic metritis [infl
ofthe uterus]. The patient attributes
itively her present state to the too
guent approaches of her husband.

The husband does not
exculpate himself, as he also is in a
of extreme suffering. lt is not in the
tal organs, however, that we find his
order, but in the whole general
system; his history will find its
the part of this work relative to
disturbances. . . .

Source: Louis-Frangois-Etienne Bergeret, fhe

Preventive Obstacle, or Conjugol Onanism, trans.

P. de Marmon (New York: 1870), pp.3-a, Q,
20-22, 25, 56-57, 100-101, 111 -113
published in Paris in 1868.

648 I cHneren re The lndustrial Revolution and, Nineteenth-Century Society

An alyzing

Death in Childbirth (1830)

rs. Ann B. Pettigrew
was taken in Labour
after returning from a
walk in the garden, at 7

o’clock in the evening
of June 30, 1830. At 40 minutes after 1

1

o’clock, she was delivered of a daughter.

A short time after, I was informed that

the Placenta was not removed, and,
at 10 minutes afler 12 was asked into

the room. I.advanced to my dear wife,
and kissing her, asked her how she was,

to which she replied, I feel very badly. I

went out of the room, and sent for Dr.
Warren.

I then returned, and inquired ifthere

was much hemorrhage, and was
answered that there was. I then asked

the midwife (Mrs. Brickhouse) if she ever

manual exertion to remove the pla-

centa. She said she had more than fifty
times. I then, fearing the consequences

of hemorrhage, observed, Do, my dear

sweet wife, permit Mrs. Brickhouse to

remove it: To which she assented.

After the second unsuccessful attempt, I
desired the midwife to desist. ln these
two efforts, my dear Nancy suffered
exceedingly and frequently exclaimed:
“O Mrs. Brickhouse you will kill me,” and

to me, “O I shall die, send for the Doc-
tor.” To which I replied, “l have sent.”

After this, my feelings were so ago-
nizing that I had to retire from the room

and lay down, or fall. Shortly after which,

the midwife came to me and, falling
upon her knees, prayed most fervently

to God and to me to forgive her for say-

ing that she could do what she could
not….

The placenta did not come away, and

the hemorrhage continued with
unabated violence until five o’clock in
the morning, when the dear woman
breathed her last 20 minutesbefore the

Doctor arrived.

So agonizing a scene as that irom
one o’clock, I have no words to describe.

O My God, My God! have mercy on me.

I am undone forever. . . .

Source: Cited in Erna Olafson Hellerstein, Leslie
Parker Hume, and Karen M. Offen, eds.,Victorian
Women: A Documentary Account olWomen’s Lives
in Nineteenth-Century England, France, and the

United States (Stanford, CA: 1981 ), pp. 193-9a,
219-20.

Questions for Analysis

1. The French doctor states that the
impulse to have sexual relations is
“one of the most powerful instincts”
given to humans by nature, while
simultaneously claiming that this nat-

ural instinct is “liable to be perverted.”

What does this reveal about his atti-
tude toward “nature”?

2. What does he mean by “genesiac
frauds”? Who is being deceived by this

fraud? What consequences for indi-
viduals and for society as a whole does

the doctor fear from this deception?

3. What does the story of Mrs. Petti-
grew’s death reveal about the dangers

of childbirth and the state of obstetric

medicine in the nineteenth century?

Russia to nurse British soldiers fighting there in the IB50s,
remains the most famous of those women whose deter-
mination to right social wrongs compelled them to defy
conventional notions of woman’s “proper” sphere. Equally

famous-or infamous, at the time-was the French female
novelist George Sand (1804-1876), whose real name was

Amandine Aurore Dupin Dudevant. Sand dressed like a
man and smoked cigars, and her novels often told tales of
independent women thwarted by convention and unhappy

marriages.

QueenVictoria, who came to the British throne in 1837,
labored to make her solemn public image reflect contempo-
rary feminine virtues of moral probity and dutifui domes-
ticrty. Her court was eminently proper, a marked contrast to

that of her uncle George IV, whose cavalier ways had set the

style for high life a generation before. Though possessing a

bad temper, Victoria trained herself to curb it in deference
to her ministers and her public-spirited, ultrarespectable
husband, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg. She was a success-
ful queen because she embodied the traits important to
the middle class, whose triumph she seemed to epitomize
and whose habits of mind we have come to call Victorian.
Nineteenth-century ideas about gender had an impact on

masculinity as well: soon after the revolutionary and the
Napoleonic period, men began to dress in sober, practical
clothing, and to see as effeminate or dandyish the wigs,
ruffled collars, and tight breeches that had earlier been the
pride oI aristocratic masculinity.

The Middle Classes 649

1
–