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Watch the video and/or article, then answer the corresponding question(s) and each post must be at least 100 words:

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1.

Article attached and reference below:

Knackendoffel A., Dettmer P., & Thurston L. P. (2017). Collaborating, Consulting and Working in Teams for Students with Special Needs (Subscription). [VitalSource Bookshelf]. Retrieved from https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/#/books/9780134447674/

Teaching self-advocacy skills is imperative for student’s academic success and independence, especially for students with disabilities. What are some ways to teach self-advocacy skills to students? Explain and cite evidence from the text. Add reference at the bottom of your initial discussion post. 

2.

Do you think that PBS can minimize the need for behavior reduction strategies? Do you think schools should use timeout to deescalate behaviors? 

Power Points attached and reference below:

Wheeler J. J., & Richey D. D. (2018). Behavior Management. [VitalSource Bookshelf]. Retrieved from https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/#/books/9780134792118/ 

3.

After watching this video do you believe that high schools adequately prepare students with disabilities for college?  

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Printed by: jsigmon@central.ces.edu. Printing is for personal, private use only. No part of this book may be
reproduced or transmitted without publisher’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted.

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Printed by: jsigmon@central.ces.edu. Printing is for personal, private use only. No part of this book may be
reproduced or transmitted without publisher’s prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted.

Behavior Management: Principles and Practices of Positive Behavior Supports

Fourth Edition

Chapter 11

Minimizing Challenging Behavior

Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

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Learning Objectives (1 of 2)
11.1 List and describe the factors that influence challenging behavior.
11.2 Discuss alternatives for the prevention of challenging behaviors, such as the concept of capacity building through S W P B I S and environmental engineering within both classroom and school settings and the development of alternative replacement behaviors that provide students with increased academic and social success.

Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Learning Objectives (2 of 2)
11.3 Identify and describe how S W P B I S can be used in minimizing challenging behavior and the potential cost/benefits associated with this philosophy and practice.
11.4 List and describe the methods that have been historically used to reduce challenging behavior, such as differential reinforcement, extinction, response, cost, and time-out.

Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Key Terms
Rapid Suppression
Environmental Engineering
Continuum of Intervention Alternatives
Differential Reinforcement

Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
How Challenging Behavior is Perceived (1 of 2)
Challenging behavior need not always be considered for behavior reduction, but instead for behavior replacement
P B I S puts emphasis on prevention and minimizing challenging behaviors instead of responding in reactive manner
Challenging behavior is often addressed from after-the-fact response directed toward rapid elimination rather than considering options aimed at teaching replacement skills
Biggest remaining challenge of S W P B I S agenda is training teachers from philosophical and applied perspective

Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
How Challenging Behavior is Perceived (2 of 2)
Schools must be reinforced for attempts at systematic change in S W P B I S
Resources, administrative support, and buy-in needed to ensure success
Initiatives often compete with numerous other mandates making it difficult to be accountable due to constant shifting of energy and effort in meeting demands

Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Alternatives for the Prevention of Challenging Behaviors (1 of 3)
Providing alternatives for prevention of challenging behaviors requires viewing P B I S from systems perspective
Schools have multiple behavior support systems (classroom, non-classroom, and individual student supports)
P B I S is systematic and proactive approach to promoting optimal behavior across multiple contexts
Focal point of system-wide P B I S is prevention and support carried out effectively on daily basis
Schools must commit to change

Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Alternatives for the Prevention of Challenging Behaviors (2 of 3)
Relevant competencies required of school-based behavioral support teams include:
Philosophy of Practice
Behavior Support Strategies
F B A Data
Program Evaluation
Stepwise systematic implementation of system-wide model is next step
Final step involves evaluation of procedures and their impact on schoolwide behavior outcomes

Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Alternatives for the Prevention of Challenging Behaviors (3 of 3)
Successful implementation of S W P B I S includes (Sugai & Horner, 2001):
Concentrating on doing what is possible in given resource structure, but be persistent in capacity building within school
Investing in practices that work
Investing in outcomes that the school hopes to achieve
Being mindful of individuals and cultural differerences
Making data-based decisions as a means of promoting informed decision making
Working collaboratively as teams to attain desired outcomes
Working to develop professional knowledge and skills among onsite personnel as method for promoting buy-in and change

Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Minimizing Challenging Behavior (1 of 3)
Behavior can be of such magnitude that minimizing and reducing it is important for well being of the individual
Include behaviors that cause a risk to the individual or others or cause damage to property and impede quality of life
Minimizing occurrence of these behaviors and replacing them hopefully serves to eliminate them
Right to non-invasive treatment is area of concern among professionals working with persons with disabilities

Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Minimizing Challenging Behavior (2 of 3)
Corporal punishment as a way to minimize challenging behavior is largely ineffective for the following reasons:
Lack of punishment procedures to produce lasting changes in behavior
Models physical aggression against children to control their behavior
Reinforces escape and avoidance behaviors in children to avoid punishment in first place
Reinforcement gained by user as a means of exerting control

Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Minimizing Challenging Behavior (3 of 3)
Crisis intervention procedures need to be developed to address escalating behavior
Behaviors that escalate to the point of endangering the safety of learner or others require crisis intervention
Procedures should include addressing serious problem behaviors, roles and responsibilities of personnel involved, and plan of operation
Personnel must also be trained and certified in deescalating techniques

Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Continuum of Intervention Alternatives
Differential Reinforcement Procedures
Extinction
Response Cost
Time-Out Procedures

Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Differential Reinforcement
Method that uses reinforcement to increase desired behavior
Often called positive reduction procedure
Can be in the form of D R A, D R I, D R O, or D R L
D R A reinforces a behavior designated as an alternative behavior for the behavior targeted for reduction
D R I differs in that incompatible behavior is topographically incompatible with target
D R O occurs when behavior is not reinforced for a specific period of time
D R L is used when behavior can be systematically reduced over time

Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Extinction
Occurs when previously reinforced behaviors are no longer reinforced
Shown to be lasting in terms of its effect on challenging behaviors
Can increase rates of behavior or escalate them
Novel behaviors can develop as part of this escalation
Aggression may happen due to frustration
Can take a lengthy amount of time for desired effects to work

Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Response Cost Procedures
Attempts to reduce behavior through removal or withdrawal of a quantity of reinforcement contingent on response
A loss of something of worth or value to the individual is a consequence for inappropriate behavior
Parents use this to manage children’s behavior through loss of privilege
Schools use this widely for students with behavior disorders in conjunction with level systems tied to points students earn and can redeem for various forms of reinforcement
Common error is removing points without a way to earn back resulting in “what do I have to lose” mentality

Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Time-Out
Procedure commonly used to remove a child from access to reinforcement for period of time after occurrence of problem behavior
Can be exclusionary or nonexclusionary
Exclusionary removes student from the room or area where behavior occurred
Nonexclusionary allows student to remain in room or area where behavior occurred but deny access to positive reinforcement
Easy to use in classrooms and deemed acceptable by professionals
Can result in time lost from instruction, may not work with all learners, and can be overused by teacher due to ease of use

Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Copyright

Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Behavior Management: Principles and Practices of Positive Behavior Supports

Fourth Edition

Chapter 10

Teaching Positive Replacement Behaviors

Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

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Learning Objectives
10.1 List and describe the factors that contribute to skill deficits
10.2 Describe and discuss the methods for selecting positive replacement behaviors
10.3 List and describe the considerations for design of a behavioral support plan (B S P)
10.4 Describe methods for formulating goals and objectives
10.5 Identify and describe how to design a plan to teach replacement behaviors

Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Key Terms
Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior (D R A)
Functional Communication Training (F C T)
Positive Replacement Behaviors
Self-Management
Skills Deficits

Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Understanding Skills Deficits Experienced by Students (1 of 7)
Students who engage in challenging behavior may have skill deficits or lack of previous learning experience with a skill or skill set
Skill deficits result when students are not taught targeted skill or failed to master it before instruction was terminated

Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Understanding Skills Deficits Experienced by Students (2 of 7)
Reasons for skill acquisition failure can include:
Student was never fluent in skill before instruction was terminated
Activity was too challenging for development level of student
Lack of emphasis placed on promoting maintenance and generalization during instruction
Instructor failed to employ naturally occurring reinforcement during instruction

Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Understanding Skills Deficits Experienced by Students (3 of 7)
Skill was not functional or relevant in student’s life
Inconsistent use of cues and teaching techniques were employed during instruction, resulting in failure to develop fluency on part of learner

Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Understanding Skills Deficits Experienced by Students (4 of 7)
Skills deficits commonly lead to frustration
Chronic frustration leads to problematic behavior like noncompliance, interpersonal problems, and school refusal
Communication deficits also cause challenging behavior in youth and children with disabilities
These result in behaviors that are not socially acceptable or functional in long run

Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Understanding Skills Deficits Experienced by Students (5 of 7)
Problematic behaviors persist for many reasons, including:
Failure by educational or related professionals to understand and modify triggers or antecedents associated with behavior
Student’s inability to select alternative responses due to limited skills
Behaviors are reinforced unknowingly by person in their environment and therefore persist and are frequently used by learner

Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Understanding Skills Deficits Experienced by Students (6 of 7)
Positive replacement behaviors can serve as alternative responses because they:
Promote best overall interests of student
Presence of these skills increases lifestyle operations
Reduce likelihood that challenging behaviors will occur
Can lead to greater sense of independence and self-determination for student

Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Understanding Skills Deficits Experienced by Students (7 of 7)
Skill instruction aimed at replacing challenging behavior can be grouped into (a) teaching replacement skills and behaviors, (b) teaching general skills, and (c) teaching coping strategies (Bambara & Knoster, 1998)

Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Methods for Selecting Replacement Behaviors (1 of 11)
Carr and colleagues (1999) recommend the following when teaching replacement behaviors to learners with challenging behaviors:
Functional communication training approaches
Self-management
Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior

Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Methods for Selecting Replacement Behaviors (2 of 11)
Functional communication training (F C T) involves teaching functionally equivalent communication behavior to student
F C T consists of teaching learners alternative communicative response that serves same function as problem behavior and making problem behavior nonfunctional for student
Use of F C T to communicate needs eventually reduces problem behavior as a way to get teacher’s attention

Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Methods for Selecting Replacement Behaviors (3 of 11)
Picture Exchange Communication System (P E C S) was used with young children diagnosed with autism who had limited communication skills
P E C S involves use of pictures as a way to communicate
Does not require the learner to have any prerequisite skills
Facilitates opportunity for social reinforcement and promotes initiation on part of learner
P E C S is a functional communication strategy

Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Methods for Selecting Replacement Behaviors (4 of 11)
Six phases of P E C S training include:
How to Communicate
Distance and Persistence
Picture Discrimination
Sentence Structure
Responding
Commenting

Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Methods for Selecting Replacement Behaviors (5 of 11)
Self-management is cognitive-behavior intervention method designed to teach learners to self-direct behavior
Includes self-monitoring, self-instruction, and self-reinforcement
Promotes central involvement of individual in selecting goals, monitoring behavior, and implementing interventions (Sulzer-Azaroff & Mayer, 1991)

Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Methods for Selecting Replacement Behaviors (6 of 11)
Self-monitoring is a self-management intervention used extensively in schools
Directed toward teaching students to monitoring behavior through self-recording
Often done using some form of cue as provided by an iPad set at varying intervals and designed to delivery an auditory prompt

Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Methods for Selecting Replacement Behaviors (7 of 11)
Essential steps in developing and using self-monitoring program in schools include:
Operationally defining target behavior
Identifying functional reinforcers
Designing self-monitoring method or device to be used
Teaching child how procedure works
Fading the use of self-monitoring device (Dunlap & colleagues, 1991)

Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Methods for Selecting Replacement Behaviors (8 of 11)
Self-instruction is another form of self-management
Involves teaching a learner a set of instructional steps related to social, academic, vocational, and community living tasks
Students are taught a set of statements related to task that they recite to themselves when in certain situations
This is modeled by teacher, practiced by learner through overt verbalization, and gradually replaced with quiet speech and whispers

Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Methods for Selecting Replacement Behaviors (9 of 11)
Self-Reinforcement is final form of self-management intervention discussed
Teaches students to self-administer preferred reinforcement of performance of desired behavior
Often uses token reinforce for completion of task or a system of self-checks for each step once completed
Must include student in goal-setting, ensure student is fluent in performing procedure, and evaluate progress and fade intervention over time as student meets goals

Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Methods for Selecting Replacement Behaviors (10 of 11)
Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (D R A) is designed to increase frequency of desired behavior and reduce challenging behavior through reinforcements
Problem behavior becomes extinct and is no longer reinforced when using a D R A procedure which decreases probability of problem behavior in future

Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Methods for Selecting Replacement Behaviors (11 of 11)
When selecting positive replacement behaviors:
Take into account the function of challenging behavior that you want to replace
Once function has been determined, a replacement behavior can be better identified
Remember that replacement behavior must meet learner’s needs and teach skill to student

Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Designing an Intervention Plan (1 of 3)
Consider the following when constructing an intervention plan:
What are the desired learning outcomes you hope to achieve?
What specific skills does the student currently have that can be expanded in teaching new behavior?
Are replacement behaviors socially valid and functional for student’s needs?
How do parents and family members feel about the intervention?

Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Designing an Intervention Plan (2 of 3)
Who are the professionals who will be implementing the intervention and what level of expertise do they have?
Is additional training needed to equip staff with skills to implement instructional program?
What are the specific contexts in which instruction on replacement behavior will occur?
Identify environmental strengths and barriers that facilitate to impede instruction.

Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Designing an Intervention Plan (3 of 3)
What are the specific formal and informal supports available to the learner within home, school, classroom, and community that will facilitate successful acquisition of replacement behaviors?
Identify the student’s typical daily classroom routine and plan how instruction can best be included.
Will intervention plan receive support from all team members and administration?

Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Formulating Goals and Objectives (1 of 2)
Goals statements are broad and identify skill and behavior and whether goal is to increase, decrease, or maintain skill or behavior
Goals define level of performance to be attained
Objectives are substeps or subgoals that contribute to goal

Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Formulating Goals and Objectives (2 of 2)
When formatting instructional goals, consider these guidelines:
Why behavior should be taught
Is the skill a logical replacement
Will replacement behavior provide student with needed skills that are consistent with demands found in current or future environment
Must prerequisite skills be taught first to ensure success
Can goal be accomplished or will teachers need training
Is the goal socially valid, given needs of student, and will it positively affect quality of life of child

Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Elements of Effective Instruction
Acquisition-introductory phase of learning concerned with development of new skills and accuracy of performance
Fluency-second stage of learning directed toward increasing learner’s accuracy of performance skill as well as speed and rate of performance
Maintenance-devoted to facilitating use of newly learned skill over time
Generalization-final stage of learning concerned with promoting the transfer of skills to untrained settings and situations

Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Points to Consider When Developing Objectives
What are the conditions that students will be allowed to use during their performance of the behavior?
What is the measurable and observable behavior that the learner will be asked to perform?
The criterion measure should communicate to the student how well he or she has performed the skill against a performance standard

Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Developing a Plan for Teaching Replacement Behaviors
Elements of an instructional program should include:
Rationale
Identify the Learners
Materials
Describe Instructional Antecedent Arrangement
Instructional Procedures
Evaluation Procedures
Generalization

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Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

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