No of words: 1500. 

Format: APA [ MUST cite your reference in the body of the paper using APA in-text citation format. ]

References:  Minimum of 6 references out of which 4 must be peer-reviewed.

Many modern programs and technologies are used for organizing, manipulating, analyzing, and visualizing data. Your assignment is to research, select a data visualization tool available in the market and explain how your selected technology can be used for data exploration in a specific domain. Include at least 5 principles or techniques you have researched for effective data visualizations. 

Use Grammarly and follow scholarly writing in your submission. Use APA Style cover page and references. Include subheadings in your submission to organize the structure and content. References must be current. 

Note: I have an approved research proposal and request you to work on the same topic. Please find the attachment.

APAnoPlag 1500 words

APA Formatting and Style Guide
Purdue OWL staff
Brought to you in cooperation with the Purdue Online Writing Lab

Welcome to “APA Formatting and Style Guide.” This Power Point Presentation is designed to introduce your students to the basics of APA formatting and style. You might want to supplement the presentation with more detailed information posted on the Purdue OWL: https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/general_format.html
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The American Psychological Association (APA) citation style is the most commonly used format for manuscripts in the social sciences.
APA regulates:
Stylistics
In-text citations
References

What is APA Style?

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th ed., contains detailed guidelines for formatting a paper in APA style. APA style is most commonly used for formatting papers in the Social Sciences—business, economics, psychology, sociology, nursing, etc. Updates to APA are posted on the APA website www.apastyle.org.
APA format provides writers with a format for cross-referencing their sources—from their parenthetical references to their reference page. This cross-referencing system allows readers to locate the publication information of source material. This is of great value for researchers who may want to locate your sources for their own research projects. The proper use of APA style also shows the credibility of writers; such writers show accountability to their source material. Most importantly, use of APA style can protect writers from plagiarism—the purposeful or accidental use of source material by other writers without giving appropriate credit.
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Language in an APA paper should be:
Clear: be specific in descriptions and explanations
Concise: condense information when you can
Plain: use simple, descriptive adjectives and minimize figurative language

Language

This slide explains the language qualities the APA recommends for academic papers.
Clarity and conciseness are the major concerns when reporting research in APA. It is not easy to balance clarity (which requires accuracy) and conciseness (which requires packing information). To achieve clarity, a writer should avoid vague wording and be specific in descriptions and explanations. To achieve conciseness, a writer should condense information. Because APA format is widely used in science-related papers, the language of APA format is plain and simple. A writer should avoid using metaphors and minimize the use of figurative language, which is typical for creative writing.
This slide can be supplemented by the relevant resource from the OWL:
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/apa_stylistics_basics.html
as well as the “Concision” handout: https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/academic_writing/conciseness/index.html

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The Literature Review:
Summarizes scientific literature on a particular research topic
Includes:
Title page
Introduction
List of references

Types of APA Papers

This slide introduces the two most commonly used genres in APA format: the literature review and the experimental report (also known as the research article).
A literature review paper, which is the summary of what the scientific literature in the discipline field says about the topic of research, is the genre students likely encounter in their academic studies. The paper includes the title page, introduction, and a reference list.
The experimental report or research article provides an account of conducted research. This genre includes the title page, abstract, introduction (which is the review of the published studies on the research topic with the purpose to find the niche for the reported study), method, results, discussion, multiple experiments (if you conduct more than one), references, and appendices (optional). The experiential report often contains tables and figures. See the slides describing APA format of tables and figures.
This slide can be supplemented by the relevant section from the OWL: https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/types_of_apa_papers.html

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The Experimental Report:
Describes your experimental research
Includes:
Title page
Abstract
Introduction
Methods, Results, and Discussion sections
Additional experiments (if you did more than one)
List of references
Appendices
Tables and Figures

Types of APA Papers

This slide introduces the two most commonly used genres in APA format: the literature review and the experimental report (also known as the research article).
The literature review paper, which is the summary of what the scientific literature in the discipline field says about the topic of research, is the genre students likely encounter in their academic studies. The paper includes the title page, introduction and a list of references.
The experimental report or research article provides an account of conducted research. This genre includes the title page, abstract, introduction (which is the review of the published studies on the research topic with the purpose to find the niche for the reported study), method, results, discussion, multiple experiments (if you conduct more than one) references, appendices (optional). The experiential report often contains tables and figures. See the slides describing APA format of tables and figures.
This slide can be supplemented by the relevant section from the OWL https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/types_of_apa_papers.html

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If your paper fits neither category:
Follow the general format
Includes:
Title page
Abstract ( Optional )
Introduction
Topics ( use subheadings for clarity)
Conclusion
List of references
Consult the APA Publication Manual

Types of APA Papers

The general format, which is introduced in the following six slides, regulates formatting papers of any genre students may encounter in their academic studies. For students, consulting the instructor about the specific requirement is the safest policy. For authors of manuscripts prepared for submission to a scientific journal, consulting Publication Manual is a must.

This slide can be supplemented by the “Other papers” section from the OWL: https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/types_of_apa_papers.html
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Your paper should:
Be typed
Double-spaced
Have 1” margins
Use 10-12pt. Standard font (ex. Times New Roman)
Be printed on standard-sized paper (8.5”x 11”)

[Note: If you are writing a manuscript draft, APA suggests using two spaces between sentences to aid readability (see pp.87-88 in the APA manual).]

General APA Format

This slide presents the general format of an APA formatted paper: An essay should be typed and double-spaced on the standard-sized paper (8.5”x11”) with 1” margins on all sides. Times New Roman or similar font in 10-12 pt. size should be used. The document should include a page header indicating a short title of the essay and a page number in the upper right-hand of every page (including the title page).
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Every page of your paper should include:
A page header (Title, all caps) in the upper left-hand corner
The page number in the upper right

General APA Format

This slide presents the general format of an APA formatted paper: An essay should be typed and double-spaced on the standard-sized paper (8.5”x11”) with 1” margins on all sides. Times New Roman or similar font in 10-12 pt. size should be used. The document should include a page header indicating a short title of the essay and a page number in the upper right-hand of every page (including the title page).
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Your paper should
include four major
sections:

References
Main Body
Abstract
Title page

General APA Format

This slide introduces four required part of an APA paper: a title page, abstract, main body (essay itself), and a reference list. An abstract page and list of references are titled as Abstract and References, respectively.
It is important to remind students that each page should have a page header with a shortened version of the title and page number.
This slide can be supplemented by the “General Format” section from the OWL https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/general_format.html
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Title:
(in the upper half of the page, centered)
name (no title or degree) + affiliation (university, etc.)
Page header:
(use Insert Page Header)
title flush left + page number flush right.

Title Page

This slide provides a visual example for the proper placement of the page header and a shortened version of the title. Type the page header flush left with the page number flush right. Include the words “Running head” immediately before your shortened title.
Type the complete title in the upper half of the page and centered. Below the title, type your name and your affiliation (university, etc.)
This slide can be supplemented by the “General Format” page from the OWL:
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/general_format.html
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Page header: do NOT include “Running head:”
Abstract: centered, at the top of the page
Write a 150- to 250- word summary of your paper in an accurate, concise, and specific manner.

Abstract Page

This slide provides a visual example of an abstract page, which consists of a page header, a heading—Abstract, and a brief summary of the paper accurately presenting its contents.
Type the heading –Abstract– centered at the top of the page. Below, type the paragraph of the paper summary (between 150 and 250 words) in block format—without indentation.
The abstract should contain the research topic, research questions, participants, methods, results, data analysis, and conclusions. It may also include possible implications of your research and future work you see connected with your finding, and may include keywords.

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Number the first text page as page number 3
Type and center the title of the paper at the top of the page
Type the text double-spaced with all sections following each other without a break
Identify the sources you use in the paper in parenthetical, in-text citations
Format tables and figures

Main Body (Text)

This slide provides the basic reminders about formatting the text:
Make sure that the first text page is page number 3 (page#1 is a title page, page #2 is an abstract page).
Start with typing the essay title centered, at the top of the page.
Type the text double-space with all sections following each other without a break. Do not use white space between paragraphs.
Create parenthetical in-text citations to identify the sources used in the paper.
Format tables and figures.
The following slides introduce APA formatting of references, in-text citations, and tables and figures.
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Center the title (References) at the top of the page. Do not bold it.
Double-space reference entries
Flush left the first line of the entry and indent subsequent lines
Order entries alphabetically by the surname of the first author of each work

Reference Page

This slide explains the format and purpose of a references page.
The facilitator may stress that each source referenced within the paper should also appear on the reference page, which appears at the end of the paper.
To create a references page,
center the heading—References—at the top of the page;
double-space reference entries;
flush left the first line of the entry and indent subsequent lines. To use “hanging” feature of “Indent and Space” tab, go to “Paragraph” ”Indentation” choose “Hanging” in the ”Special” box.
Order entries alphabetically by the author’s surnames. If a source is anonymous, use its title as an author’s surname.

Note: Unlike MLA, APA is only interested in what they call “recoverable data”—that is, data which other people can find. For example, personal communications such as letters, memos, emails, interviews, and telephone conversations should not be included in the reference list since they are not recoverable by other researchers.
For specific information about entries in the reference list, go to https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/reference_list_basic_rules.html
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Invert authors’ names (last name first followed by initials)
EX:“Smith, J.Q.”
Capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns. Do not capitalize the first letter of the second word in a hyphenated compound word.
EX: The perfectly formatted paper: How the Purdue OWL saved my essay.

References: Basics

This slide provides basic rules related to creating references entries.
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Capitalize all major words in journal titles
Italicize titles of longer works such as books and journals
Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles or essays in edited collections

References: Basics

This slide provides basic rules related to creating references entries.
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APA is a complex system of citation. When compiling the reference list, the strategy below might be useful:
Identify the type of source:
Is it a book? A journal article? A webpage?
Find a sample citation for this type of source
Check a textbook or the OWL APA Guide: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/

“Mirror” the sample
Make sure that the entries are listed in alphabetical order and that the subsequent lines are indented (Recall References: Basics)

Making the Reference List

APA is a complex system of citation that can be time-consuming to learn and difficult to recall when needed. To help students handle the requirements of APA format, this slide introduces a strategy of surviving APA.
The facilitator should stress the importance of correct identification of a type of source: e.g., Is it an article from a newspaper or from a scholarly journal? Hard copy or electronic version?
When the source type is identified correctly, it’s fairly easy to find a sample of a similar reference in the APA chapter of a composition book or in an online APA resource. The APA guide on the OWL website is particularly easy to browse since its links are organized by types of sources—scroll down to the box of links https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/reference_list_basic_rules.html
After a sample is found, all it takes is to mirror it precisely and arrange entries in the alphabetical order.
Note: Many electronic library databases, e.g. Proquest, have a citation feature. The useful strategy is to save and import into a references list citation entries (make sure you choose APA format) while doing a literature search. You can always delete later reference entries of the sources you’re not going to use in the paper.
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In-text citations help readers locate the cited source in the References section of the paper.
Whenever you use a source, provide in parenthesis:
the author’s name and the date of publication
for quotations and close paraphrases, provide the author’s name, date of publication, and a page number

In-text Citation: Basics

This slide explains the basics of in-text citations.
In-text citations help establish credibility of the writer, show respect to someone else’s intellectual property (and consequently, avoid plagiarism). More practically, in-text citations help readers locate the cited source in the references page. Thus, keep the in-text citation brief and make sure that the information provided in the body of the paper should be just enough so that a reader could easily cross-reference the citation with its matching entry on the reference page; i.e., the body of the paper and the in-text citation together contains the author’s name and the year of publication. To avoid plagiarism, also provide a page number (in p.3 / pp.3-5 format) for close paraphrases and quotations.
This slide can be supplemented by the “In-Text Citations: The Basics” from the OWL: https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/in_text_citations_the_basics.html
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When quoting:
Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase
Include the author’s name, year of publication, and page number
Keep the citation brief—do not repeat the information

In-Text Citation:
Quotations

This slide provides explanation and examples of in-text citations with quotations.
This slide can be supplemented by the “In-Text Citations: The Basics” from the OWL: https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/in_text_citations_the_basics.html
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Provide the author’s last name and the year of
publication in parenthesis after a summary or a paraphrase.

In-Text Citation:
Summary or Paraphrase

This slide provides information on how to properly construct in-text citations.
This slide can be supplemented by the “In-Text Citations: The Basics” from the OWL: https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/in_text_citations_the_basics.html
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Include the author’s name in the signal phrase, followed by the year of publication in parenthesis.

In-Text Citation:
Summary or Paraphrase

The following three slides provide instructions and examples of in-text citations with summary/ paraphrase.
The facilitator should emphasize the importance of developing the skills of critical reading (which enables finding main claims in the text), summarizing, and paraphrasing. When paraphrasing or summarizing, the major concern should be fair and accurate representation of the ideas in the source.

This slide can be supplemented by the “Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing” section from OWL
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/563/01/
and sections on APA in-text citations:
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/02
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When including the quotation in a summary/paraphrase, also provide a page number in parenthesis after the quotation:

If the source does not have page numbers, use paragraph numbers instead.

In-Text Citation:
Summary or Paraphrase

This slide continues explaining formatting in-text citations with a summary/paraphrase.
This slide can be supplemented by the “In-Text Citations: The Basics” from the OWL: https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/in_text_citations_the_basics.html
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Introduce quotations with signal phrases, e.g.:
According to Xavier (2008), “….” (p. 3).
Xavier (2008) argued that “……” (p. 3).
Use signal verbs such as:
acknowledged, contended, maintained,
responded, reported, argued, concluded, etc.
Use the past tense or the present perfect tense of verbs in signal phrases when they discuss past events.

In-Text Citation:
Signal Words

Acquiring a rich repertoire of signal words and phrases is the key to success in representing others’ ideas in academic writing. This slide provides a few examples of those and notes that APA requires the past or present perfect tense of verbs in signal phrases.
Facilitators might want to supplement this slide with relevant content from a composition textbook that demonstrates the use of signal words.
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When the parenthetical citation includes two or
more works, order them in the same way they appear in the reference list—the author’s name, the year of publication—separated by a semi-colon.

In-Text Citation:
Two or More Works

This slide explains specific cases of in-text citations. It might be supplemented with “Author/Authors” section from the OWL: https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/in_text_citations_author_authors.html
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When citing a work with two authors:
In the signal phrase, use “and” in between the authors’ names

In parenthesis, use “&” between names

In-Text Citation:
Works with Two Authors

This slide explains specific cases of in-text citations. It might be supplemented with “Author/Authors” section from the OWL: https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/in_text_citations_author_authors.html

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When citing a work with three to five authors, identify all authors in the signal phrase or in parenthesis.
(Harklau, Siegal, & Losey, 1999)
In subsequent citations, only use the first author’s last name followed by “et al.” in the signal phrase or in parentheses.

(Harklau et al., 1993)

In-Text Citation:
Works with 3-5 Authors

This slide explains specific cases of in-text citations. It might be supplemented with “Author/Authors” section from the OWL: https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/in_text_citations_author_authors.html

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When citing a work with six and more authors, identify the first author’s name followed by “et al.”
Smith et al. (2006) maintained that….

(Smith et al., 2006)

In-Text Citation:
Works with 6+ Authors

This slide explains specific cases of in-text citations. It might be supplemented with “Author/Authors” section from the OWL: https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/in_text_citations_author_authors.html

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When citing a work with an unknown author:
Use the source’s full title in the signal phrase
Cite the first word of the title followed by the year of publication in parenthesis.
According to “Indiana Joins Federal Accountability System” (2008)
OR
(“Indiana,” 2008)
Titles:
Articles and Chapters = “ ”
Books and Reports = italicize

In-Text Citation:
Unknown Author

This slide explains specific cases of in-text citations. It might be supplemented with “Author/Authors” section from the OWL: https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/in_text_citations_author_authors.html
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When citing an organization:
Mention the organization the first time you cite the source in the signal phrase or the parenthetical citation.

If the organization has a well-known abbreviation, include the abbreviation in parentheses the first time the source is cited and then use only the abbreviation in later citations.

In-Text Citation:
Organization

TThis slide explains specific cases of in-text citations. It might be supplemented with “Author/Authors” section from the OWL: https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/in_text_citations_author_authors.html
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When citing authors with the same last names, use first initials with the last names.
(B. Kachru, 2005; Y. Kachru, 2008)
When citing two or more works by the same author and published in the same year, use lower-case letters (a, b, c) after the year of publication to order the references.

Smith’s (1998a) study of adolescent immigrants…

In-Text Citation:
Same Last Name/Author

This slide explains specific cases of in-text citations. It might be supplemented with “Author/Authors” section from the OWL: https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/in_text_citations_author_authors.html
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APA uses a system of five heading levels.

APA Headings
Level Format
1 Centered, Boldfaced, Upper & Lowercase Headings
2 Left-aligned, Boldface, Upper & Lowercase Headings
3 Indented, boldface, lowercase heading with a period.
4 Indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase heading with period.
5 Indented, italicized, lowercase heading with a period.

Headings

This slide explains a system of five heading levels in APA. It might be supplemented by the section “APA Headings and Seriation” from the OWL: https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/apa_headings_and_seriation.html
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Here is an example of the five-level heading system:

Headings

This slide includes a visual example of the five-level heading system.
Thus, if the article has four sections, some of which have subsection and some of which don’t, use headings depending on the level of subordination. Section headings receive level one format. Subsections receive level two format. Subsections of subsections receive level three format. In APA Style, the Introduction section never gets a heading and headings are not indicated by letters or numbers. Levels of headings will depend upon the length and organization of your paper. Regardless, always begin with level one headings and proceed to level two, etc.
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The Purdue OWL: http://owl.english.purdue.edu
The Purdue Writing Lab @ HEAV 226
Composition textbooks
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th ed.
APA’s website: http://www.apastyle.org

Additional Resources

There are many rules for following APA format, and the facilitator should stress that it is nearly impossible to memorize them all. Students’ best course of action is to utilize the official APA handbook or the APA section in an updated composition textbook as guides for properly using the documentation format. Since the American Psychological Association, a professional group of behavioral and social science professors and instructors, periodically updates the guide, students should be certain that they are using the most current information possible.
There are other resources for finding current information on APA documentation style. The APA web site offers some limited information about recent format changes, especially regarding the documentation of electronic sources. The Purdue University Writing Lab has a page on APA formatting and documentation style on its website: https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/general_format.html
For quick questions on APA format, students can also call the Writing Lab Grammar Hotline at 494-3723.
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The End
APA Formatting and Style Guide
Brought to you in cooperation with the Purdue Online Writing Lab

Writer and Designer: Jennifer Liethen Kunka
Contributors: Muriel Harris, Karen Bishop, Bryan Kopp, Matthew Mooney, David Neyhart, and Andrew Kunka
Revising Author: Ghada M. Gherwash and Joshua M. Paiz, 2014 Elizabeth Angeli, 2011; Elena Lawrick, 2008; Arielle McKee, 2014; Katie McMorris, 2019
Developed with resources courtesy of the Purdue University Writing Lab
Grant funding courtesy of the Multimedia Instructional Development Center at Purdue University
© Copyright Purdue University, 2000, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2019
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