Maylee

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2. Discuss the epidemiology of allergies.

Allergic diseases are very rampant and tend to exist for extended periods of time in an individual’s life. Allergies tend to result in a declining quality of life while also affecting work productivity (Kuna, et. al., 2017). When discussing the epidemiology of diseases, several types of allergies must be considered, among them food allergies, allergic rhinitis, and drug allergies. Allergic rhinitis is often influenced by genetic dispositions, and its symptoms are influenced by environmental exposures (Kuna, et. al., 2017).

1. What are your treatment options (consider pharmacoeconomic)? Compare first and second-generation antihistamines.

Finding the right treatment for allergies remains to be one of the most challenging issues in public health. The treatment also involves a collaboration of specialists in family medicine, pediatricians, dermatologists, and allergists. Antihistamines are often used as the readily available treatment for most allergies (Lawton, 2016). Most of these drugs can be found in leading pharmaceuticals and are continuously advertised as the best treatment for allergies. Histamines work by influencing the immune regulation of the acute inflammatory responses using four receptors H1, H2, H3, and H4 (Lawton, 2016). Due to the easy accessibility and affordability of the antihistamines, there resulted in the rise of second-generation antihistamines.

They were developed to eliminate the anticholinergic adverse effects associated with the H1 receptors (Lawton, 2016).

1. What education will you provide to the patient?

The education that I will provide to the patient will focus on minimizing exposures to potential allergens. Some of the most common indoor allergens are pet dander, dust mites, and mold. Overall these indoor allergens could be minimized by intentionally eliminating the extra moisture using dehumidifier and cleaning of damp bathrooms more frequently using water and bleach (Woo& Robinson, 2015). The patient could keep off from keeping pets to help avoid instances of pet dander. Lastly, the patient could avoid dust mites by not using carpets, frequently mopping, and washing drapes, and beddings. When it comes to outdoor allergens like pollen and weed, they could be minimized by always showering at night, keeping the windows shut, and using air conditioners (Woo& Robinson, 2015)

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Euclides

1. Epidemiology of Allergies

Epidemiology of encapsulates the frequency of allergies among populations, the extent to which affects communities and the measures that could be explored to diminish allergies. When Custovic (2017) indicates that there has been an uptick of allergies in the past few decades, the information he relays adds substance to the prevalence of allergens in societies. He attributes an upsurge of allergies to environmental alterations, increased microbial exposure, home designs and increased levels of pollutants both indoors and outdoors. Allergies exists in varied forms that include drug allergies, food allergies and allergic rhinitis. The latter arises when a halogen that comes in contact with the body is interpreted and treated as harmful and a threat to the body (Khalid et al., 2019). Drug allergy, on the other hand, comes to bear when a patient’s body reacts adversely to a drug. Last, food allergy arises when a person consumes certain food that illicit adverse bodily reactions. Whereas a variance exists in the prevalence rate of food allergies, the problem has been reported to be disproportionately high among adults.

1. What are your treatment options (consider pharmacoeconomic)? Compare first and second-generation antihistamines

Based on a patient’s medical history, severity of the symptoms and the results derived from allergy tests, varied treatment options could be explored (Custovic, 2017). Some of these options include but are not limited to over the counter medicine that include epinephrine, mast cell stabilizer, antihistamines and decongestants. Also, I would inform that patients that sublingual immunotherapy would also be explored as a treatment modality (Custovic, 2017).

In treating allergies, antihistamines could be explored. Of note, it is invariably useful to understand the type of allergy that a person could be grappling with before starting treatment. Also, as observed by Leonardi (2015), for people who are likely to exhibit adverse symptoms after being administered with antihistamines, exploring second generation antihistamines would be an ideal route. Aside from addressing Allergic rhinitis, treating food and drug allergies would require the use of brompheniramine in the case of drug allergies and fexofenadine and sometimes loratadine when dealing with food allergies.

1. Comparison of First and Second-Generation Antihistamines

First generation antihistamines have often been prioritized in the treatment of mast cell-mediated disorders and allergic reactions. First generation antihistamines have a feature that sets them apart from second generation antihistamines; they also have a sedative streak or effect. Contra first generation antihistamines, second-generation antihistamines are illicit nuance effects on patients and have, therefore, been used widely as antiallergenic drugs (Leonardi, 2015). Of note, second generation Antihistamines have been known to be non-sedative.

 
1. What education will you provide to the patient?
 

The most invaluable information that I will relay to patients include a precautionary step that involves avoidance of allergens. Allergens can be avoided especially when patients take proactive steps to eliminate their sources within homes and inside offices. Further, I would also play up the need to embrace nose washing and especially using saline rinses. The advice thereof would be given to people who are exposed to airborne allergens.

Yindra Isaac

Advanced Pharmacology

            The epidemiology of allergies is known as what happens when the immune system reacts to something that’s usually harmless. Those triggers, which doctors call “allergens,” can include pollen, mold, and animal dander, certain foods, or things that irritate your skin.  Allergies are very common. At least 1 in 5 Americans has one (Nag, Samaddar, Kant & Mahanty, 2017).

            Pharmacoeconomic treatment drugs depend on the type of allergy.  For example, steroids can help reduce inflammation in the nasal passages, lungs, and skin. Steroid use can cause a wide range of side effects and needs to be closely monitored by the doctor. Prednisone is a corticosteroid, or man-made form of the steroid that the body produces to fight illnesses and injuries. It is prescribed alone or in combination with other medication to treat severe allergic reactions and many other conditions. It is given in liquid or tablet form.

            Most antihistamines possess some sedative properties at some point in the dose ranges investigated. Many antihistamines have a “dose window” in which they are nonsedating, but administration at higher doses has a negative impact on cognitive and psychomotor ability. For example, the second-generation drugs loratadine and cetirizine induce negligible sedation at their prescribed clinical dose of 10 mg, yet higher doses have resulted in impairment.

            Patient education includes teaching the patient about symptoms, triggers, how to use the medication properly, and teach about the importance of following up with the doctor (Nag, Samaddar, Kant & Mahanty, 2017).  The nurse should teach about side effects — The side effects of nasal steroids, for example, are mild and may include a slightly unpleasant smell or taste or drying of the nasal lining. In some people, nasal steroids cause irritation, crusting, and bleeding of the nasal septum, especially during the winter. You can minimize these problems by reducing the dose of your nasal steroid, applying a moisturizing nasal gel or spray to the septum before using the spray, or switching to a water-based (rather than an alcohol-based) spray.

References

Karl, K. (2017).  Medication Allergy. Harvard Medical School Health Topics A-Z. Retrieved from https://www.thecampuscommon.com/library/ezproxy/ticketdemocs.asp?sch=suo&turl=https://search-ebscohost-com.southuniversity.libproxy.edmc.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edscrc&AN=edscrc.24213350&site=eds-live

Nag, D. S., Samaddar, D. P., Kant, S., & Mahanty, P. R. (2017). Clinical Information: Perianesthetic refractory anaphylactic shock with cefuroxime in a patient with history of penicillin allergy on multiple antihypertensive medications. Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology (English Edition), 67, 217–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjane.2014.08.001

Muller Sanon

Advanced Pharmacology

            A number of large studies have investigated the topic of epidemiology of allergies and much depends on the type and symptoms.  Three studies used a random calling methodology with administration of a survey, with methodologic variations among the studies (Hutyrová & Bystroň, 2018).  Epidemiological studies on representative populations clearly demonstrate a significant general increase of atopic diseases during the last decades, mainly for pollinosis. For the manifestation of an atopic disease both allergen exposure, which leads to specific IgE antibody formation, and the presence of additional realization factors are required. The nature of the latter is still partially unknown.

            Most pharmacoeconomic treatment options for allergies can be obtained from over-the-counter medications.  Lifestyle changes like using air filters and avoiding triggers are important, too.  Prescription antihistamines include Azelastine eyedrops (Optivar), Azelastine nasal sprays, Astelin, Astepro), Carbinoxamine (Palgic) and Cyproheptadine.

            Compared to second generation, H1 antagonists, also called H1 blockers, are a class of medications that block the action of histamine at the H1 receptor, helping to relieve allergic reactions. Agents where the main therapeutic effect is mediated by negative modulation of histamine receptors are termed antihistamines; other agents may have antihistaminergic action but are not true antihistamines.

            Allergies can put a strain on the patient, which underlies the need to educate this patient on how to maintain a state of health that enables him to continue working. Determination of symptoms and identification of allergens will ensure that the patient acquires knowledge on how to adopt preventive measures.

References

Beasley, S. (2018).  Addressing allergies and treatment options. Virginia Quarterly Review, 94(4), 20–27.

Hutyrová, B., & Bystroň, J. (2018). Treatment options for severe allergic asthma and allergic comorbiditie. Advances in Dermatology & Allergology / Postepy Dermatologii i Alergologii, 35(5), 510–515. https://doi.org/10.5114/ada.2018.77243

Dailyn Gonzalez

Advanced Pharmacology

            The epidemiology and prevalence rates of allergies such as asthma, IgE-mediated sensitization and allergic diseases vary throughout the world (Putnam-Casdorph, & Badzek, 2015).  In asthma, for example, there is some evidence for geographical variations in prevalence; exercise challenge tests prove positive more often in urban areas than in rural areas. Although genetic predisposition is the strongest single risk factor for atopic eczema, air pollutants may aggravate the condition by acting as unspecific irritants and immunomodulators, leading to increased immunoglobulin E expression.

            The most common treatment options that are pharmacoeconomic for allergies include nasal corticosteroids, antihistamines block histamine, mast cell stabilizers, and decongestants.  Although the efficacy of the different H1 antihistamines in the treatment of allergic patients is similar, even when comparing first-  and  second-generation  drugs,  they  are  very different in terms of chemical structure, pharmacology and  toxic  potential (Lee, Hess & Nestler, 2013).  The first generation antihistamines, such as diphenhydramine, are fairly potent muscarinic antagonists in addition to being H1 selective antihistamines. The antimuscarinic action is often not desirable since it is in part responsible for the drying of secretions in the airways and the sedative effect.

            Patient education includes teaching patient how to avoid the trigger, how to use glucocorticoid nasal sprays, if the patient has severe symptoms, the patient may need to use a nasal decongestant for a few days before starting a nasal steroid to reduce nasal swelling (Lee, Hess & Nestler, 2013).

Some patients notice symptom relief on the first day of treatment with nasal steroids, although it may take days to weeks to notice the full effect. For this reason, nasal steroids are most effective when used regularly. Some people are able to use lower doses when symptoms are less severe.

References

Lee, S., Hess, E. P., Nestler, D. M., (2013). Food, drug, insect sting allergy, and anaphylaxis: Antihypertensive medication. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 131, 1103–1108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2013.01.011.

Putnam-Casdorph, H., & Badzek, L. A. (2015). Asthma and allergy medication self-administration. Journal of Nursing Law, 14(1), 32–36. https://doi.org/10.1891/1073-7472.14.1.32

Alvarez Lizandra week 7

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            As we already know, there are different types of allergies. Allergies are seen as chronic and can affect people for their entire lives. We can see allergic rhinitis, drug allergy, and food allergy. Allergic rhinitis affects some of the population and its linked to IgE. Even though allergic rhinitis is partly genetic, it depends on the environment as well. Drug allergies is also very common and can result in anaphylaxis (Kuna et al, 2016). Finally, food allergies can also result in many fatalities.  

            You can treat most allergies with OTC and prescribed medications as well as allergy shots. Histamines regulate inflammatory responses. First generation act nonselective and can cause cardiac, urinary and GI adverse reactions. H2 antihistamines are indicated primarily for gastric reflux disease because they reduce the production of stomach acid by reversibly blocking the H2 histamine receptors in the parietal cells of the gastric mucosa. Use of most H1 and H2 antihistamines is contraindicated during pregnancy and childhood (Recto et al, 2017). First-generation H1 antihistamines are specifically contraindicated in angle-closure glaucoma and pyloric stenosis.

            Patient education regarding allergies includes:

· Reduction of allergens which rigger your signs and symptoms

· Stay inside during dry and windy days to avoid pollen

· Avoid lawn mowing

· Use air conditioning in your house and car

· Buy a HEPA air filter

· Avoid pets

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