Write a paper (2,000 words) in which you apply the concepts of epidemiology and nursing research to a communicable disease. Refer to “Communicable Disease Chain,” “Chain of Infection,” and the CDC website for assistance when completing this assignment.

Communicable Disease Selection

1. Chickenpox
2. Tuberculosis
4. Influenza
5. Mononucleosis
6. Hepatitis B
7. HIV
8. Ebola
9. Measles
10. Polio

Influenza

Epidemiology Paper Requirements

1. Describe the chosen communicable disease, including causes, symptoms, mode of transmission, complications, treatment, and the demographic of interest (mortality, morbidity, incidence, and prevalence). Is this a reportable disease? If so, provide details about reporting time, whom to report to, etc.
2. Describe the social determinants of health and explain how those factors contribute to the development of this disease.
3. Discuss the epidemiologic triangle as it relates to the communicable disease you have selected. Include the host factors, agent factors (presence or absence), and environmental factors. Are there any special considerations or notifications for the community, schools, or general population?
4. Explain the role of the community health nurse (case finding, reporting, data collection, data analysis, and follow-up) and why demographic data are necessary to the health of the community.
5. Identify at least one national agency or organization that addresses the communicable disease chosen and describe how the organizations contribute to resolving or reducing the impact of disease.
6. Discuss a global implication of the disease. How is this addressed in other countries or cultures? Is this disease endemic to a particular area? Provide an example.

A minimum of three peer-reviewed or professional references is required.

Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion. 

You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Refer to the

LopesWrite Technical Support articles

for assistance.

nursingon time

Communicable Disease Chain

Infectious Agent

Microbes – All Types

Pathogenicity

Invasiveness

Virulence

Infective Dose

Resistance

Means of Transmission

Direct

Indirect

Portal of Re-entry

Same as Exit

Portal of Exit

Respiratory

Integumentary

Blood

GI

Sexual

Susceptible Host

Defense Mechanisms

Immunity

Natural

Artificial

Reservoirs

Humans

Animals

Plant/Soil

© 2011. Grand Canyon University. All Rights Reserved.

Submission Ide: 835ef1b2-a792-4233-98df-017c7cec2bc4

85% SIMILARITY SCORE 6   CITATION ITEMS 43   GRAMMAR ISSUES 0   FEEDBACK COMMENT

Internet Source   0%
Institution   85%

Leidy Morey

TB.edited x

Summary

 2558 Words  

TUBERCULOSIS DISEASE 1

TUBERCULOSIS DISEASE 2

 Word repetitio…: Tuberculosis …  Tuberculosis

 Student: Submitted to Grand Canyon University 26-Jan-2020…

Tuberculosis Disease

Students Name

Instructors Name

Course

Date

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis can also be called TB in short, and this is its common name. TB can be described as a

contagious infection that destroys a person’s lungs and that which is capable of infecting other parts

TUBERCULOSIS DISEASE 3

 Passive voice: TB is caused by

 Three successive sentences begin with…: TB

 Spelling mistake: Rijkers  Rivers

 Student: Submitted to Grand Canyon University 26-Jan-2020…

 type of (omit): type of

 that exists (omit): that exists

 Student: Submitted to Grand Canyon University 26-Jan-2020…

 on the other hand (…: on the other hand  but

 type of (omit): type of
 Student: Submitted to Grand Canyon University 26-Jan-2020…

 accompany: accompany  go with

 Spelling mistake: Rijkers  Rivers
 accompany: accompany  go with

 Redundant phrase: so as to  to

 assist, assistance (help): assistance  help

 Passive voice: TB is caused by

 by means of (by, with, thr…: by means of  by

 Spelling mistake: Rijkers  Rivers

 accurate: accurate  right

 Redundant phrase: so as to  to
 Spelling mistake: Rijkers  Rivers

 as per (as, in ac…: as per  in accordance wi…

 Student: Submitted to Grand Canyon University 26-Jan-2020…

of the body, such as the spine and the brain. TB is caused by a bacterium known as Mycobacterium

tuberculosis. TB was once the primary cause of deaths in the United States of America in the 20th

century though recently, it has found a cure and is curable with antibiotics within a very long period,

which may take up to 6 to 12 months to complete the dose. There are two main types of TB. Namely,

the Latent TB and the Active TB (Rijkers, 2019). Latent TB is the type of TB that exists in a person’s

body but does not spread because it is prevented from spreading by the robust immune system of the

carrier. The TB infection is alive in the shape of the carrier, but it is not active. This does not

necessarily mean that the disease cannot become active, but may become active someday. Active TB,

on the other hand, is the type of TB in a person that has increased in amount and has thus caused the

carrier to fall sick. The sick individual can quickly spread the disease to other people through various

means, as we will see in this paper. Adults infected with Latent TB are more likely to contract Active

TB in the case when the Latent TB becomes activated. This is possible when the immune system of

the carrier becomes weakened.

Tuberculosis is notable through the various signs and symptoms that accompany the disease, as I will

explain below. Before I get to the signs and symptoms of TB, it is essential to note that Latent TB has

no signs and symptoms, and a person would only know they are infected with it after either a blood

or a skin test (Rijkers, 2019). The signs and symptoms of Active TB are; experiencing a cough that

really prolonged that which would actually last for up to or more than three good weeks. Chest pain

is another common symptom which originates from the prolonged cough that individual experience.

The patient with TB may also cough up blood occasionally due to the infected lungs. Feeling fatigued

all the time is another notable sign for TB, sweating at night, feeling cold, having a fever, weight loss,

which is as a result of loss of appetite are among the signs and symptoms that accompany this

particular disease which can lead to death if proper measures to cure the disease are not taken. In case

a person experiences any of the above signs, it is essential actually it is vital for them to see a physician

and get tested so as to receive medical attention and assistance immediately. TB is caused by bacteria

that spread by means of air (Rijkers, 2019). In case, an infected individual with TB coughs without

covering their mouth with a handkerchief or a piece of cloth or do any activity using the mouth such

as talking, air and saliva droplets containing TB germs are let into the air, and when someone who is

not sick with TB inhales them, they definitely get infected with this disease. Tuberculosis can be

diagnosed through skin tests where an individual is injected with a particular medical fluid, which is

left t rest in the body of the individual and then checked after two or three days and tested. This test

is not always accurate and thus can be repeated several on a person so as to get the correct and precise

result (Rijkers, 2019). A test on one’s blood can also be done to determine if an individual is infected

with tuberculosis or not. In case of positive results, the doctor proceeds to do chest X-ray to have a

look at changes in the lungs, which are attacked and destroyed by the Tuberculosis bacterium .

When the individual is finally declared infected with TB, one is treated as per the results found. If an

individual is diagnosed with Latent TB, they are given medicine to prevent the inactive germs from

becoming Active TB by killing the bacteria. In case an individual is diagnosed with active TB, the

doctor will administer to them a dose of antibiotics that must be taken for a period of not less than six

TUBERCULOSIS DISEASE 4

TUBERCULOSIS DISEASE 5

 Redundant phrase: so as to  to
 Spelling mistake: Rijkers  Rivers

 not able (unable): not able  unable

 Student: Submitted to Grand Canyon University 26-Jan-2020…

 Three successive sentences …: Tuberculosis

 Spelling mistake: reportable  re portable

 Redundant phrase: so as to  to

 Use of whitespace before comma and b…: .  .

 Spelling mistake: pathogenesis  pathogens

 Spelling mistake: pathogenesis  pathogens

months and not longer than 12 months so as to completely do away with the bacterium which can

cause the disease again if not well treated (Rijkers, 2019). The complications of TB are that it might

not really get cured if the patient suffering from it does not have a robust immune system and thus not

able to fight the bacteria. Tuberculosis can mutate as well in case the drugs are not well administered,

and this is another complication of the disease. Tuberculosis can be prevented through the

administration of a vaccine, avoiding being in crowded and poorly ventilated places, taking

medication as prescribed by the doctor in case you are suffering from Latent TB to avoid developing

Active TB. Tuberculosis is a reportable disease. If an individual is suspected or confirmed to be

infected with TB, he or she is required by the law to report within one day after the identification of

the TB control section. One can communicate through phone calls to the responsible personnel dealing

with the department of communicable diseases so as to report a TB case as required by the law (S., U.

& ., 2017) .

Social determinants of health

Social determinants of health are those particular environmental conditions in the settings where

people are born, learn, live, work, play, or even worship. These determinants may include the

unavailability of resources required to meet the daily needs of individuals such as housing and food,

access to economic, education and job opportunities, access to health care facilities and services,

quality of employment, and training, among many other social determinants. Provision of economic

stability, education, health care services, and a healthy environment can go a significant way into

improving the health of many people in a way that this health can be sustained over the long term.

The elimination of TB and its control can only be possible through early detection of Active TB. Apart

from health care, there is a significant concern that has arisen due to the harm that social factors have

caused, leading to the development of tuberculosis (Stewart, Hardcastle & Zelinsky, 2014). These

social factors are well distributed, and they may influence all the stages of TB pathogenesis. These

stages of pathogenesis include the risk of exposure, time to diagnose and treat, the progression of the

disease, and the successful treatment of the disease. The risk of exposure as an agent causing TB is

very dependent on social behaviors. When an individual works or lives in a high incident environment,

that is an area prone to TB, overcrowded cities, and poorly ventilated areas, increase the possibility of

getting infected with TB. Cases of malnutrition also increase the susceptibility to TB. Low levels of

income limit individuals’ access to proper health care services. Stigmatization, which is a social

determinant, may make a patient not comply with treatment and thus resulting in poor outcome of the

treatment process (Stewart, Hardcastle & Zelinsky, 2014). Other social determinants include smoking,

use of alcohol, poor housing conditions, HIV, and diabetes infection have also increased the level of

TUBERCULOSIS DISEASE 6

 Word repetition: TB TB  TB

 Possible agreement error: term

 Three successive sentences begin wit…: The

 Spelling mistake: NGOs  Egos

 Spelling mistake: CSOs  SOS

 Spelling mistake: preventions  prevention

contracting and spreading TB .

The epidemiologic triangle of TB

TB has long term effects, which can be examined using the epidemiological triangle. These triangles

include compartments representing individuals grouped together by the disease status. The links that

exist between the chambers stand for the transitions that occur as an individual transit from one group

of the infection to another state (NIEDBALSKI, 2018). The future of the epidemic can be calculated

by identifying a significant reproductive digit of the triangle. The first unit is known as the epidemic

unit, which has an individual as its basic unit. These epidemiological models divide the host

population into units grouped by their disease status. These models have standard abbreviations used

to represent the status of the individuals. For instance, S is used to describe susceptible individuals

who have not yet been infected. E represents exposed individuals or individuals diagnosed with Latent

TB. I serve the infected individuals who can affect others, while R represents the individuals in the

recovery process (NIEDBALSKI, 2018). The reproductive number is very vital for it determines the

future of the epidemic. This number is the average number found after calculating the secondary

infections produced after an individual who is infected is placed in the unit of individuals who are

susceptible. Incidences and the prevalence is the rate at which TB is transmitted. Their measurements

are based on the division of the population influenced by age factors and ethnicity.

The diagram below illustrates the epidemiological model of Blower et al.

There exist specific special considerations among schools, the community, and the general population

by particular organizations such as NGOs and other CSOs. These organizations have created different

community-based activities that contribute to the diagnosis, preventions, and improved treatment and

adherence to drugs and TB care, which has resulted in a positive treatment outcome. These activities

include creating awareness by developing effective communication among the members of a

community. While most TB treatment processes and diagnoses are done in a hospital setting, these

organizations conduct TB activities outside the hospital in community structures such as churches,

schools as well as concrete settings. TB activities have also been integrated with other healthy

activities such as child care and maternal health to improve the impact and the synergy.

TUBERCULOSIS DISEASE 7

TUBERCULOSIS DISEASE 8

 Redundant phrase: so as to  to
 Redundant phrase: so as to  to

 Word repetition: NTCA NTCA  NTCA

 each and every …: each and every…  every year

 as per (as, in ac…: as per  in accordance wi…

(NIEDBALSKI, 2018)

Roles of a community nurse

Community nursing is an organization whereby there is an embrace of evidence-based research in

cooperation with advances in science so as to improve health. This particular doctrine considers the

social, economic, and culture of community members so as to enhance their relations when working

together. A community health nurse is an individual responsible for the treatment of sick patients

(Bergen, 2015). He or she also offers education to the community members on the importance and the

know-how of maintaining good health to avoid adverse effects that may result in death. They also

conduct screening, administer immunizations as well as dispensing medication to the sick in society.

Distribution of health items such as condoms is also another role of community nurses.

Demographic data is critical to the health of a community because the analysis of the health conditions

of large populations of health is becoming very effective in combating health issues on a large scale.

That is, health problems affecting many people can be dealt with faster due to the availability of data

in the population health sector. Demographic data is also vital for it facilitates the implementation of

comprehensive community health initiatives. Population data is information on the health outcomes

of a particular group of individuals. This data has been helpful for it has facilitated activities such as

the implementation of health practices that curb drug abuse and those which have encouraged healthy

sex activities in the societies .

NTCA

NTCA in full is the National Tuberculosis Controllers Association. This organization was founded in

Atlanta in Georgia in the year 1995. NTCA is a nonprofit organization that has around 400 members

and is interested in the prevention and control of tuberculosis epidemic disease. It is focused on

eliminating TB in the united states through the power vested in the national, state, and local

governments to implement policies that are capable of preventing and controlling the disease with the

aim of eliminating it. NTCA has put in place measures such as measures to give extensive care to TB

patients, strengthening the prevention if the disease and intensifying the research in the journey to

eliminate the disease as a strategy to end the TB epidemic in the United States of America .

Global impacts of TB

In the year 2018, 1.7 billion people were suffering from TB all over the world; thus, a third of the

world population is infected with diseases. Unfortunately, TB is also the leading disease killer in the

world, leading to at least 1.5 million deaths each and every year. Over 3million people out of 10

million infected individuals in the world do not seek or are unable to get healthcare, thus leading to

the spread of the disease as per a study done in the year 2018. In the case of the misuse of TB

TUBERCULOSIS DISEASE 9

 in the case of (abou…: In the case of  About

 Grammatical problem: a lot of Green

 Use of whitespace before comma and b…: (  (

antibiotics, there is a possibility of the development of resistance to TB drugs. Such a condition can

occur in case of the wrong dosage or failure of the patient to complete the TB drug package. Another

impact is the development of extensive drug resistance where an individual’s body does not respond

to the two drugs used to treat TB, thus leading to its spread and finally leading to the death of the

patient. The other impact concerns individuals infected with HIV and therefore have a weak immune

system leading to the development of TB and, finally, the death of the individual.

In Africa, for instance, addressing the issue of TB is very difficult for African countries, and other

developing countries lack laboratory infrastructure and inadequate transport systems, which hinders

rapid diagnosis of the disease, and thus the disease spreads in this countries faster and efficiently

leading to the death of many people. In America, TB is dealt with efficiently, for there is the

availability of upgraded laboratories and has a lot of Green Light Committee projects to curb the

disease. TB definitely occurs in all parts of the world but is most experienced in the South East Asian

region, with about 44% of TB cases out of the 100% TB cases reported in the world, and thus TB is

endemic in the Asian countries ( 2017).

In conclusion, tuberculosis is a hazardous disease. If not detected and treated at an early stage, this

disease can lead to a painful death of the individual infected with it. Therefore, it is vital for everyone

to ensure that they take the right measures, such as getting tested for the disease just in case one

experiences the signs mentioned above. Measures to prevent the spread of the disease should also be

taken. Thus, it can be done by avoiding overcrowded places, among other many ways, as I have

discussed above. In the case whereby an individual is already infected, it is essential for that particular

individual to abide by the instructions given by the doctor. The community, friends, and family of the

infected person should also be supportive to the patient by showing love and care and by encouraging

them to take their medication faithfully as they take measures of preventing the spread of the disease

to them through various means such as ensuring there is enough aeration in their houses. Shoeing

support to the infected person helps in achieving a positive patient outcome, which is essential to the

patient going through the epidemic caused by tuberculosis disease.

TUBERCULOSIS DISEASE 10

References

Rijkers, G. (2019). Tuberculosis, the neglected infectious disease. Tuberculosis, 115, 24-25. DOI:

10.1016/j.tube.2019.01.006

Stewart, R., Hardcastle, V., & Zelinsky, A. (2014). Health Disparities, Social Determinants of Health,

and Health Insurance. World Medical & Health Policy, 6(4), 483-492. DOI:

10.1002/wmh3.113

Bergen, A. (2015). The role of community nurses as care managers. British Journal Of Community

Health Nursing, 2(10), 466-474. DOI: 10.12968/bjch.1997.2.10.466

NIEDBALSKI, W. (2018). BTV-vector-host interaction: the epidemiological triangle in disease

transmission. Medycyna Weterynaryjna, 74(1), 5996-2018. DOI: 10.21521/mw.5996