two 500 word essays. APA style.
CommunityHealth Problem & Improvement Plan
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Briefly describe one community health problem from your community’s health improvement plan. What structure, process, and outcome standards would you use to evaluate a program addressing this problem?
Submission Instructions:
· Your initial post should be at least 500 words, formatted and cited in current APA style with support from at least 2 academic sources. Your initial post is worth 8 points.
Read and watch the lecture resources & materials below early in the week to help you respond to the discussion questions and to complete your assignment(s).
(Note: The citations below are provided for your research convenience. You should always cross reference the current APA guide for correct styling of citations and references in your academic work.)
Read
· Mauer, F.A. & Smith, C. M. (2013).
· Chapters 15-17 & 22
Watch
· National Center for Environmental Health (5:58)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2016, September 1). National center for environmental health (NCEH) [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/6Z_gYsRLkwQ
· National Center for Environmental Health (NCEH)
·
(Links to an external site.)
·
·
Online Materials & Resources
· CDC Data and Statistics
· (Links to an external site.)
·
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020, April 30). CDC data & statistics. https://www.cdc.gov/DataStatistics/
· Play Solve the Outbreak
· (Links to an external site.)
·
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018, November 8). Solve the outbreak. https://www.cdc.gov/mobile/applications/sto/sto-web.html
Ethical Issues Related to Social Media
Discuss at least two potential ethical issues that could be of concern with nursing use of social media.
Submission Instructions:
·
Your initial post should be at least 500 words, formatted and cited in current APA style with support from at least 2 academic sources. Your initial post is worth 8 points.
Read
· Nelson, R., & Staggers, N. (2014).
· Chapter 14
Online Materials & Resources
· Visit the CINAHL Complete under the A-to-Z Databases on the
University Library’s
website and locate the articles below:
· Henderson, M. & Dahnke, M. D. (2015). The ethical use of social media in nursing practice. MedSurg Nursing, 24(1), 62.
· Milton, C. L. (2016). Power with social media: A nursing perspective. Nursing Science Quarterly, 29(2), 113-115.
· Ferguson, C. (2013). It’s time for the nursing profession to leverage social media. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 69(4), 745-747.
Website Resources 15C-2
Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2000, 1995 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2000, 1995 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Maurer: Community/Public Health Nursing Practice, 5th Edition
Windshield Survey
Website Resource 15C
Use the following topics to guide your observational assessment of the community. Be sure to note the condition of facilities and the presence or absence of services, facilities, housing, and population.
Area: Urban or rural, boundaries, densely or sparsely populated, and general condition of the area (i.e., well or poorly maintained)
Demographics: Observations about the people, including sex (mixed or heavily skewed to one sex), ages (i.e., young, old, mix), homogeneous or culturally mixed, and racial and ethnic characteristics
Amenities and Open Spaces: Parks, tennis courts, swimming pools, recreation areas, movie theaters, skating rinks, sports arenas, or lack thereof
Transportation:
Public: Visible transportation such as buses, cabs, street cars, and subways
Private: Cars, motorcycles, bikes, sport utility vehicles (SUVs), and other vehicles, and the condition of the vehicles (i.e., new or old, well or poorly maintained)
Safety: Active or inactive neighborhoods and retail areas, pedestrians, people mingling, children playing, presence of police, presence of gangs, and homes fortified or not (i.e., having safety bars on the windows)
Commercial Buildings and Areas: Type of retail stores and other services such as shopping malls, strip malls, small neighborhood stores, liquor stores, check-cashing establishments, grocery stores, and evidence of industry (i.e., factories in use or abandoned)
Government Offices: Town hall, police station, fire station, court house, human service facilities, and other types of government buildings
Health Services: Drug stores, public clinics, private clinics, hospitals, physicians’ offices, counseling services, drug and alcohol treatment facilities, or other types of health-related buildings and services
Schools Public elementary, middle, or high schools, private schools and types, colleges, and technical schools (e.g., industrial, auto mechanic, beauty schools)
Residential Areas: Types of residences (e.g., apartments, condominiums, row houses, single-family dwellings) and condition (i.e., new or old, well or poorly maintained), condition of lawns or common areas if available, and size of dwellings (i.e., large or small apartment complexes, large or small homes, or a mix)
Religion: Presence or absence of religious facilities, types of facilities (i.e., churches [denominations], synagogues, temples, mosques, convents), and mix of religions represented
Communication: Messages posted, newspaper stands, graffiti, and political signs or other communication efforts
Environment: Condition of air, water, and soil; noticeable smog or haze; and obvious pollutants
Other Observations Pertinent to Your Community
Chapter 14
Social Networking and Other
Web-Based Applications in Healthcare
Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
What Is Social Media?
Social media definitions include:
Web-based applications
Interactive capabilities
User-generated content
Sharing and collaboration features
Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2
Based on web 2.0 principles, is interactive rather than passive dissemination of content.
2
What Is Social Media? (Cont.)
Uses of social media include:
Provider-to-consumer
Consumer-to-consumer
Companies-to-consumers
Organizations-to-consumers
Provider-to-provider
Public health-to-consumer
Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
3
3
What Is Social Media? (Cont.)
Major organizations using social media
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Mayo Clinic
Veterans Administration
Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
4
Does your health care institution use social media?
4
Social Media Tools
Social networks
Blogs and Wikis
Microblogging
Social bookmarking
User-generated sites (e.g., YouTube, Flikr)
Virtual worlds
Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
5
Social Media Tools (Cont.)
Social networks
Online platforms enable groups and individuals to connect with others to share similar interests.
Blogging and Wikis
Blogs represent a web-based, chronological journal of an individual author’s thoughts.
Wikis represent a collaborative, web-based effort to compile information on a particular topic.
Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
6
Social Media Tools (Cont.)
Microblogging (Twitter)
Is a form of blogging where entries are kept brief using character limitations.
Social bookmarking
Is a way to organize and store online resources.
Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
7
Social Media Tools (Cont.)
User-generated content
Channels allow visitors to view and share media (e.g., videos, audio, photographs).
Virtual worlds
Allows users to create a three-dimensional arena with graphics and sound simulation for education and socialization purposes.
Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
8
Social Media Statistics
One in five Americans use social media to obtain healthcare information.
Fifty-nine percent of U.S. adults have used the Internet to obtain health information, whereas 46% of adults use social media.
Fifteen percent of those users (or 7% of all adults) have sought health information from a social media site.
Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
9
Social Media Statistics (Cont.)
Eleven percent of all adults have followed a friend’s health experiences on a social network site.
Seventeen percent of social network site users have used a social network to memorialize someone.
Twenty-four percent of Internet users have sought drug reviews online.
Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
10
Benefits of Social Media
Allows information to be shared with the intended community.
Microblogging produces valuable public health information and is a possible motivator.
Patients find people with similar conditions.
Increases public awareness.
Sites are used to recruit patients for research.
Enables patients to manage their own health.
Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
11
Challenges of Social Media
Privacy and confidentiality
Inappropriate behaviors
Security
Regulatory issues
Market pressure
Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
12
Challenges—Privacy and Confidentiality
Healthcare providers are “dual-citizens.” They must:
Adhere to federal laws and professional standards.
Acknowledge information unintentionally revealed by actions on social media sites.
Be aware of privacy and security measures taken by social media sites.
Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
13
Challenges—Inappropriate Behaviors
Questionable blog and photographic postings
Unprofessional commenting
Projecting attitudes unbecoming of respectable healthcare personnel
Actively seeking out patient information online
Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
14
Challenges—Security
Viruses
Spyware
Phishing and Internet threats
Malicious friending
Security breaches
Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
15
Challenges—Regulatory Issues
Social media sites and the Internet as a whole are not regulated.
Companies must be cautious and avoid posting anything that could be viewed as off-label promotions.
Healthcare providers must be cognizant of the medical information they post and the advice that they provide.
Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
16
Challenges—Market Pressure
Market pressure and consumer demand for social media applications are growing.
More and more social media resources are emerging to provide public opinion on goods and services.
Healthcare providers find the low cost use of social media as an economical means to market their resources, educate patients, and engender patient loyalty.
Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
17
Policy
Policies are needed to guide organizations and clinicians through recommended social media practices and should:
Limit information disclosure.
Illuminate the behaviors that increase the potential for breaches of patient privacy and confidentiality.
Engender professional integrity by discouraging clinicians from divulging too much of their own personal information.
Define acceptable limits for social media use, as well as the consequences for its overuse.
Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
18
Resources for Policy Development
An institution’s existing information security policy may be adapted to meet identified needs.
An institution can find useful guidance from other institutions, government bodies, and professional organizations.
See Box 14-3 for specific resources.
Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
19
Conclusion and Future Directions
If Healthcare + Social = Social Health (today)
Then Social Health (today) = Health (future)
Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
20
Website Resources 15A-8
Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2000, 1995 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2000, 1995 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Maurer: Community/Public Health Nursing Practice, 5th Edition
The Community Assessment Tool Applied to Geopolitical and Phenomenological Communities
Website Resource 15A
Geopolitical
Phenomenological
I. Boundaries: The focus of a boundary in a geopolitical community is on place
I. Boundaries: The focus of a boundary in a phenomenological community is on criteria for membership
A. Type of boundary
A. Criteria for membership
1. What are the natural (e.g., river, mountain) or man‑made parameters (e.g., railroads, streets, legal, census tracts)?
1. Who can belong?
2. What are the requirements or prerequisites for belonging to or attending this community?
3. What are the common characteristics used by the health provider to place people in this aggregate?
B. Permeability
B. Permeability
1. How open or closed is the system?
1. How open or closed is the system?
C. Suprasystem
C. Suprasystem
1. What is the external environment that is most closely involved with the community? Examples:
1. What is the external environment that is most closely involved/associated with this community? Examples:
Community
Suprasystem
Community
Suprasystem
Census tract 2102
City of Baltimore
A Catholic school
Archdiocese or a particular parish
Adams Morgan neigh–borhood
Washington, DC
A senior center
The Howard County Office on Aging
II. Goals
II. Goals
A. Purpose
A. Purpose
1. What is the reason or purpose for which the community exists?
1. What is the reason or purpose for which the community exists?
III. Set factors
III. Set factors
A. Physical/biological characteristics
A. Physical characteristics
1. Length of time community has been in existence
1. Length of time community has been in existence
2. Pertinent demographic data
2. Pertinent demographic data
a. Age
a. Age
b. Race
b. Race
c. Gender
c. Gender
d. Ethnicity
d. Ethnicity
e. Housing
(1) Type (single family)
(2) Ownership (rent or own)
(3) Condition
e. Environment in which group meets
f. Density of population
f. Density of population
(1) Rural, urban, suburban
(2) No. of people per housing unit
(1) Relationship of no. of people to area
3. Physical features of the community
3. Physical features of the community
B. Psychosocial characteristics
B. Psychosocial characteristics
1. Religion
a. Religious preference of members
b. Number and types of places of worship
1. Religion
2. Socioeconomic class
2. Socioeconomic class
3. Education
a. Educational level of members
b. No. and type of educational institutions
3. Educational level
4. Occupation
4. Occupation
5. Marital status
IV. External influences: matter, energy, information from outside the community (suprasystem) that influence the community system; may be resources (R) or demands (D)
IV. External influences: matter, energy, information from outside the community (suprasystem) that influence the community system; may be resources (R) or demands (D)
A. Money
A. Money
B. Facilities available to the community but located outside the community
B. Facilities available to the community but located outside the community
1. Health care
1. Health care
2. Transportation
2. Transportation
3. Safety measures/emergency services (fire, police, ambulance)
3. Safety/emergency measures
(fire, police, ambulance)
C. Human services
C. Human services
1. Formal (professional resources)
1. Formal (professional resources)
2. Informal (volunteers)
2. Informal (volunteers)
D. Health information disseminated through printed material and mass media
D. Health information disseminated through printed material and mass media
E. Legislation
E. Legislation
F. Values of the suprasystem
F. Values of the suprasystem
V. Internal functions of the community
V. Internal functions of the community
A. Economy: production/goal attainment
A. Economy: production/goal attainment
1. Human services
1. Human services
a. Formal
a. Formal
b. Informal
b. Informal
2. Money
2. Money
a. What is the community’s budget?
a. What is the community’s budget?
b. How is revenue generated within the community?
b. How is revenue generated within the community?
3. Facilities and equipment
3. Facilities and equipment
4. Education: How are members educated?
4. Education: Is there continuing education within the group? How are members educated?
Note: Lack of any of these resources indicates a demand.
Note: Lack of any of these resources indicates a demand.
Analysis questions: Are facilities, services, money, and goods adequate, accessible, and coordinated?
Analysis questions: Are facilities, services, money, and goods adequate, accessible, and coordinated?
B. Polity: coordination, control, and direction of activities to attain system goals
B. Polity: coordination, control, and direction of activities to attain system goals
1. Organizational structure: What is the organizational structure?
1. Organizational structure: What is the organizational structure?
2. Leadership
2. Leadership
a. Who are the formal leaders?
a. Who are the formal leaders?
b. Who are the informal leaders?
b. Who are the informal leaders?
3. Decision making/problem solving
3. Decision making/problem solving
a. What is the decision‑making process?
a. What is the decision‑making process?
b. Who have been the key decision makers for health issues?
b. Who have been the key decision makers for health issues?
c. How have problems been approached and solved in the past?
c. How have problems been approached and solved in the past?
d. What problem‑solving approaches have not worked in the past?
d. What problem‑solving approaches have not worked in the past?
4. Social control: the rules and norms of a community that influence behavior
4. Social control: the rules and norms of a community that influence behavior
a. Rules: local laws/control measures often enforced through police, law agencies, courts, and the government
a. Rules: legal control enforced by by‑laws, policies, and procedures
b. Norms: social sanctions enforced by neighborhood, school, or religious groups
b. Norms: social sanctions enforced by the group
Sources of data: By‑laws, procedure and policy books, attending meetings, being with the group
C. Communication: provision of identity and support to members
C. Communication: provision of identity and support to members
1. Nonverbal
1. Nonverbal
a. What is the “personality” or emotional tone of the neighborhood?
(1) Is it different at different times of the day?
a. What is the “personality” or emotional tone of the group?
2. Verbal
2. Verbal
a. Who communicates with whom?
a. Who communicates with whom?
(1) Horizontal
(1) Horizontal
(2) Vertical
(2) Vertical
b. How is communication achieved (e.g., newspaper, television, radio, newsletter, posters, fliers, person to person, informal gatherings, formal meetings)?
b. How is communication achieved (e.g., newsletters, person‑to-person, classes, committees, bulletin boards, kiosks, telephone)?
c. What is the focus of the communication?
c. What is the focus of the communication?
d. When does the communication occur (e.g., meeting dates, frequency of newsletters, and meetings)?
d. When does the communication occur (e.g., meeting dates, frequency of communication)?
D. Values: socialization
D. Values: socialization
1. Traditions
1. Traditions
a. What traditions are upheld?
a. What traditions are upheld?
b. Are kinship bonds strong, or is each person expected to deal with his or her own problems?
b. How are birthdays, holidays, or transitional events celebrated?
2. Subgroups
2. Subgroups
a. Are there identifiable subgroups with their own special values, life customs, and problems (e.g., Little Italy, Chinatown, drug culture)?
a. Are there subgroups or cliques?
3. Environment: Is the environment neat and well kept, or is little attention paid to aesthetics?
3. Environment: Is the environment neat, well kept, and aesthetically pleasing, or is little attention paid to aesthetics?
4. Health
4. Health
a. What type of health facilities are used?
a. How do members define health?
b. How often are they used?
b. What type of health facilities are used?
c. What are the attitudes about health, health care, and health professionals?
c. How often are they used (preventive care versus crisis only)?
d. What priority does health have?
d. What are their attitudes about health, health care, and health professionals?
5. Is the community homogeneous or heterogeneous in relation to its values?
5. Is the community homogeneous or heterogeneous in relation to its values?
VI. Outcomes: measurable, health‑related behaviors that are released from the community to the environment
VI. Outcomes: measurable health‑related behaviors that are released from the community to the environment
People Factors
People Factors
A. General trends
A. General trends
1. What is the relationship between birth and death rates?
1. What was the original size of the community? Has the community remained stable, grown, or decreased in size?
2. What is the relationship between immigration and emigration rates?
2. What are the changes in demographic characteristics (set factors) such as age, gender, race, occupation, marital status, educational achievement?
3. What are the changes in demographic characteristics (set factors) such as age, gender, race, occupation, marital status, educational levels?
3. What are the major diseases/illnesses present in the community?
4. Mobility: How often and how easily do people move in and out of the community?
4. What are the number and location of vulnerable or at‑risk aggregates (e.g., poor, homeless, elderly, or malnourished individuals; migrants; selected occupational groups; or risky behavior such as intravenous drug abuse for human immunodeficiency virus [HIV])?
B. Trends in mortality and morbidity
B. Trends in mortality and morbidity
1. What is the mortality rate?
1. What is the mortality rate?
2. What are the major causes of death?
2. What are the major causes of death, or what would you expect to be the leading cause of death? (Consider age and other set factors.)
3. What are the major diseases/illnesses present in the community?
3. What diseases/illnesses are present or expected to be present in this type of community? (Consider age and other set factors.)
4. What are the number and location of vulnerable or at-risk aggregates (e.g., poor, homeless, elderly, or malnourished individuals; migrants; selected occupational groups; or risky behavior such as intravenous drug use for HIV)?
4. What risky health behaviors are present?
5. What is the prevalence of presymptomatic illness (e.g., number of people with increasing blood pressure, blood cholesterol, or blood glucose levels)?
5. What is the prevalence of presymptomatic illness (e.g., number of people with increasing blood pressure, blood cholesterol, or blood glucose levels)? Estimations may be made on the basis of special surveys or part of a screening program.
6. What is the level of social functioning?
a. Dependency ratio = (Population younger than 18 years + population over 65 years) ÷ (Population between 18 and 65 years)
6. What is the level of social functioning? Look at dependency needs or number of people who are dependent on others for assistance (financial or other). Example: If 15 senior citizens in a center need help with ambulation and 3 are independent, the community has high dependency needs.
7. Disabilities and impairments
7. Are disabilities or impairments present (e.g., children with learning disabilities in a school; visual or auditory impairment in a school or elderly group; or elderly individuals who might use aids such as wheelchairs)?
Environmental Factors
Physical factors
Social factors
Environmental Factors
Physical factors
Social factors
