2.      Abstract

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b.      Summary of the whole paper

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d.      It has betw/ 150 to 250 words

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f.       Subsections of the Abstract:

* Background Information on the Problem

* The Objective of the Study

* Method Used

* Interpretation of the Results

* Conclusion & Recommendations for Future Research

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Bulling as the Leading Cause of Teen Suicide among Adolescents between 14 and 16 Years of Age in Schools in the United States

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Bulling as the Leading Cause of Teen Suicide among Adolescents between 14 and 16 Years of Age in Schools in the United States

Introduction

Suicide is one of the principal reasons for mortality for teenagers aged fourteen to sixteen. Teenage suicide is an awful worldwide public health concern affecting teens (Baiden&Tadeo, 2020; Okaforet al., 2020). The relatively and associate stay emotionally distressed lives following the loss of their young ones. Aboutone in six elementary school children has seriously opted to commit suicide, while one in twelve has tried it (Baidenet al., 2020). Furthermore, suicide tolls among teenagers have been amplifying for the last few years, from six percent in early 2009 to eight percent in late 2011(Baiden & Tadeo, 2020; Okaforet al., 2020).Besides, evidence reveals a vibrant link between victimization and suicide, as recommended by current bullying-associated suicide mortalities.

Hook

The grounds behind a teenager’s suicide might be challenging. Even though suicide is somehow unusual amongst kids, the level of attempted suicides intensifies significantly during the teenage years (Baiden et al., 2020; Tang et al., 2020).

Background Information

Within the previous years, headings reporting the sad accounts of a teens’ suicide connected to bullying have become prevalent. The family is left with much pain after losing their loved ones. Even society is affected because they lose someone from their community (Baidenet al., 2020; Campisiet al., 2020). Losing such as young, energetic soul to suicide snatches a blessing from both the community and the family.

Problem Statement

This research will address bullying as the leading cause of suicide between teenagers aged fourteen to sixteen. If this issue is not addressed, we will keep on losing young ones to this menace.

Research Question

What could be done to address the risk of suicide prevalent in teens aged between fourteen to sixteen years old in school?

Hypothesis

The study hypothesizes that increased exposure to bullying deeds in schools would escalate the danger of stress, suicidal thoughts, and attempted murder.

Thesis Statement

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the relationship between Bullying and Suicide, in adolescents between 14 and 16 years of age, in the school of the United States.

Literature Review

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) confirms that suicide is among the leading root of mortality for fourteen to sixteen-year-old teens after murder and accidents. In schools, when either fellow children or adults harass kids, they might turn to suicide. The danger of suicide grows whenever teenagers can access weapons at home, and around sixty percent of every suicide in America is done with a firearm (Baiden&Tadeo, 2020).

According to, Campisi et al., (2020) the prevalence of suicidal ideation representing 397,299 adolescents (51.3% female) was significantly higher among girls than boys whereas attempts did not differ by age or sex. Being bullied, or having no close friends was associated with suicidal ideation among girls 13–15 years and 16–17 years, respectively. Among all boys, being in a fight and having no close friends was associated with suicidal ideation with the addition of serious injury for boys 13–15 years. Common to all younger adolescents was an association of suicide attempt with being bullied and having had a serious injury. Among young boys, having no close friends was an additional indicator for suicide attempt. Having no close friends was associated with suicide attempt in older adolescents with the addition to being bullied in older girls and serious injury in older boys.

Suicide is a grave public health concern that affects every age group. Biological, mental, economic, cultural, and social aspects trigger suicide. In teenagers within schools in the U.S, these incidents are rampant; thus, causing a stir since it is a terrible occurrence (Campisiet al., 2020). It separates the paradigm of visions and pleasures that deserve being the portion of these teens’ lives. Additionally, it even types difficulties within the state’s economy due to the reduced number of imminent economically lively youths. According to Okaforet al., (2020),in late 1999, attempted murder attempts were the third prominent reason for mortality for U.S. teenagers aged fourteen to sixteen. From the mid-2008 to-date, suicide keeps being the third basis of death for these teenagers in schools within America (Campisiet al., 2020; Tang et al., 2020).

According to, Campisi et al., (2020) the prevalence of suicidal ideation representing 397,299 adolescents (51.3% female) was significantly higher among girls than boys whereas attempts did not differ by age or sex. Being bullied, or having no close friends was associated with suicidal ideation among girls 13–15 years and 16–17 years, respectively. Among all boys, being in a fight and having no close friends was associated with suicidal ideation with the addition of serious injury for boys 13–15 years. Common to all younger adolescents was an association of suicide attempt with being bullied and having had a serious injury. Among young boys, having no close friends was an additional indicator for suicide attempt. Having no close friends was associated with suicide attempt in older adolescents with the addition to being bullied in older girls and serious injury in older boys.

On the other hand, Munoz-Fernandez et al., (2019), conducted a study, in which they created a program called Dat-e Adolescence, which is nothing more thana school-based universal and multi-component prevention program designed for adolescents aged 12 to 19 years. It comprises seven 1-hour long sessions that can be implemented during school hours. In general terms, the program adopts a constructivist and experiential approach that encourages content learning through different teaching and learning experiences. It includes researcher- and peer-led training.  Bullying and sexual harassment have been described as a stepping-stone to dating violence. It has been observed that young people exposed to peer group violence tend to internalize acceptance of violence norms and develop a maladjusted perception of the consequences of violence on the victims, which poses a greater risk to violent behavior involvement in other relational contexts, including romantic relationships.

 Methods:

For this study, a meta-analysis method was used to synthesize different results found among several studies. The researcher accessed the virtual library through the MRU home page. Then, the researcher accessed the EBESC host databases. Once there, the researcher selected both MEDLINE Complete and CINAHL Complete. An advanced search was performed, for which the following keywords were entered in the Boolean search: “Bullying”, “in Adolescents”, and “Cause of Suicide in the schools of the United States.” The search was limited to references providing full text, peer reviewed, and abstract available. A limitation was set for research published within the last five years, from 2016 to 2021. Additionally, researcher consulted only articles published in English. The search provided access to a total of 185 articles, of which only five (5) studies were selected based on their relevance with the topic; the other 180 were discarded.

Results

Bulling is said to be connected to mental health outcomes both for the victim and the person who’s bulling the other. This mental health outcomes are associated with suicidal behavior and ideation. The research topic is prompt on bulling as a leading cause of suicide in adolescence between 14-16 years in United States.

Bulling and suicide affecting gender

Undheim (2017) stated that the relationship between participation in bulling, either as the victim or perpetrator does not change its outcome to suicide. Whereas girls show a high suicidal ideation than boys in bulling examples are cyber and traditional bulling. Heikkila et al (2019), refers girls and boys who are both victims and perpetrators of bulling show aggressiveness but research doesn’t tell the difference in this.Baiden (2017), said that bulling came hand in hand with depression and suicidal attempt in both boys and girls.Li, Yong(2018) clarified that racism, violence from home and depression could be the major causes of bulling.

Affecting age

Albdour (2019), after undertaking a search on cyber bulling he stated that children in the age of 14-16 who experienced cyber bulling and in school bulling were in a greater risk of going thorough depression and psychological torchier.

Suicidal effects on victim-perpetrator

Both being a victim and a perpetrator of bulling reported suicidal ideals or attempts.

Bulling and suicide affecting gender

Affecting age

Effects on victim-perpetrator

Undheim (2017)

Girls report more suicidal ideals or attempts compared to boys but more boys commit suicide instead

14-16 years

Perpetrators are less affected compared to victims as they report suicide cases

Heikkila et al. (2019)

Both girls and boys who were victims and perpetrators will show suicidal attempts

14.5-15 years

Victims report suicidal ideals more than perpetrators

Albdour(2019)

Girls experienced more suicidal attempts after being traditionally or cyber bullied.

15 years

Bulling affected both victims and perpetrators

Li, Yong (2018)

Boys who show depression and aggressiveness are more prone to suicidal ideals

14 years

Mostly victims get affected

Baiden (2017)

Both genders show aggressiveness and are all subjects of bulling may show suicidal attempts.

14-16 years

Any subject of bulling goes hand in hand with suicidal attempts

Table1: Bulling as a cause of suicide on adolescence between 14-16 years

Discussion

Analysis and interpretation of data is done after presentation using tables. According to the table formulated above, it shows that according to Undheim (2017) girls reported more suicidal attempt while more boys attempted suicide between the age of 14-16 years and victims of bulling were more affected. Heikkila et al (2019) wrote that both gender between the age of 14.5-15 years who were bullied show suicide attempts and victims were more affected than perpetrators while Aldour (2019) says girls at the age of 15 years experienced more suicidal attempts after being traditionally or cyber bullied and both victims and perpetrators were affected.

Baiden (2017) said both genders who show aggressiveness and are subjects bulling show suicidal ideals and this happens to adolescence at the age of 14-16 years. As stated by Li, Yong (2018), boys who are under bullying show aggressiveness and depression and are prone to suicidal attempts at 14 years.

According to the data above, although both genders undergo bulling, girls are more affected by it compared to boys. Both boys and girls at the age of 14-16 years who are either cyber bullied or traditionally bullied report attempted suicides, suicide ideals, depression and aggressiveness. Perpetrators in most cases don’t show suicidal attempts but according to the data they may have suicidal thoughts just as victims do. As the hypothesis states, increased exposure to bullying deeds in schools would escalate the dander of stress, suicidal thoughts and attempted murder, the research results proven so Alavi, Nazanin (2017).

After posting, the feedback was that bulling should not just be ignored as it is a stressful ordeal to the children. It even lowers self esteem thus leading to suicide. Bulling can be reduced by increasing involvement in communication both between children, parents and teachers. Therefore, reducing it from being the major cause of suicide.

Limitations

Limitations one

The Records employed were EBESC, MEDLINE, and CINAHL. The research also used Keywords such as Bullying, Suicide cause. Additionally, the survey used English as the language (Zaborskis et al., 2018). The publication was within not less than 5 years. Besides, the research applied was peer-reviewed which was restricted to references generating entire writing, peer-reviewed as well as abstract present limited resources. Limitations two

The Topic for the investigation was IBS Diagnosis. The Samples employed outside the sources examined if the patient was ailing from IBS. Moreover, the Five research chosen centered on the relevance with the subject.

Implications on the results

The investigation offered access to a sum of 185 papers. Additionally, only five investigations were chosen due to their relevance with the subject, and the remaining 180 were destroyed (Baiden&Tadeo, 2020). Furthermore, the other survey only established qualitative data the patient provided based on their signs. The outcome confirmed were in minimal quantity.

Paragraph

Several studies were conducted to examine several patient diseases. The first investigation experienced certain limitations. Laboratory absence made the research challenging since it aimed at evaluating if the patient had IBS or IBS inadequacy (Hinduja &Patchin, 2019). The patient underwent some trials to do away with the perception that the sick individual never had other conditions. The physician analyzed the patient as having IBS. Due to the occurrence, the investigator established qualitative data the patient offered because of their signs.

Moreover, the articles investigated employed little samples in the research. Hence the outcome attained were on a limited scale.

Additionally, the research approach utilized a meta-analysis mechanism to synthesize diverse outcomes present among many investigations. The investigation accessed the simulated library by the MRU home page. The surveyor chose both MEDLINE as well as CINAHL complete. Search undertaking utilized the statements bullying in adolescents in addition to suicide cause in the United States schools.

The investigation restriction was due to the reference offering full writing, peer studied, and present abstract. The investigation was limited to publication within the previous 5 years. In other words, from 2016 to 2021. The surveyor observed papers written in English. The examination generated access to 185 papers, whereby only 5 were chosen due to their relevance with the subject (Koyanagi et al., 2019). The remaining papers 180 were destroyed.

Conclusion

In summary the study’s findings reveal that bulling is connected to mental health outcomes both for the victim and the perpetrator, which are associated with suicidal behavior and ideation. However, the victims are the most impacted. This is consistent with the hypothesis of the study in which increased exposure to bullying deeds in schools would escalate the danger of stress, suicidal thoughts, and attempted murder. The study identifies the major causes of bulling among teenagers aged 14 to 16 years as racism, violence from home, and depression. This acts put victims at a greater risk of going through depression and psychological torture. It in turn leads to victims and perpetrators to have suicidal ideals or attempts, whereby the victims are the most affected. The research study took this particular approach to establish that bulling is a stressful ordeal to children, which should not be ignored. The stresses associated with bulling lowers the self-esteem of these teenagers leading to suicide.

The study establishes that bulling among teenagers 14 to 16 years can be reduced by increasing involvement communication both between children, parents, and teenagers. This is a crucial step to reducing it from being the major cause of suicide among these teenagers in the United States. The expectations of the research study was to find that increased exposure to bulling deeds in schools increases the danger of stress, suicidal thoughts, and attempted murder, and the research results have proven so. The research study contributing to existing knowledge that support increased exposure to bulling deeds as the cause of deaths among teenagers aged 14 to 16 years. Future research should consider a more comprehensive approach to identify additional causes of bulling in schools among teenagers overall and more strategies to preventing bulling.

References

Albdour, Maha, et al. “The impact of cyberbullying on physical and psychological health of Arab American adolescents.” Journal of immigrant and minority health 21.4 (2019): 706-715.

Baiden, P., &Tadeo, S. K. (2020). Investigating the association between bullying victimization    and suicidal ideation among adolescents: evidence from the 2017 Youth Risk Behavior             Survey. Child abuse & neglect, 102, 104417.

Baiden, Philip, and Savarra K. Tadeo. “Investigating the association between bullying victimization and suicidal ideation among adolescents: evidence from the 2017 Youth Risk Behavior Survey.” Child abuse & neglect 102 (2020): 104417.

Campisi, S. C., Carducci, B., Akseer, N., Zasowski, C., Szatmari, P., &Bhutta, Z. A. (2020).        Suicidal behaviors among adolescents from 90 countries: a pooled analysis of the global     school-based student health survey. BMC public health, 20(1), 1-11.

Hekkilaet al. “Relationship between bullying and suicidal behaviour in youth presenting to the emergency department.” Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 26.2 (2019): 70.

Hinduja, S., &Patchin, J. W. (2019). Connecting adolescent suicide to the severity of bullying and cyberbullying. Journal of school violence, 18(3), 333-346.

Koyanagi, A., Oh, H., Carvalho, A. F., Smith, L., Haro, J. M., Vancampfort, D., … &DeVylder, J. E. (2019). Bullying victimization and suicide attempt among adolescents aged 12–15 years from 48 countries. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 58(9), 907-918.

Li, Yong, and Junrong Shi. “Bullying and suicide in high school students: Findings from the 2015 California youth risk behavior survey.” Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment 28.6 (2018): 695-709.

Muñoz-Fernández, N., Ortega-Rivera, J., Nocentini, A., Menesini, E., & Sánchez-Jiménez, V.

            (2019). The Efficacy of the “Dat-e Adolescence” Prevention Program in the Reduction          of Dating Violence and Bullying. International Journal of Environmental Research andPublic Health, 16(3).

Okafor, C., Jahanfar, S., Inungu, J., & Minelli, M. (2020). The relationship between bullying,      sexual violence and substance use among adolescents in the United States: Cross- sectional study. European Journal of Environment and Public Health, 4(2), em0049.

Tang, J. J., Yu, Y., Wilcox, H. C., Kang, C., Wang, K., Wang, C.,& Chen, R. (2020). Global        risks of suicidal behaviors and being bullied and their association in adolescents: school-   based health survey in 83 countries. EClinicalMedicine, 19, 100253.

Undheim. “Bullying in schools and its relation with depressive symptoms, self-esteem, and suicidal ideation in adolescents.” Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry 19.2 (2017).

Zaborskis, A., Ilionsky, G., Tesler, R., & Heinz, A. (2018). The association between cyberbullying, school bullying, and suicidality among adolescents. Crisis.

Example:

Background: The temporary protective status (TPS) is a document granted by USCIS to eligible nationals of certain countries, who are already in the US. It was granted to the Haitian community after the earthquake back in 2010 Objective: The purpose of this study is to explain why Haitian with TPS should be granted a green card. Method: For this research study, a meta-analysis method was used. Various data relating Temporary Protected Status (TPS) were collected and specifically sorted. The information was compared to a narrow path regarding solely to the Haitian community. Results: TPS has received many extensions over the past ten years; now it is just a question of when the US government will close their eyes on the Haitians people. This uncertainty causes many fears in the community. Conclusion: The research will help know whether Haitian in the US with TPS will get a green card and which way. Furthermore, this study will help a lot of Haitian living in USA, also those that might come temporarily to know the stress they will be facing. Recommendations: It is recommended that future research be done to collect more information on legalization like asylum, family-based citizenship through USCIS, and conduct quantitative-qualitative studies on the same topic. 

          Keywords: temporary protective status, Haitian community, immigration, government legislation, green card for Haitians