ased on the course readings and your research, write an essay that addresses the following key elements:
- Project scope
In your own words, with cited support from scholarly resources, clearly and concisely define the construct of a project Scope Statement.
Explain the use of a common technique to develop a project scope.
Describe the practice for achieving project scope consensus.
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- Project work breakdown structure (WBS)
In your own words, with cited support from scholarly resources, clearly and concisely define the construct of a project work breakdown structure (WBS).
Based on the project elements presented in Problem 11-2 (Kerzner, 2017, p. 404), use a software application of your choosing to create a WBS (down through level 3). Include your WBS as an appendix to your essay.
Describe how your WBS can be used to plan this project scenario.
Additional Instructions
Properly organize your writing by including the following:
Cover page
Introduction
Body of your work in response to the assignment’s key elements, with headings and subheadings
Conclusion
List of
references
Appendix (WBS).
The introduction through conclusion sections of your essay should be approximately 4 pages
the book info : Project Management A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling
Harold Kerzner
please make sure paper is in apa format
references
I have attached sample apa paper so you can reference
Runninghead: INSERT FIRST 50 CHARACTERS OF TITLE 1
SAMPLE PAPER
Identifying the Best Practices in
Strategic Management
Gertrude Steinbeck
ORG500 – Foundations of Effective Management
Colorado State University – Global Campus
Dr. Stephanie Allong
August 6, 2015
Page numbers
should be inserted
in the top right
corner.
The Running head is required for CSU-Global
APA Requirements. The title page should
have the words, Running head: followed by
the first 50 characters of the title in all caps.
Use the template paper located in the
Library under the “APA Guide & Resources”
link for a paper that is already formatted in
APA.
Papers should be
typed in a 12 pt,
Times New Roman
font with 1 inch
margins on all 4
sides. The entire
paper is double
spaced.
Information on the Title
Page is centered in the
top half of the paper. All
major words should be
capitalized and not bold.
IDENTIFYING THE BEST PRACTICES IN STRATEGIC
2
Identifying the Best Practices in Strategic Management
Strategic management and corporate sustainability are two important dynamics of
modern-day organizations. It is important for organizational leaders to have an understanding of
the theoretical applications of strategic management as a means of addressing corporate
sustainability. The purpose of this paper is to provide definitions and an understanding of
strategic management and corporate sustainability. An overview of the Walgreen Company, the
organization of study, is also provided in order to understand how the company has utilized
strategic management to implement sustainability initiatives for long-term financial performance.
Strategic Management
The function of management is to plan, organize, lead, and control the operations of an
organization (Robbins & Coulter, 2007) and includes strategic management. Strategic
management is an approach in which organizations create a competitive advantage, enhance
productivity, and establish long-term financial performance. Chandler (as cited in Whittington,
2008) defines strategy as “the determination of the basic long-term goals and objectives of an
enterprise, and the adoption of courses of action and the allocation of resources necessary for
carrying out these goals” (p. 268). Similarly, Wheelen and Hunger (2008) define strategic
management as the managerial decisions and actions of an organization that achieve long-run
performance of the business, with benefits such as:
Clearer sense of vision for the organization
Sharper focus on what is strategically important
Improved understanding of a changing environment
The Strategic Management Model (SMM) provides the framework for integrating strategic
planning into an organization so that the aforementioned benefits are realized.
All subsequent pages should
only have the first 50
characters of the paper’s title
in all caps for the running head.
Repeat the title of your paper at the
beginning. This is not a header;
therefore it is not to be bold, but all
major words are capitalized. Do not add
a header at the beginning of your paper
as the first paragraph should clearly
identify the objective of your paper.
Each paragraph
should be indented
½ inch or 5 spaces
from the left
margin.
A level 1 header should be bold,
centered
and all major words
capitalized. See
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl
/resource/560/16/on how to
format headings in APA.
If you using a source (Whittington) that is
citing another author (Chandler), use the
author’s last name found in your source
(Chandler) at the beginning of your
sentence followed by the citation – (as
cited in Your Source, year). Only the source
you are reading (Whittington) will be listed
in your references. See
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resour
ce/560/09/for more information.
Spell phrase out the first
time in document with
acronym in
parentheses.
From that point forward,
the acronym can be used.
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/16/
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/16/
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/09/
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/09/
IDENTIFYING THE BEST PRACTICES IN STRATEGIC
3
Strategic Management Model
Research indicates as the concept of strategic management evolved, many
theoretical models were proposed. Ginter, Ruck, and Duncan (1985) identify eight
elements of the normative strategic model: vision and mission; objective setting; external
environmental scanning; internal environmental scanning; strategic alternatives; strategy
selection; implementation; and control. Long (as cited in Ginter et al., 1985) stated that
normative strategic management models are an “explicit, intentional, planned and rational
approach” (p. 581) to management. Similar to Ginter et al., Wheelen and Hunger (2008)
established the SMM (see Figure 1) which includes four main elements: environmental
scanning, strategy formulation, strategy implementation, and evaluation and control.
Environmental scanning is the monitoring, evaluating, and extracting of information from
the external and internal environments in order for management to establish plans
and
make decisions. Strategy formulation includes creating long-term plans for the
organization, including the mission, objectives, strategies and policies.
Strategy
implementation is the process of executing policies and strategies in order to achieve the
mission and objectives. Evaluation and control require monitoring the performance of the
organization and adjusting the process as necessary in order to achieve desired results
(Wheelen & Hunger, 2008).
The SMM assumes the organizational learning theory, which states that an
organization adapts to the changing environment and uses gathered knowledge to
improve the fit between itself and the environment. The SMM also assumes the
organization be a learning organization in which the gathered knowledge can be used to
change behavior and reflect new knowledge (Wheelen & Hunger, 2008).
This is an example of how to cite authors
using a
narrative citation. The year must
follow the author(s) last name(s) in
parentheses. The authors are being used as a
part of a sentence, therefore the word “and”
is used and not the symbol “&.”
A level 2 header should
be bold, left-justified
and all major words
capitalized.
When citing 3-5 authors, list all the
authors the first time (see above)
and then use et al. for the following
in-text citations. If you have 6 or
more authors, use et al. for all in-
text citations.
When quoting, you must include the
page number or the paragraph
number of where you found the
quote and cite the source and/or page
number immediately after the
quotation marks even it if it is in the
middle of a sentence.
IDENTIFYING THE BEST PRACTICES IN STRATEGIC 4
Environmental
Scanning
Strategy
Formulation
Strategy
Implementation
Evaluation
and
Control
External:
Opportunities
Threats
Mission
Objectives
Strategies
Policies
Programs
Budgets
Procedures
Performance
Societal
Environmental
Task Environmental
Internal:
Strengths
Weaknesses
Structure
Culture
Resources
Figure 1. The strategic management model was adapted from Strategic management and business policy
(11th ed.) by T. L. Wheelen, & J. D. Hunger, 2008, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Corporate Sustainability
In addition to enhancing financial performance through strategic management,
organizational leaders have the responsibility of increasing shareholder value through
corporate sustainability (Epstein, 2008). Corporate sustainability is defined in a variety of
ways. Hollingworth (2009) described a sustainable organization as “one that strives for
and achieves 360-organizational sustainability” (p. 1). The author claimed an
organization is sustainable when it can endure, or maintain, over a long-term without
permanently damaging or depleting resources including: the organization itself; its human
resources (internal and external); the community/society/ethno-sphere; and the planet’s
environment. He then claimed that if one of the four resources is not sustainable, issues
with the remaining resources will eventually develop (Hollingworth, 2009). Brundtland
(as cited in Epstein, 2008) described sustainability as the economic development that
addresses the needs of the present generation without depleting resources needed by
When using a Figure in your paper, make sure there
is no title above the figure. Underneath the figure
you must have the word, “Figure” italicized and the
figure number in your paper followed by a period.
Then mention where the information was adapted or
general information about the figure. Follow the
example above. Notice it does not follow the
reference
citation format.
1
2
3
When you are using the same source for a
paragraph, you need to start the paragraph with
a 1- narrative citation, 2- refer to the author
again so your reader knows you are still talking
about the same author (try not to use pronouns
such as “he” or “she” as APA believes this could
lead to a gender bias), and 3-end the paragraph
with a parenthetical citation.
IDENTIFYING THE BEST PRACTICES IN STRATEGIC 5
future generations Epstein (2008) adds to the definition from a business perspective by
including corporate social responsibility. Epstein also states that organizations have a
responsibility to stakeholders to improve management practices in order to add value by
addressing corporate social, environmental and economic impacts (Epstein, 2008).
Organizational leaders are the strategic decision makers of a company and have a
responsibility to stakeholders (Wheelen & Hunger 2008). Therefore, it is important to
have an understanding of why corporate sustainability is important, and how the nine
principles of sustainability performance guide strategic management.
Importance of Corporate Sustainability
In addition to making a profit, organizations have a responsibility to society,
which includes addressing its economic, social, and environmental impacts, otherwise
known as social responsibility. Friedman and Carroll had two opposing views of
corporate social responsibility. Friedman argued that the sole responsibility of business
was to use resources and activities that enhanced profits (Wheelen & Hunger, 2008).
Carroll (1979) argued that social responsibility included much more that making a profit;
he proposed businesses must include the economic, legal, ethical and discretionary
categories of business performance.
Economic responsibilities include producing goods and services to meet the
needs/wants of society in order to make a profit;
Legal responsibilities are the laws and regulations the company is expected to
abide by;
Ethical responsibilities are included in the previous two statements, but also
include the norms and beliefs held by society;
This is another example of
narrative citation. The year must
follow the author(s) last name(s). If
there was a quotation, the page or
paragraph number would be listed
immediately after the quote in
parentheses.
This is an example of a parenthetical
citation. It includes the author(s) last
name(s) and the year. If there was a
quotation, a page or paragraph
number would also be included.
Notice that the period is at the end
of the parentheses.
IDENTIFYING THE BEST PRACTICES IN STRATEGIC 6
Discretionary responsibilities are other responsibilities taken on by the
organization including voluntary activities and philanthropic contributions
(Carroll, 1979).
The importance of corporate sustainability, therefore, is that an organization is
responsible for financial performance, but it also has additional responsibilities to
stakeholders and society in general.
The Nine Principles of Sustainability Performance
The nine principles, as presented by Epstein and Roy (2003) (see Table 1), further
define sustainability, are measureable, and can easily be incorporated into strategic
management (Epstein, 2008). These principles include ethics, governance, transparency,
business relationships, financial return, community involvement, value of products and
services, employment practices and protection of the environment.
A table or figure should fit all on one
page even if there is a gap left in
your paper. It is easier for the reader
to view the table or figure when
presented as a whole instead of split
on two pages.
IDENTIFYING THE BEST PRACTICES IN STRATEGIC 7
Table 1
The Nine Principles of Sustainability Performance
1. Ethics The company establishes, promotes, monitors and maintains ethical
standards and practices in dealing with all of the company stakeholders.
2. Governance The company manages all of its resources conscientiously and effectively,
recognizing the fiduciary duty of corporate boards and managers to focus
on the interests of all company stakeholders.
3. Transparency The company provides timely disclosure of information about its
products, services and activities, thus permitting stakeholders to make
informed decisions.
4. Business
relationships
The company engages in fair-trading practices with suppliers, distributors
and partners.
5. Financial return The company compensates providers of capital with a competitive return
on investment and the protection of company assets.
6. Community
involvement/
economic
development
The company fosters a mutually beneficial relationship between the
corporation and community in which it is sensitive to the culture, context
and needs of the community.
7. Value of
product and
services
The company respects the needs, desires and rights of its customers and
strives to provide the highest levels of product and service values.
8. Employment
practices
The company engages in human-resource management practices that
promote personal and professional employee development, diversity and
empowerment.
9. Protection of the
environment
The company strives to protect and restore the environment and promote
sustainable development with products, processes, services and other
activities.
Note. There should be a general note about the table here. Adapted from “Improving
sustainability performance: Specifying, implementing and measuring key principles” by M.
Epstein, & M. Roy, 2003, Journal of General Management, 29(1), pp.15-31.
Walgreens Company
Walgreens Company is a retail drugstore that is in the primary business of prescription
and non-prescription drugs, and general merchandise including beauty care, personal care,
household items, photofinishing, greeting cards, and seasonal items (Reuters, 2010). More
recently, the organization diversified its offerings through worksite healthcare facilities, home
care facilities, specialty pharmacies, and mail service pharmacies (Walgreens Company, 2010).
When using a Table in your paper, make
sure you use the word “Table” with the
Table number. Then insert the title of the
Table in italics, with all major words
capitalized. Underneath the Table you must
have the word, “Note” italicized followed by
a period. Mention where the information
was adapted from or general information
about the Table. Follow this example.
Notice it does not follow the Reference
citation format.
IDENTIFYING THE BEST PRACTICES IN STRATEGIC 8
Walgreen Company established a strong organizational culture focusing on consumer and
employee satisfaction. The mission of Walgreens is:
We will provide the most convenient access to consumer goods and services . . .
and pharmacy, health and wellness services . . . in America. We will earn the trust
of our customers and build shareholder value. We will treat each other with
respect and dignity and do the same for all we serve. We will offer employees of
all backgrounds a place to build a career. (Walgreens, 2010a, para. 1)
Walgreens was established in 1901 by pharmacist Charles R. Walgreen Sr. (Walgreens, 2010b).
Prior to establishing the company, Mr. Walgreen struggled with the direction the pharmacy
industry was headed; the lack of quality customer service and care for people concerned him.
Today, Walgreens is the largest drugstore chain in the United States employing over 238,000
people. Sales in 2009 exceeded $63 billion, in which 65% of sales were from prescriptions
drugs. The organization has expanded into all 50 states, as well as the District of Colombia and
Puerto Rico, for a total of 7,496 stores and 350 Take Care clinics (Walgreens Company, 2010,
para. 3).
Conclusion
Strategic management and corporate sustainability are two important practices in today’s
competitive global environment. In order to effectively implement strategic management in light
of corporate sustainability, leaders must have an understanding of such concepts. This paper has
provided a background and understanding of strategic management and corporate sustainability.
An overview and history of Walgreen Company was also presented in order to identify best
practices in strategic management that enhance corporate sustainability.
If you are using information from
multiple web pages from one
website, you need to distinguish
which citation came from which
web page. You can distinguish each
page, by putting the letters, “a,”
“b”, etc. with the year.
If a quotation is longer than 40 words, it
must be in a block format. The block
format is indented ½ inch (or 5 spaces
from the left) from the left margin. Do not
use quotation marks for this quote.
IDENTIFYING THE BEST PRACTICES IN STRATEGIC 9
References
Carroll, A. B. (1979). A three-dimensional conceptual model of corporate performance. The
Academy of Management Review, 4(4), 497.
Collins, J. (2001). Good to great. New York, NY: HarperCollins Publishers Inc.
Epstein, M. J. (2008). Making sustainability work. San Francisco, CA: Greenleaf
Publishing Limited.
Epstein, M., & Roy, M. (2003). Improving sustainability performance: Specifying, implementing
and measuring key principles. Journal of General Management, 29(1), 15-31.
French, S. (2009). Critiquing the language of strategic management. The Journal of Management
Development, 28(1), 6-17. doi: 10.1108/02621710910923836
Ginter, P., Ruck, A., & Duncan, W. (1985). Planners’ perceptions of the strategic management
process. Journal of Management Studies, 22(6), 581-596.
Hollingworth, M. (2009, November/December). Building 360 organizational sustainability. Ivey
Business Journal, 73(6), 2.
Walgreens. (2010a). Mission statement. Retrieved from
http://news.walgreens.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=1042
Walgreens. (2010b). Our past. Retrieved from
http://www.walgreens.com/marketing/about/history/default.html
Reuters. (2010). Walgreen Co. Retrieved from
http://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?symbol=WAG.N
Robbins, S. P., & Coulter, M. (2007). Management (9th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson
Prentice Hall.
Walgreens Company. (2010). 2009 Annual report. Retrieved from
List sources in
alphabetical order.
The word, References
should be capitalized,
centered, but not bold.
When a citation
runs over to the
second line,
indent 5 spaces to
the right. This is a
“hanging indent.”
Make sure that the links
are not live (you should
not be able to click on
them to go to the
website). If they are live,
right click and then click
on “Remove Hyperlink.”
If you are using information
from multiple web pages
from one website, you need
to be able to distinguish
what information came from
each web page. To do this,
you need to add the letters,
“a,” “b,” etc. to the year of
each citation.
IDENTIFYING THE BEST PRACTICES IN STRATEGIC 10
http://investor.walgreens.com/annual.cfm
Wheelen, T. L., & Hunger, J. D. (2008). Strategic management and business policy (11th ed.).
Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Whittington, R. (2008). Alfred Chandler, founder of strategy: Lost tradition and renewed
inspiration. Business History Review, 82(2), 267-277.
Note: Level Headers 3, 4, and 5 are also used but much less frequently. Click here for
more information on their format and use.
For more information on CSU-
Global APA requirements for
formatting in APA, and examples of
in-text and reference citations, see
the CSU-Global Guide to Writing
and APA Requirements.
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/16/
IDENTIFYING THE BEST PRACTICES IN STRATEGIC 11
References
Carroll, A. B. (1979). A three-dimensional conceptual model of corporate performance. The
Academy of Management Review, 4(4), 497. [This is a journal article citation. Articles
from the Library databases are based on print journals so the citation will end with page
numbers.]
Collins, J. (2001). Good to great. New York, NY: HarperCollins Publishers Inc. [This is a book
citation.]
Epstein, M. J. (2008). Making sustainability work. San Francisco, CA: Greenleaf
Publishing Limited.
Epstein, M., & Roy, M. (2003). Improving sustainability performance: Specifying, implementing
and measuring key principles. Journal of General Management, 29(1), 15-31.
French, S. (2009). Critiquing the language of strategic management. The Journal of Management
Development, 28(1), 6-17. doi: 10.1108/02621710910923836 [This is a journal article
citation from a Library database. Include a doi number if available.]
Ginter, P., Ruck, A., & Duncan, W. (1985). Planners’ perceptions of the strategic management
process. Journal of Management Studies, 22(6), 581-596.
Hollingworth, M. (2009, November/December). Building 360 organizational sustainability. Ivey
Business Journal Online. Retrieved from
http://www.iveybusinessjournal.com/article.asp?intArticle_ID=868 [This is a journal that
is published online, so you would include the URL.]
Reuters. (2010). Walgreens Co. (WAG.N). Retrieved from
http://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?symbol=WAG.N
IDENTIFYING THE BEST PRACTICES IN STRATEGIC 12
Walgreens. (2010a). Mission statement. Retrieved from
http://news.walgreens.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=1042 [This is a website citation
with a corporate author. If you retrieve information from various pages of this particular
website, you need to cite each web page. However, because the author and the year will
be exactly the same, the lowercase letters, “a,” “b,” etc. need to be added to the year. The
in-text citation would be: (Walgreens, 2010a).]
Walgreens. (2010b). Our past. Retrieved from
http://www.walgreens.com/marketing/about/history/default.html
