Medical Terminology

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1. Since every medical term should have a suffix, knowing the meaning of a suffix is a crucial part to understanding the meaning of a medical term. Choose three medical terms with different suffixes and explain their meanings.

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2. The suffix -cyte means cell or blood cell. Write all the terms that have the suffix -cyte including the different types of blood cells. Explain what the terms mean and refer to the functions and different characteristics of all blood cells (Make sure you also explain the 5 types of White blood cells).

3. Prefixes add description to medical terms. They can indicate location, time, and amount. Provide three medical terms with prefixes that describe location, time and amount in a medical term. Divide them, label them and give their meaning.

4. Some suffixes and prefixes are opposites. Provide one set of suffixes or prefixes that are opposites.

Chapter 3
Suffixes
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Learning Objectives
Define new suffixes and review those presented in previous chapters.
Gain practice in word analysis by using these suffixes with combining forms to build and understand terms.
Identify the functions of the different types of blood cells in the body.

Chapter 3
Lesson 3.1
Copyright © 2005 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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SUFFIXES AND
TERMINOLOGY
NOUN SUFFIXES

-algia pain
-cele hernia
-centesis surgical puncture to remove fluid
-coccus berry-shaped bacterium
-cyte cell
Suffix Meaning
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Refer to page 76 for terms using these suffixes

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HERNIA
Protrusion of an organ through the cavity that normally contains it
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See page 82 for more information.
A Hernia is Protrusion of an organ or the muscular wall of an organ through the cavity that normally contains it.
CYSTOCELE
when part of the urinary bladder herniates through the vaginal wall.
RECTOCELE
protrusion of a portion of the rectum toward the vagina

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AMNIOCENTESIS
Withdrawal of the fluid that surrounds the embryo for culture and karyotyping

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When is an amniocentesis usually performed?

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Streptococcus and Staphylococcus: Bacteria that grow in chains or clusters
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What is the difference between streptococcus and staphylococcus?
What is an abscess?
What are the different types of hernias?
When is an amniocentesis usually performed?

-dynia pain
-ectomy excision, removal
-emia blood condition
-genesis condition of producing, forming
-gram record
Suffix Meaning
SUFFIXES AND
TERMINOLOGY
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Refer to page 76-77 for terms using these suffixes

-graph instrument for recording
-graphy process of recording
-itis inflammation
-logy study of
-lysis breakdown, destruction, separation
Suffix Meaning
SUFFIXES AND
TERMINOLOGY
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Refer to page 77 for terms using these suffixes

-malacia softening
-megaly enlargement
-oma tumor, mass, collection of fluid
-opsy to view (under a microscope)
-osis condition, usually abnormal
Suffix Meaning
SUFFIXES AND
TERMINOLOGY
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Refer to page 77-78 for terms using these suffixes

-pathy disease condition
-penia deficiency
-phobia fear
-plasia development, formation, growth
-plasty surgical repair
Suffix Meaning
SUFFIXES AND
TERMINOLOGY
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*
Refer to page 78-79 for terms using these suffixes

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QUICK QUIZ:
1. Which term means fear of heights?
A. Acromegaly
B. Hydrophobia
C. Acrophobia
D. Agoraphobia
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*
Correct Answer is C, Acrophobia

-ptosis drooping, sagging, prolapse
-sclerosis hardening
-scope instrument for visual examination
-scopy process of visual examination
-stasis stopping, controlling
Suffix Meaning
SUFFIXES AND
TERMINOLOGY
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Refer to page 77-78 for terms using these suffixes

-stomy opening to form a mouth (stoma)
-therapy treatment
-tomy incision, cutting into
-trophy development, nourishment
Suffix Meaning
SUFFIXES AND
TERMINOLOGY
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*
Refer to page 79-80 for terms using these suffixes

-er one who
-ia condition
-ist specialist
-ole little, small
-ule little, small
-um, ium structure, tissue
-us structure, substance
-y condition, process
Suffix Meaning
SUFFIXES AND
TERMINOLOGY
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*
Refer to page 80 for terms using these suffixes

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QUICK QUIZ:
5. Which is the smallest of blood vessels?
A. Arteries
B. Venules
C. Capillaries
D. Arterioles
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Correct Answer is C, capillaries are the tiniest of blood vessels. See page 88 appendix P for more information.

-ac, iac pertaining to
-al pertaining to
-ar, ary pertaining to
-eal pertaining to
-genic pertaining to producing, produced by or in
Suffix Meaning
SUFFIXES AND
TERMINOLOGY
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*
Refer to page 80-81 for terms using these suffixes

-ic, ical pertaining to
-oid resembling
-ose pertaining to, full of
-ous pertaining to
-tic pertaining to
Suffix Meaning
SUFFIXES AND
TERMINOLOGY
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Refer to page 81 for terms using these suffixes

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Build Terms with Suffixes and Combining Forms
Combining Forms +
Suffix
arthr/itis
blephar/o/ptosis
isch/emia
oste/o/genic
staphyl/o/cocci
Meaning

Inflammation of joint
drooping eyelid
loss of normal blood flow
produced by bone tissue
berry-shaped bacteria that grow in clusters

*
What is Streptococcus?
What are other berry-shaped bacteria?

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Anemia: Reduction in the number of erythrocytes or amount of hemoglobin in the circulating blood
Ischemia: Loss of normal blood flow to a part of the body
Tonsillitis: Infected and inflamed tonsils (lymphatic tissue in the back of the throat)

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What is the literal meaning of anemia?
How are anemias classified?
What is aplastic anemia?
What happens to tissue that becomes ischemic?

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Acromegaly: An endocrine disorder marked by excessive amount of growth hormone after the completion of puberty
Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen
Leukocytosis: An elevation in the numbers of normal white blood cells in response to an infection

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What usually causes the excessive amount of growth hormone found in acromegaly?
What is the spleen composed of, and what is its function?
What is the difference between leukocytosis and leukemia? What do their suffixes mean?

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Achondroplasia: A type of dwarfism characterized by short limbs, a normal-sized head and body, and normal intelligence
Blepharoptosis: Drooping eyelids
Laparoscopy: Visual examination of the abdomen using a laparoscope

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Laparoscope – a lighted telescopic instrument
What causes achondroplasia?
How is the suffix -ptosis pronounced?
What are the specific uses of laparoscopy?

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Arteriole: Small arteries (arteries carry blood rich in oxygen from the heart to the organs)
Adenoids: Lymphatic tissue in the pharynx near the nose and nasal passages

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What is the literal meaning of adenoids?
What may happen if adenoids become enlarged?

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QUICK QUIZ:
4. Which term means inflammation of tonsils? (watch spelling!)
A. Tonsilitis
B. Tonsillitis
C. Tonsillectomy
D. Tonsilectomy
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

*
Correct Answer is B, tonsillitis. Although the term tonsil has only one “l”, the combining form has a double letter “l”. “ITIS” means inflammation. Choice A is incorrect because it has only one “l”.

Leukocytes

Thrombocytes
Red Blood cells

White Blood cells

Clotting cells

*
What is hemoglobin? What purpose does it serve?

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Blood Cell Types
1. Erythrocytes
Red Blood Cells
Made in bone marrow
Carry oxygen from lungs to all body cells
Hemoglobin: blood protein

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What is hemoglobin? What purpose does it serve?

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Blood Cell Types (cont’d.)
2. Leukocytes
White blood cells
Five different kinds of leukocytes, divided into two categories
Granulocytes
Mononuclear leukocytes

*
What is the distinction between granulocytes and mononuclear leukocytes?
An easy way to remember the names of the five leukocytes is: Never (neutrophil) Let (lymphocyte) Monkeys (monocyte) Eat (eosinophil) Bananas (basophil).

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Blood Cell Types (cont’d.)
Granulocytes – three types
Eosinophils
Basophils
Neutrophils

*
Formed in the blood marrow
Eosinophils – active and elevated in allergic conditions such as asthma
Basophils – play a role in inflammation
Neutrophils – important disease-fighting cells
What do the prefixes for each type reflect?
What are some other names for neutrophils?

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Blood Cell Types (cont’d.)
Mononuclear Leukocytes – two types
Lymphocytes
Monocytes

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Lymphocytes – fight disease by producing antibodies that destroy foreign bodies
Monocytes – engulf and destroy cellular debris after neutrophils have attacked foreign cells
What are two types of lymphocytes?
What are macrophages?

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Blood Cell Types (cont’d.)
3. Thrombocytes
Also known as platelets
Tiny fragments of blood cells that are formed in the marrow
Necessary for blood clotting

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TYPES OF BLOOD CELLS
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QUICK QUIZ:
2. Which type of blood cells are necessary for clotting?
A. Erythrocytes
B. Granulocytes
C. Monocytes
D. Thrombocytes
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*
Correct Answer is D, thrombocytes, which are actually tiny fragments of cells formed in the bone marrow and necessary for blood clotting.

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Pronunciation
ā as in āpe
ē as in ēven
ī as in īce
ō as in ōpen
ū as in ūnit
ă as in ăpple
ĕ as in ĕvery
ĭ as in ĭnterest
ŏ as in pŏt
ŭ as in ŭnder

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Pronunciation (cont’d.)
Examples:
acute ă-KŪT
basophil BĀ-sō-fĭl
ischemia ĭs-KĒ-mē-ă
paracentesis pă-ră-cĕn-TĒ-sĭs
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*
Are all students clear on the differences in short and long vowel sounds?

Chapter 4
Prefixes
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Learning Objectives
Define basic prefixes used in the medical language.
Analyze medical terms that combine prefixes and other word elements.
Learn about the Rh condition as an example of an antigen-antibody reaction.

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 4
Lesson 4.1
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*

a-, an no, not, without
ab- away from
ad- toward
ana- up, apart
ante- before, forward
Prefix Meaning
PREFIXES AND
TERMINOLOGY
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*
Refer to page 109-110 for terms using these prefixes.

anti- against
auto- self, own
bi- two
brady- slow
cata- down
con- with, together
Prefix Meaning
PREFIXES AND
TERMINOLOGY
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*
Refer to page 110 for terms using these prefixes.

contra- against, opposite
de- down, lack of
dia- through, complete
dys- bad, painful, difficult
ec-, ecto out, outside
en-, endo- in, within
Prefix Meaning
PREFIXES AND
TERMINOLOGY
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*
Refer to page 111 for terms using these prefixes.

epi- upon, on, above
eu- good, normal
ex- out, away from
hemi- half
hyper- excessive, above
hypo- deficient, under
Prefix Meaning
PREFIXES AND
TERMINOLOGY
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*
Refer to page 111-112 for terms using these prefixes.

in- not
in- into, within
infra- beneath
inter- between
intra- into, within
macro- large
Prefix Meaning
PREFIXES AND
TERMINOLOGY
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*
Refer to page 112 for terms using these prefixes.

mal- bad
meta- beyond, change
micro- small
neo- new
pan- all
para- abnormal, beside, near
Prefix Meaning
PREFIXES AND
TERMINOLOGY
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*
Refer to page 110 for terms using these prefixes.

per- through
peri- surrounding
poly- many, much
post- after, behind
pre- before, in front of
pro- before, forwrad
Prefix Meaning
PREFIXES AND
TERMINOLOGY
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*
Refer to page 113 for terms using these prefixes.

pseudo- false
re- back, again
retro- behind, backwards
sub- under
supra- above, upper
syn-, sym- together, with
Prefix Meaning
PREFIXES AND
TERMINOLOGY
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*
Refer to page 113-114 for terms using these prefixes.

tachy- fast
trans- across, through
ultra- beyond, excel
uni- one
Prefix Meaning
PREFIXES AND
TERMINOLOGY
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*
Refer to page 113-114 for terms using these prefixes.

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QUICK QUIZ:
1. Which term means a muscle that draws a limb TOWARD the body? (Watch spelling!)
A. Adducter
B. Abductor
C. Adductor
D. Abducter
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*
Correct Answer is C, Adductor (answer A is misspelled. B means a muscle that draws a limb away from the body. D is misspelled.

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2. Which term means painful breathing?
A. dyspnea
B. dysplasia
C. apnea
D. cephalgia
QUICK QUIZ:
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
*
Correct Answer is A, dyspnea dys- means painful -pnea means breathing. Remember, medical terms do not need to have a root or combining form (as dyspnea, for example, has a prefix and a suffix.)

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Adrenal glands: endocrine glands located above each kidney
Antibiotic: destroys or inhibits the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria

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*
What is the function of adrenal glands?
What is adrenaline? What is another name for the term?
What was the first antibiotic? (penicillin)
What are some examples of autoimmune diseases? (rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, Graves disease)

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Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
*

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Antibody/ Antigen
Antigen: A substance, usually foreign to the body, that stimulates the production of antibodies.
Antibodies: Protein substances made by white blood cells (specifically lymphocytes) in response to the presence of foreign antigens.

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*
Antigen examples: poison, flu virus, bacterium
Immune reaction: reaction between an antigen and antibody
What is a common name for an immune reaction against normally non-threatening antigens?

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Rh Condition (cont’d.)
Rh Condition: An antigen-antibody condition that develops when there is a difference in Rh blood factor between that of the pregnant mother (Rh negative) and that of the fetus (Rh positive).

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*
Discuss how Rh condition occurs.
First pregnancy with Rh+ baby: baby is not affected but Rh- mother is sensitized
Second pregnancy with Rh+ baby baby develops hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
Symptom of HDN: Jaundice
How can the condition be prevented? (Prevent Rh condition with Rh immune globulin injection to Rh- woman within 72 hours of delivery, miscarriage, or abortion of an Rh+ fetus.)

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Rh Condition (cont.)
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*

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
QUICK QUIZ:
3. Antibodies are made by what type of cell?
A. platelets
B. leukocytes
C. thrombocytes
D. erythrocytes
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*
Correct Answer is B, leukocytes or white blood cells. See page 116 in 8th edition for more information.

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Autoimmune disease: The body makes antibodies against its own healthy cells and tissues, causing inflammation and injury.
Congenital anomaly: An irregularity in a structure or organ that an infant is born with

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Contralateral: The opposite side of the body.

Dialysis: Removing harmful waste products from the body with an artificial kidney machine (dialysis machine).

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*
What are some examples of congenital anomalies?
What are some causes of nonhereditary congenital anomalies?
Give some examples that demonstrate contralateral.
What term means the same side? (ipsilateral)

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Ectopic pregnancy: An abnormal pregnancy when the embryo implants outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tubes, but sometimes on an ovary or in the abdominal cavity.

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QUICK QUIZ:
4. Ectopic pregnancy most commonly occurs in the ____________?
A. Peritoneal cavity
B. Right ovary
C. Left ovary
D. Fallopian Tube
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*
Correct Answer is D, fallopian tube. See page 118 for more detail.

Parathyroid glands: Four endocrine glands located on the dorsal side of the thyroid gland that function separately from the thyroid gland.
Prolapse: To fall or slide forward, often used to describe an organ, such as a prolapsed uterus.

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*
What is the function of parathyroid hormone?

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Recombinant DNA: Taking a gene from one organism and inserting it into the DNA of another organism.
Syndrome: A group of signs or symptoms that commonly occur together and indicate a particular disease or abnormal condition.
Symbiosis: Two organisms living together in close association, either for mutual benefit or not.

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*
Describe the recombinant DNA technique used to manufacture insulin outside the body.
What is polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?
List a syndrome example (other than Reye syndrome and fetal alcohol syndrome), and ask students to list the symptoms.
What is parasitism?

Symphysis: A joint in which the bony surfaces are united by a layer of fibrocartilage.
Transurethral: When an instrument passes through the urethra.

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*
What are some examples of symphysis?

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*

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ULTRASONOGRAPHY
Ultrasonography: A diagnostic technique using ultrasound waves to produce an image or photograph of an organ or tissue.

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*
Notice the facial features in the ultrasound image.
What is an echocardiogram?

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Pronunciation (cont’d.)
Examples
antigen
contralateral
malaise
prolapse

ĂN-tĭ-jĕn
cŏn-tră-LĂT-ĕr-ăl
măl- ĀZ
PRŌ-lăps

Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
*
Have students pronounce each term.
Which syllable is accented (stressed) in each of these terms?

*
*
*
*
Refer to page 109-110 for terms using these prefixes.
*
Refer to page 110 for terms using these prefixes.
*
Refer to page 111 for terms using these prefixes.
*
Refer to page 111-112 for terms using these prefixes.
*
Refer to page 112 for terms using these prefixes.
*
Refer to page 110 for terms using these prefixes.
*
Refer to page 113 for terms using these prefixes.
*
Refer to page 113-114 for terms using these prefixes.
*
Refer to page 113-114 for terms using these prefixes.
*
Correct Answer is C, Adductor (answer A is misspelled. B means a muscle that draws a limb away from the body. D is misspelled.
*
Correct Answer is A, dyspnea dys- means painful -pnea means breathing. Remember, medical terms do not need to have a root or combining form (as dyspnea, for example, has a prefix and a suffix.)
*
What is the function of adrenal glands?
What is adrenaline? What is another name for the term?
What was the first antibiotic? (penicillin)
What are some examples of autoimmune diseases? (rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, Graves disease)
*
*
*
Antigen examples: poison, flu virus, bacterium
Immune reaction: reaction between an antigen and antibody
What is a common name for an immune reaction against normally non-threatening antigens?
*
Discuss how Rh condition occurs.
First pregnancy with Rh+ baby: baby is not affected but Rh- mother is sensitized
Second pregnancy with Rh+ baby baby develops hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
Symptom of HDN: Jaundice
How can the condition be prevented? (Prevent Rh condition with Rh immune globulin injection to Rh- woman within 72 hours of delivery, miscarriage, or abortion of an Rh+ fetus.)
*
*
Correct Answer is B, leukocytes or white blood cells. See page 116 in 8th edition for more information.
*
What is the function of adrenal glands?
What is adrenaline? What is another name for the term?
What was the first antibiotic? (penicillin)
What are some examples of autoimmune diseases? (rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, Graves disease)
*
What are some examples of congenital anomalies?
What are some causes of nonhereditary congenital anomalies?
Give some examples that demonstrate contralateral.
What term means the same side? (ipsilateral)
*
See page 118 for more details
*
Correct Answer is D, fallopian tube. See page 118 for more detail.
*
What is the function of parathyroid hormone?
*
Describe the recombinant DNA technique used to manufacture insulin outside the body.
What is polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?
List a syndrome example (other than Reye syndrome and fetal alcohol syndrome), and ask students to list the symptoms.
What is parasitism?
*
What are some examples of symphysis?
*
*
Notice the facial features in the ultrasound image.
What is an echocardiogram?
*
*
Have students pronounce each term.
Which syllable is accented (stressed) in each of these terms?

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Most Qualified Writer $10FREE
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Thorough Proofreading

We thoroughly read your final draft to identify errors.

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We understand your guidelines first before delivering any writing service. You can discuss your writing needs and we will have them evaluated by our dedicated team.

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Areas of Expertise

Essay

Thesis

Presentation

Dissertation

Term Paper

Research Paper

Book Review

Assignment

Report

Case Study

Letter

Article

Coursework

Speech

Q & A

Critical Thinking

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Grammar Check Report

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Plagiarism Report

Free Features $66FREE

Our Services

Academic Writing

Professional Editing

Thorough Proofreading

Thorough Proofreading

Delegate Your Challenging Writing Tasks to Experienced Professionals

Check Out Our Sample Work

It May Not Be Much, but It’s Honest Work!

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Happy Clients

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Words Written This Week

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Ongoing Orders

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Customer Satisfaction Rate

Process as Fine as Brewed Coffee

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See How We Helped 9000+ Students Achieve Success

We Analyze Your Problem and Offer Customized Writing

We Mirror Your Guidelines to Deliver Quality Services

We Handle Your Writing Tasks to Ensure Excellent Grades