human resource

Purpose of Assignment

For this assignment, you will write an executive summary of either Part 3 or Part 5 of the Duarte textbook. You choose whether you want to summarize Part 3 or Part 5.  You will synthesize the main points of what you read. Assume the audience is a class member who needs to understand the purpose and main points of that Part of the text. 

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The purpose of this assignment is to:

  • Further familiarize you with the Executive Summary form and have you strategically communicate in that form

Using information delivered in class and shared materials (on Canvas):

  • Summarize either Part 3 or Part 5 of the Duarte textbook
  • Audience: Your classmates

Format:

Your Executive Summary should contain the following section headers:

  • Purpose: What was the main point of the Part of the text? 
  • Findings: What are the most important things you learned from the text in the Part you chose?
  • Recommendations: What recommendations do you or the authors have?

You may refresh your memory with what an Executive Summary is:

http://www.umuc.edu/current-students/learning-resources/writing-center/writing-resources/executive-summaries/index.cfm (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

 and http://polaris.umuc.edu/ewc/web/exec_summary.html. You may review some “good” vs. “poor” examples of Executive Summaries here:

https://unilearning.uow.edu.au/report/4bi1.html (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

 

You are required to use the standard executive summary format, which can be found on in the links shared above.

  • Stay within 2 pages.
  • Single-space your assignment.
  • Your assignment should be skimmable and employ “chunking” of text.
  • Use bulleted or numbered lists as needed.

Section 3

Story

[Stories] are the currency of human contact.

—Robert McKee,
author of Story: Substance, Structure, Style, and the
Principles of Screenwriting

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6363

Apply Storytelling
Principles

Stories have the power to win customers, align col-

leagues, and motivate employees. They’re the most com-

pelling platform we have for managing imaginations.

Those who master this art form can gain great infl uence

and an enduring legacy.

If you use stories in your presentation, the audience

can recall what they’ve learned from you and even spread

the word. Just as the plot of a compelling play, movie, or

novel makes a writer’s themes more vivid and memora-

ble, well-crafted stories can give your message real stay-

ing power, for two key reasons:

• Stories feature transformation: When people hear
a story, they root for the protagonist as she over-

comes obstacles and emerges changed in some

important way (perhaps a new outlook helps her

complete a diffi cult physical journey). It’s doubly

powerful to incorporate stories that demonstrate

how others have adopted the same beliefs and

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Story

64

behaviors you’re proposing—that is, show others

going through a similar transformation that your

audience will go through. This will help you get

people to cross over from their everyday world into

the world of your ideas—and come back to their

world transformed, with new insights and tools

from your

presentation.

• Stories have a clear structure: All effective stories
adhere to the same basic three-part structure that

Aristotle pointed out ages ago: They have a begin-

ning, a middle, and an end. It makes them easy

to digest and retell—and it’s how audiences have

been conditioned for centuries to receive informa-

tion. Make sure your presentation—and any story

you tell within it—has all three parts, with clear

transitions between them.

In this section of the guide, you’ll learn how to use

storytelling principles to structure your presentation and

incorporate anecdotes that add emotional appeal.

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6565

Create a Solid
Structure

All good presentations—like all good stories—convey

and resolve some kind of confl ict or imbalance. The sense

of discord is what makes audiences care enough to get on

board.

After gleaning story insights from fi lms and books,

studying hundreds of speeches, and spending 22 years

creating customized presentations for companies and

thought leaders, I’ve found that the most persuasive

communicators create confl ict by juxtaposing what is

with what could be. That is, they alternately build tension

and provide release by toggling back and forth between

the status quo and a better way—fi nally arriving at the

“new bliss” people will discover by adopting the proposed

beliefs and behaviors. That confl ict resolution plays

out within the basic beginning-middle-end storytelling

structure we all know and love (fi gure 3-1).

The tips in this section will help you weave confl ict

and resolution throughout the beginning, middle, and

end of your presentation.

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Story

66

What
could be

What
could be

What
could be

New bliss

Call to
action

What is What is What is

What is

BEGINNING MIDDLE END

FIGURE 3-1

Persuasive story pattern

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6767

  • Craft the Beginning
  • Begin by describing life as the audience knows it. People

    should be nodding their heads in recognition because

    you’re articulating what they already understand. This

    creates a bond between you and them and opens them

    up to hear your ideas for

    change.

    After you set that baseline of what is, introduce your

    ideas of what could be. The gap between the two will

    throw the audience a bit off balance, and that’s a good

    thing—because it creates tension that needs to be re-

    solved (fi gure 3-2).

    The
    gap

    What is
    What
    could be

    Contrast the
    commonplace
    with the lofty.

    FIGURE 3-2

    Create dramatic tension

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    Story

    68

    If you proposed what could be without fi rst establish-

    ing what is, you’d fail to connect with the audience before

    swooping in with your ideas, and your message would

    lose momentum.

    The gap shouldn’t feel contrived—you wouldn’t say

    “Okay, I’ve described what is. Now let’s move to what

    could be.” Present it naturally so people will feel moved,

    not manipulated. For instance:

    What is: We’re fell short of our Q3 fi nancial goals

    partly because we’re understaffed and everyone’s

    spread too thin.

    What could be: But what if we could solve the worst

    of our problems by bringing in a couple of power-

    house clients? Well, we can.

    Here’s another example:

    What is: Analysts have been placing our products at

    the top of three out of fi ve categories. One competi-

    tor just shook up the industry with the launch of its

    T3xR—heralded as the most innovative product in

    our space. Analysts predict that fi rms like ours will

    have no future unless we license this technology from

    our rival.

    What could be: But we will not concede! In fact, we

    will retain our lead. I’m pleased to tell you that fi ve

    years ago we had the same product idea, but after

    rapid prototyping we discovered a way to leapfrog

    that generation of technology. So today, we’re launch-

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    Craft the Beginning

    69

    ing a product so revolutionary that we’ll gain a ten-

    year lead in our industry.

    Once you establish the gap between what is and

    what could be, use the remainder of the presentation to

    bridge it.

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    7171

    Develop the
    Middle

    The middle is, in many ways, the most compelling part of

    your presentation, because that’s where most of the “ac-

    tion” takes place.

    People in your audience now realize their world is

    off-kilter—you’ve brought that to their attention and at

    least hinted at a solution at the beginning of your presen-

    tation. Now continue to emphasize the contrast between

    what is and what could be, moving back and forth be-

    tween them, and the audience will start to fi nd the for-

    mer unappealing and the latter alluring.

    Let’s go back to that Q3 fi nancial update example

    from “Craft the Beginning.” Revenues are down, but you

    want to motivate employees to make up for it. Table 3-1

    shows one way you could approach the middle of your

    presentation.

    Earlier, you brainstormed around pairs of contrasting

    themes (see “Amplify Your Message Through Contrast”

    in the Message section). Try using one of those pairs—for

    instance, sacrifi ce versus reward—to drum up material to

    fl esh out this structure.

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    Story

    72

    TABLE 3-1

    Creating “action” in the middle of your story

    What is What could be
    We missed our Q3 forecast by 15%. Q4 numbers must be strong for us

    to pay out bonuses.

    We have six new clients on our roster. Two of them have the potential to
    bring in more revenue than our best
    clients do now.

    The new clients will require extensive
    retooling in manufacturing.

    We’ll be bringing in experts from
    Germany to help.

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    7373

    Make the Ending
    Powerful

    Your ending should leave people with a heightened sense

    of what could be—and willingness to believe or do some-

    thing new. Here’s where you describe how blissful their

    world will be when they adopt your ideas.

    Let’s return to our Q3 example from “Craft the Begin-

    ning” and “Develop the Middle” in this section. You might

    wrap up your presentation along the lines of fi gure 3-3.

    New bliss

    It will take extra work from
    all departments to make Q4
    numbers, but we can deliver
    products to our important
    new clients on time and
    with no errors.

    I know everyone’s running on
    fumes—but hang in there. This
    is our chance to pull together
    like a championship team, and
    things will get easier if we make
    this work. The reward if we meet
    our Q4 targets? Bonuses, plus
    days off at the end of the year.

    Call to action

    FIGURE 3-3

    Making the ending powerful

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    Story

    74

    Many presentations simply end with a list of action

    items, but that isn’t exactly inspiring. You want the last

    thing you say to move your audience to tackle those

    items. You want people to feel ready to right the wrong,

    to conquer the problem.

    By skillfully defi ning future rewards, you compel peo-

    ple to get on board with your ideas. Show them that tak-

    ing action will be worth their effort. Highlight:

    • Benefi ts to them: What needs of theirs will your
    ideas meet? What freedoms will the audience

    gain? How will your ideas give the audience

    greater infl uence or status?

    • Benefi ts to their “sphere”: How will your ideas
    help the audience’s peers, direct reports, custom-

    ers, students, or friends?

    • Benefi ts to the world: How will your ideas help the
    masses? How will they improve public health, for

    instance, or help the environment?

    In the example above, we’ve called out a key benefi t

    to the organization (making up for Q3 revenue short-

    fall), plus three benefi ts to employees (bonuses, time off,

    and—probably most important—the promise of a saner

    workload).

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    7575

    Add Emotional
    Texture

    Now step back and review all your content so far. Do you

    have the right mix of analysis and emotion? (See “Bal-

    ance Analytical and Emotional Appeal” in the Message

    section.) If you need more emotional impact, you can add

    it with storytelling.

    A message matters to people when it hits them in the

    gut. Visceral response, not pure analysis, is what will

    push your audience away from the status quo and toward

    your perspective. Stories elicit that kind of response.

    When we hear stories, our eyes dilate, our hearts race, we

    feel chills. We laugh, clap, lean forward or back. These re-

    actions are mostly involuntary, because they’re grounded

    in emotion.

    While you’re describing what is, tell a story that makes

    people shudder, or guffaw at the ridiculousness of their

    situation, or feel disappointment. While you’re describ-

    ing what could be, tell a story that strikes a little awe or

    fear into their hearts—something that inspires them to

    change.

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    Story

    76

    Table 3-2 shows a template (with an example plugged

    in) that can help you transform supporting information

    into a story with emotional impact.

    You may be thinking that people don’t go to work to

    feel; they go to get stuff done. But by making them feel,

    you move them to action—and help them get stuff done.

    It’s not about issuing a gushing, weepy plea. It’s about

    TABLE 3-2

    Making an emotional impact with data

    Point you want to make Every cross-divisional function could benefi t
    from a steering committee.

    Story about organizational change

    Beginning When, who,
    where

    A few years ago, the sales
    team tackled a cross-
    divisional problem with
    the help of a steering
    committee.

    Middle Context At the time, all sales groups
    were independent.

    Confl ict This means we were
    confusing customers
    with many diff erent rules,
    processes, and formats.

    Proposed
    resolution

    So we decided to create a
    sales steering committee.

    Complication You can imagine how hard it
    was to reach agreement on
    anything.

    End Actual
    resolution

    But we agreed to meet every
    two weeks to fi nd common
    ground. Over the next year,
    we standardized all our
    processes and learned a
    lot from each other. The
    customers became much
    happier with our service.

    Source: Glenn Hughes, SMART as Hell.

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  • Add Emotional Texture
  • 77

    adding emotional texture to the logical case you’ve built

    with data, case studies, and other supporting evidence.

    Personal stories told with conviction are the most ef-

    fective ones in your arsenal. You can repeat stories you’ve

    heard, but audiences feel more affection for presenters

    who reveal their own challenges and vulnerability.

    Use relevant stories that are appropriately dramatic,

    or you may come across as manipulative or out of touch

    with reality. When giving an update at a small staff meet-

    ing on a project you’re leading, you wouldn’t tell a melo-

    dramatic story about the “just-in-time delivery” of mul-

    tiple vendors you managed at your daughter’s wedding.

    It would waste everyone’s time.

    But one U.S. government offi cial did effectively tell a

    story about his daughter’s wedding—to get new remote-

    communication technology adopted in his organization.

    Many of his relatives couldn’t travel to the wedding, so he

    used a commercial version of the technology to push the

    wedding pictures quickly to the remote family members,

    helping all feel more included in the event. He argued

    that adopting the enterprise version of this technology

    would similarly include distant employees in the devel-

    opment of important agency initiatives. The senior ex-

    ecutives not only understood this with their minds but

    felt it in their hearts. They could relate this story about

    a father doing his best to serve his family to their agency

    doing its best to serve the citizenry.

    Take out a notepad and start cataloging personal

    stories and the emotions they summon. This exercise

    takes time, but it will yield material you can draw on

    again and again. Do your fi rst pass when you have an

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    Story

    78

    Inventory of Personal Stories

    □ Important times in your life: Childhood, adoles-
    cence, young adulthood, later years

    □ Relatives: Parents, grandparents, siblings, chil-
    dren, in-laws

    □ Authority fi gures: Teachers, bosses, coaches, men-
    tors, leaders, political fi gures, other infl uencers

    □ Peers: Colleagues, social networks, club members,
    friends, neighbors, teammates

    □ Subordinates: Employees, mentees, trainees,
    interns, volunteers, students

    □ Enemies: Competitors, bullies, people with chal-
    lenging personalities, people you’ve been hurt by,

    people you’ve hurt

    □ Important places: Offi ces, homes, schools, places
    of worship, local hangouts, camps, vacation spots,

    foreign lands

    □ Things you cherish: Gifts, photos, certifi cates/
    awards, keepsakes

    □ Things that have injured you: Sharp objects, ani-
    mal bites, spoiled food, allergens

    uninterrupted hour or so to refl ect. You can use the

    checklist that follows to trigger your memory. As you

    recall past events, jot down how you felt when you ex-

    perienced them.

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    Add Emotional Texture

    79

    Spending time with each item on this list, you’ll un-

    earth many stories you’ve forgotten. Even after you’ve se-

    lected stories for whatever presentation you’re currently

    working on, save your notes and continue adding to them

    here and there, as you fi nd time. They’ll come in handy

    when you’re creating future presentations.

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    8181

    Use Metaphors as
    Your Glue

    Metaphors are a powerful literary device. In Dr. Martin

    Luther King Jr.’s “I Have a Dream” speech, about 20%

    of what he said was metaphorical. For example, he lik-

    ened his lack of freedom to a bad check that “America has

    given the Negro people . . . a check which has come back

    marked ‘insuffi cient funds.’” King introduced this meta-

    phor three minutes into his 16-minute talk, and it was

    the fi rst time the audience roared and clapped.

    Presenters tend to overrely on tired visual metaphors

    instead of using powerful words to stir hearts. King’s

    speech would not have been nearly as beautiful if he’d

    used slides with pictures of bad checks and piles of gold

    symbolizing “freedom and the security of justice.”

    For each point you make in your presentation, try

    to come up with a metaphor to connect people’s minds

    to the concept. You might even weave it like a thread

    throughout the presentation.

    When developing metaphors, reject overused themes

    like racecars and sporting events—and avoid stock pho-

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    Story

    82

    tos along those lines. If you want to tell a story of tri-

    umph, dig into one of your own stories for the right meta-

    phor: Describe, for instance, how it felt to struggle to the

    top of Yosemite’s Half Dome, run your fi rst marathon, or

    win the citywide Boy Scout trophy. Identify metaphors

    that will be meaningful to the audience.

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    8383

    Create Something
    They’ll Always
    Remember

    Place Something They’ll Always Remember—a climac-

    tic S.T.A.R. moment—in your presentation to drive your

    big idea home. That moment is what the audience will

    chat (or tweet) about after your talk. It can also help your

    message go viral through social media and news cover-

    age. Use it to make people uncomfortable with what is or

    to draw them toward what could be. Here are four ways

    to create a S.T.A.R. moment that captivates your audi-

    ence and generates buzz.

    Shocking statistics

    If statistics are shocking, don’t glide over them—amplify

    them. For example, in his 2010 Consumer Electronics

    Show presentation, Intel CEO Paul Otellini used star-

    tling numbers to convey the speed and impact of the

    company’s newest technology. “Today we have the indus-

    try’s fi rst-shipping 32-nanometer process technology. A

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    Story

    84

    32-nanometer microprocessor is 5,000 times faster; its

    transistors are 100,000 times cheaper than the 4004

    processor that we began with. With all respect to our

    friends in the auto industry, if their products had pro-

    duced the same kind of innovation, cars today would go

    470,000 miles per hour. They’d get 100,000 miles per

    gallon, and they’d cost three cents.”

    Evocative visuals

    Audiences connect with emotionally potent visuals.

    When asking donors to help raise $1.7 million, Conserva-

    tion International contrasted dreamy, glistening, surreal

    under-ocean images (captioned with phrases like “90%

    of our oxygen” describing how dependent we are on the

    ocean) with photos of grimy rubbish that washes up on

    the beach (where “14 billion pounds of trash” roll in on

    the waves). That approach tapped the power of evoca-

    tive visuals and shocking stats—and people responded by

    getting out their wallets.

    Memorable dramatization

    Bring your message to life by dramatizing it. As Bill Gates

    spoke about the importance of malaria eradication at a

    TED conference in 2009, he released a jar of mosquitoes

    into the auditorium and said, “There is no reason only

    poor people should be infected.” It got the audience’s

    attention—and effectively made the point that we don’t

    spend nearly enough money on fi ghting the disease. The

    mosquitoes were malaria-free, but he let people squirm a

    minute or two before he let them know that.

    Consider another example. When Mirran Raphaely,

    CEO of Dr. Hauschka Skin Care, presented to the cos-

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    Create Something They’ll Always Remember

    85

    metics industry, she wanted to draw a sharp contrast

    between industrial agriculture and biodynamic farming

    practices. She showed two photos side by side—a con-

    tainer of chemicals and an herb called horsetail—and

    compared the toxicity of the two substances. In indus-

    trial agriculture, farmers rely on glyphosate, a synthetic

    chemical linked to cancer in animals and humans. In bio-

    dynamic agriculture, farmers treat crops with an extract

    made from horsetail. Holding up two glasses—one fi lled

    with the chemical weed killer, the other with the horse-

    tail extract—she asked the audience, “Which one of these

    would you want on the crops you consume?” After the

    audience fi nished laughing, she took a sip of the biody-

    namic solution.

    Emotive anecdote

    Sometimes S.T.A.R. moments are gripping personal sto-

    ries (see “Add Emotional Texture” earlier in this section).

    Here’s one such story, told by Symantec.cloud group

    president Row an Trollope in May 2012, to encourage his

    organization to innovate:

    I went mountain climbing at Mount Laurel, in the

    eastern Sierras, with two of my friends. I’m not very ex-

    perienced, but both of them were even less experienced.

    We’d been climbing for about 19 hours. We were up at

    11,000 feet, and it was getting dark. Fast.

    We needed to get down the side of this mountain . . .

    and we needed to do it fast. Descending fi rst, I got to a

    ledge and started to get our line ready.

    Climbers carry two emergency pitons with them for

    just this purpose. I’d never used them before, but I knew

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    Story

    86

    how they worked. I took out my hammer and started

    hammering one into the rock. The books tell you that

    you’ll hear the tone of the hammer strike change when

    it’s “in.” I heard a loud ping with each strike of the

    hammer and decided it was in “good enough.”

    The books also tell you, though, to always use two, so

    I used two. As I hammered in the second one, I heard a

    sharp, high-pitched ping at the end, so I tied the knots

    and got our line ready. By this time, my buddies had

    reached the ledge, and I started to hook us in.

    Something was bugging me. I looked at the knot

    between the two pitons and it looked like this [prop:

    climbing rope with two pitons]. The problem with a

    knot like that is that if one piton fails, you’ll fall. You

    need to tie it instead like this [prop: retie knot].

    My buddies were all clipped in and wanted to get

    going. It was getting darker. The way I tied the knot

    seemed good enough, but something in the back of my

    head told me to stop. So I did.

    We all unclipped, and I retied the knot, and then we

    clipped in again and started the climb down.

    The moment I put weight on my line, the fi rst piton

    popped out and hit me smack in the middle of the hel-

    met. Had I not unclipped and retied the knot, I would

    have died on that ledge. My life rushed through my

    mind. And I suddenly and irrevocably got the danger

    of “good enough.”

    When I pounded in that fi rst piton, I decided it was

    good enough.

    When I tied the knot that fi rst time, I decided that it

    wasn’t, so I did it again.

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    Create Something They’ll Always Remember

    87

    I still have that piton that popped out. I brought it

    with me today because I thought you might like to see

    it [prop: piton]. The other one? The one that saved my

    life? It’s still in a crack on the Laurel Cliffs. Still doing

    its job.

    I came back to work, and everything had new mean-

    ing for me. Retying my knots became a sort of meta-

    phor. I realized that in every job I did, every project I

    touched, I was making piton decisions every time. I

    was deciding, with every one of those moves, whether

    good enough was good enough for me.

    I picked that story for today because I think we’re

    facing a similar climb as a company. And we’re mak-

    ing piton decisions every day. For my buddies and me,

    there was nothing but sky beneath us. When you and I

    look down, we see the PC business changing dramati-

    cally. We can see physical things being driven into the

    cloud, and we can agree that the Internet is not yet a

    secure place.

    Unfortunately, it will take more than one piton to

    address these dangers. But I think it starts by reawak-

    ening in our company some of the qualities that made

    us great in the fi rst place. And to do that, I think we

    need to change how we approach our work.

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    • Cover
    • What You’ll Learn
    • Contents
    • Introduction
    • Section 1: Audience
    • Understand the Audience’s Power
    • Segment the Audience
    • Present Clearly and Concisely to Senior Executives
    • Get to Know Your Audience
    • Define How You’ll Change the Audience
    • Find Common Ground
    • Section 2: Message
    • Define Your Big Idea
    • Generate Content to Support the Big Idea
    • Anticipate Resistance
    • Amplify Your Message Through Contrast
    • Build an Effective Call to Action
    • Choose Your Best Ideas
    • Organize Your Thoughts
    • Balance Analytical and Emotional Appeal
    • Lose the Jargon
    • Craft Sound Bites
    • Section 3: Story
    • Apply Storytelling Principles
    • Create a Solid Structure
    • Craft the Beginning

    • Develop the Middle
    • Make the Ending Powerful
    • Add Emotional Texture

    • Use Metaphors as Your Glue
    • Create Something They’ll Always Remember
    • Section 4: Media
    • Choose the Right Vehicle for Your Message
    • Make the Most of Slide Software
    • Determine the Right Length for Your Presentation
    • Persuade Beyond the Stage
    • Share the Stage
    • Section 5: Slides
    • Think Like a Designer
    • Create Slides People Can “Get” in Three Seconds
    • Choose the Right Type of Slide
    • Storyboard One Idea per Slide
    • Avoid Visual Cliches
    • Arrange Slide Elements with Care
    • Clarify the Data
    • Turn Words into Diagrams
    • Use the Right Number of Slides
    • Know When to Animate
    • Section 6: Delivery
    • Rehearse Your Material Well
    • Know the Venue and Schedule
    • Anticipate Technology Glitches
    • Manage Your Stage Fright
    • Set the Right Tone for Your Talk
    • Be Yourself
    • Communicate with Your Body
    • Communicate with Your Voice
    • Make Your Stories Come to Life
    • Work Effectively with Your Interpreter
    • Get the Most out of Your Q&A
    • Build Trust with a Remote Audience
    • Keep Remote Listeners Interested
    • Keep Your Remote Presentation Running Smoothly
    • Section 7: Impact
    • Build Relationships Through Social Media
    • Spread Your Ideas with Social Media
    • Gauge Whether You’ve Connected with People
    • Follow Up After Your Talk
    • Index
    • About the Author
    • Notes

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