This assignment build on the previous assignment that is also attached named explore topic areas. the instruction for the assignment and grading rubric is titled #4 literature review. There is also a sample assignment for your to use as an example for this assignment. the completed assignment should be four page. Thank you ,. .,

#4 Literature Review

The purpose of this assignment is to collect and explore research that will support the student’s presentation of the chosen topic for the Final Policy Analysis.

A valuable tool to help you assess research is the literature review. Completing a literature review will give you a vast amount of knowledge on your topic and will aid in the creation of your next assignment: Health Policy Analysis. 

For this assignment, you will pick one of the three bills that you previously summarized in the Exploring Topic Areas assignment and construct a literature review based upon the current and controversial healthcare issue that this bill is focused on. You will need to include a minimum of four research articles in this literature review. [Please see attached Sample LR]

A literature review provides an overview of a particular topic or problem by summarizing and explaining the most important points or statements in the research studies presented.

Structure: These sources are integrated into paragraphs based upon the progression of the overview. The sources are often mentioned more than once.

Components: A literature review uses an introduction to explain the topic and synthesizes the sources progressively as the topic is explained through the body. The paper concludes by summarizing the overall background presented.

Audience: This assignment should be directed at your scholarly peers, and you may assume that they have only a casual familiarity with your topic or issue.

Content/Subject: Your literature review will consist of four of the best research sources that will allow you to examine where the authors agree and/or disagree in relationship to your chosen topic.

A literature review uses any or all of the following to organize the sources; 

· problem and solution

· cause and effect 

· comparison and contrast 

· classifications and division

Be consistent throughout your paper so that the literature review will direct the reader to a particular understanding of the research as it relates to the topic.

Constraints:  The literature review is a rigid genre.  Your paper must adhere to APA format.  This will be one of the central components of the grade for this assignment.  Failure to follow APA format exactly will harm your grade. Please use the APA sample paper template in the Student Resources Tab in this course.

Literature Review: Below is a different diagram of what should be happening in the main part of your paper. In-between the article comparisons you will include related discussion on the main points that you want to come out by using these articles. 

So, you will introduce the topic, then launch 1) a brief summary of the main point that you took from your research/literature/journal/scientific study [it must be that level of material]. 2) Next you will compare and contrast the points to each other both positive and negative as it aids or clashes with the focus of the topic that you have chosen. 

Another example: Lay out for Literature Review

INTRODUCTION

Body part 1

1. Topic sentence explaining the information being presented.

2. Evidence:

a) Summary and citation of Source C [Smith and Jones, (2018)]

b) Summary and citation of source A [Brady, (2017)]

3. Discussion synthesizing the sources and elaboration on the frame work. 

Transition to the next part of the topic.

Body part 2

4. Topic sentence explaining the information being presented.

5. Evidence:

a. Summary and citation of Source E [Clark and Elliott, (2016)]

b. Summary and citation of source B [VanVerend and Oolong, (2020)]

6. Discussion synthesizing the sources and elaboration on the frame work. 

Transition to the next part of the topic.

Body part 3-OPTIONAL to go for extra- just make sure not to exceed length by more than 1/2 page.

Body paragraph 3

7. Topic sentence explaining the information being presented.

8. Evidence:

c. Summary and citation of Source D [Long (2017)]

d. Summary and citation of source C [Smith and Jones]

9. Discussion synthesizing the sources and elaboration on the frame work. 

Transition to conclusion.

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Requirements

Points

Score

Introduction/Conclusion

20
 

Citation &   Summary X 4 articles

20
 

Relationship to   each other; 

Discussion & Synthesis X 4

30
 

Transition to next   section 

10
 

Layout, APA   formatting et al., Reference page, Cover page-ALL

10
 

Grammar, spelling,   punctuation, sentence structure, citations, references

10
 

Total

100

Running Head: HEALTH-RELATED POLICIES 1

HEALTH-RELATED POLICIES 6

Health-Related Policies

Health-Related Policies

Health policies entail the actions, plans, and decisions made by relevant parties and are meant to accomplish significant healthcare goals in a country. Health policies are associated with the attainment of several things among the future definition. They offer a model for primacies and the expected duties and responsibilities of distinct teams, including encouraging consensus and allowing people to understand more about health. This paper explores various health bills, including H.R.4704 Advancing Research to Prevent Suicide, H.R.1418 Competitive Health Insurance Reform Act, and H.R.5663 Safeguarding Therapeutics Act.

H.R.4704 Advancing Research to Prevent Suicide

Summary of the Bill and Riders

The H.R.4704 Advancing Research to Prevent Suicide Act of 2019 was presented and introduced by Republican McAdams Ben on October 16, 2019. The bill is responsible for directing the National Science Foundation (NSF) to provide reviewed grants to higher education institutions. According to Congress.Gov (2021), the grants advocated for by the bill are meant to enhance multidisciplinary research that is related to suicide. The bill encourages studies related to preventing suicide and treating any complication that would prompt suicidal thoughts. It addresses the gaps evident in suicide prevention and treatment research by encouraging various parties, including doctoral students, to apply for the NSF grants.

Population Affected by the Issue

The bill presents an opportunity and platform for further studies that will benefit several populations. Funding research regarding suicide prevention and treatment, the bill can help veterans that have been affected by Post-Traumatic Disorder (PTSD) who contemplate suicide. The legislation will also affect adolescents that experience significant life challenges, along with ill patients.

Role of Healthcare Experts

Professionals in the medical field are crucial because they help educated affected members regarding the legislation and what it means for healthcare. In the past, research and education about suicide have been limited, making it important for experts, such as nurses and physicians, to understand how the legislation affects suicide prevention.

Pros and Cons

One advantage of this bill is that it will help prevent suicides across several United States populations. Increasing suicide rates among depressed teens will be eliminated after research enhances suicide prevention. One disadvantage connected with this bill is that there will be excessive use of funds, which does not guarantee positive results in the field. Even though research can help prevent suicide, it may not effectively reduce suicides among vulnerable populations.

Expert Testimony and Personal Opinion

Little et al. (2016) explain that researchers and other academics must come together to ensure they prevent suicide among vulnerable populations. The researchers indicate that the Advancing Research to Prevent Suicide Act of 2019 is effective legislation for the process. I believe the introduction of the bill is beneficial to vulnerable populations that are at risk of suicide.

H.R.1418 Competitive Health Insurance Reform Act

Summary of the Bill and Riders

The H.R.1418 Competitive Health Insurance Reform Act of 2020 was introduced on February 28, 2019, and was sponsored by Democrat Peter A. DeFazio. The bill underwent the House and Senate committees and became Public Law on January 13, 2021. The legislation presents that nothing supersedes or modifies antitrust law operations regarding health insurance, including dental insurance operations (Congress.Gov, 2021). The Public Law also prohibits unfair courses of action in health insurance competition.

Population Affected

The H.R.1418 Competitive Health Insurance Reform Act will be affected by several populations, including medical professionals and patients. Health insurance providers in the US are also affected by the act because it prohibits unfair competition. For patients, the law may protect them from unfair exposure to expensive insurance plans.

Role of Medical Experts

Medical experts understand the cost of insurance and how it affects patients. For this reason, they can play a crucial role by advocating for this Public legislation and ensuring that it is adhered to and ascertain that all insurance providers act accordingly.

Pros and Cons

The legislation is beneficial to patients and other people in the US because it protects them from insurance providers’ unfair methods. It also ensures the providers adhere to the law when dealing with all forms of insurance. However, the disadvantage of this law is that it may limit the operations of insurance providers.

Expert Testimony and Personal Opinion

Lexology (2020) criticizes the Competitive Health Insurance Reform Act of 2020 by presenting that it negatively affects competition because it limits insurance providers’ operations. Individually, I think the Competitive Health Insurance Reform Act is detrimental because it may lead to higher insurance premiums.

H.R.5663 Safeguarding Therapeutics Act

Summary of the Bill and Riders

The H.R.5663 Safeguarding Therapeutics Act is sponsored by Republican Brett Guthrie, a representative for Kentucky congressional district (GovTrack.gov, n.d). The bill was enacted after being signed by former US President Donald Trump on January 05, 2021. The legislation extends the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) authority to certain products from other countries, including medical devices (Congressional Budget Office, 2020).

Population Affected

The legislation affects many parties, including healthcare organizations that import medical devices from other countries. It may lead to the destruction of several medical devices by the FDA, leading to the loss of millions.

The Role of Medical Experts

In recent years, counterfeit medical products have increased in the markets, which impacts effective healthcare delivery. For this reason, medical professionals need to ensure that the legislation is followed and active under the FDA. Medical professionals should lead the destruction of counterfeit medical devices.

Pros and Cons

One advantage of the Safeguarding Therapeutics Act is that it ensures counterfeit medical devices are destroyed, leading to effective medical care for patients that the counterfeit devices would have impacted. However, one disadvantage of this legislation is that it may cost the FDA millions in destroying these contrabands.

Expert Testimony and Personal Opinion

BioWorld (2020) presents that the Safeguarding Therapeutics Act is crucial because it increases the effectiveness and use of high-quality medical devices. Nonetheless, individually, I think that the destruction of counterfeit medical devices by the FDA is the best available alternative.

References

BioWorld. (202, December 10). House passes a stopgap spending bill. Retrieved February 2021 from https://www.bioworld.com/articles/501100-house-passes-stopgap-spending-bill

Congress.Gov. (n.d.). H.R.1418 – Competitive Health Insurance Reform Act of 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2021 from https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/1418

Congress.Gov. (n.d.). H.R.4704 – Advancing Research to Prevent Suicide Act. Retrieved 24 February 2021 from https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/4704

Congressional Budget Office. (2020, November 25). H.R. 5663, Safeguarding Therapeutics Act. Retrieved 24 February 2021 from https://www.cbo.gov/publication/56800

Govtrack.us. (n.d.). H.R. 5663 (116th): Safeguarding Therapeutics Act. Retrieved 24 February 2021 from https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/116/hr5663

Lexology. (2020, December 29). Senate approves bill eliminating the antitrust exemption for health insurers. Retrieved 24 February 2021 from https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=da4efa0d-5a48-47d2-a5b1-eccd01c8cc2d

Little, T. D., Roche, K. M., Chow, S. M., Schenck, A. P., & Byam, L. A. (2016). National Institutes of Health Pathways to Prevention Workshop: advancing research to prevent youth suicide. Annals of internal medicine, 165(11), 795-799.

Running head: LITERATURE REVIEW-BREASTFEEDING

LITERATURE REVIEW-BREASTFEEDING 2

Fairness for Breastfeeding Mothers Act of 2019

Introduction

The Fairness for Breastfeeding Mothers Act is developed to provide a lactation room for women in the public infrastructure or building. The bill was introduced and reflected by Senator Daines, Steve (R-MT) (Congress.gov, 2020). The act was to understand the continual needs and demands towards adequate provision for a lactation room. It would help in enhancing the overall wellbeing of mothers and children. The lactation room would be developed within the public building that would be shielded from public view. The act has also mentioned providing a chair and a working table that would help mothers. The electricity outlet would be an added advantage. It would help female employees with such a room to help them express their breast milk (Congress.gov, 2020). The separate room apart from the bathroom would be developed in the federal buildings. The lactation room is not limited to employees’ usage; however, it is open for public use. The paper intends to develop a literature review that would synthesize multiple shreds of literature.

The benefit of Lactation Room

The lactation room is beneficial for multiple settings; it would positively impact the employers or workplace settings to provide adequate support that would help the employees. It has been observed that employees often increases the rates of absenteeism due to breastfed infants. Thus, it would also reduce the performance and productivity of the overall organization. The lactation room would be beneficial for the companies, along with the workers. It would enhance the development and promotion of wellbeing that increase the employees’ health status or workers (Angeletti & Llossas, 2018). Another significant benefit of the lactation room in any public building or workplace would enhance the employees’ overall loyalty as they would generate higher productivity. It is essential to understand that breastfeeding is reflecting the nurturing of a child. Hence, reducing the rates of infants being breastfed would lessen the overall nurturing of the infants. Therefore, the lactation room would help manage such statistical rates and develop an effective approach towards the benefits employees and the mothers and children (Inayah, Handayani & Saufi, 2017). The inability to breastfed would weaken the immune system due to more deficient intake nutrition or lack of food. Therefore, such a lactation room in the public building and workplace apart from the washroom has good benefits. Breastfeeding would also reduce the overall medical costs for both children as well as the mother. The implementation or formulation of a lactation room in the settings or workplace has also enhanced the retention rate, providing efficient benefits for the organization. It has been understood that breast milk is the most nutritious element for children. Therefore, it would result in reducing the rates of sickness among children. Healthy children will reduce the mothers’ absenteeism rates and would be beneficial for the workplace and other organizational settings. There will be the development or establishment of a significant relationship between the management and female workers. Female employees would feel that their requirements and needs are met and hence, increases job satisfaction. Maternity leaves are a more extended period, and there are higher possibilities for leaving the workplace. Therefore, the lactation room’s formulation would increase the rates of return to the company for many female employees (Zhuang et al., 2018). Consequently, it has been understood that the lactation room has both tangible and intangible lactation rooms that would enhance overall wellbeing.

Impact of Breastfeeding to Various Stakeholders

It is essential to understand that the current act towards fairness in breastfeeding has multiple associated benefits to various individuals. Children are the initial factor in accessing the full benefits. They would receive full nutritious support towards their health and reduce the risks of associated illness and other health consequences. The provision of breastfeeding is beneficial towards the mothers as they would gain multiple health-related benefits. Some of the expected health benefits are breastfeeding promotes quicker weight loss acquired during the pregnancy, and it would also reduce the postpartum bleeding among the nursing mothers (Schwarz & Nothnagle, 2015). Therefore, apart from babies, nursing mothers would be the associated stakeholders that would positively impact their health. Thus, the development of a lactation room would have benefits for both nursing mothers and babies. Nursing mothers would get access to the designated private room for expressing their breast milk in a lactation room. Multiple stakeholders have provided full support towards the understanding and recognizing the importance of lactation room that would have a more considerable impact on the health status of nursing mothers (Bai, Gaits & Wunderlich, 2015). Senate colleagues and associated individuals have greatly influenced the implementation of practical needs into the activities that will provide multiple benefits to multiple associated stakeholders. The healthcare professionals, including nursing professionals, have also reflected the benefits of breastfeeding and the essential prevention of diseases associated with poor breastfeeding practices. The nursing staff or any associated healthcare professionals can advocate the act and influence the implementation to benefit multiple related stakeholders. The selected bill has provided full support to the employees and other visitors to breastfeed their babies and enhance the relationship between the mother and baby. A nursing mother has higher potential risks of ovarian cancer, breast cancer, or maybe endometrial cancer. The increased potential risks towards heart health and any associated postpartum depression would reduce the overall health status (Jordan et al., 2017). Therefore, the practice of breastfeeding would reduce such associated health issues and enhance the overall health status. The breast milk would have essential antibodies that would initiate the reduction of infections among the infants. The efficient practice of breastfeeding would also reduce the rates of children’s hospitalization and, hence, reduce overall health costs. The method or implementation of such a way of developing a lactation room would also increase health literacy and reduce the nursing mother’s stigma.

Lactation Room Guidelines

The lactation room requirement or guidelines would help the organizations and multiple other settings implement the lactation room. The identified act is towards the development of the lactation room has identified the three major requirements that are crucial towards the formulation of a lactation room. The initial condition is a separate space or room apart from the washroom. The second requirement is toward the chair and working surface, and the third requirement is towards providing the electric outlet that would help in additional needs. The identified three conditions are the essential elements that would allow any organization or workplace setting, including the public building, to develop such initiatives (GovTrack, 2020). The lactation room in the public building should be made available to every public for expressing their breast milk. It is also essential to understand that the public building would not develop or provide lactation room provision due to multiple factors. Some of the exceptions could be not having enough space or room that could be repurposed to formulate the lactation room. Another exception could be a need for new construction for developing the lactation room, and the cost towards the construction is not feasible. Some of the basic requirements that would be beneficial for the lactation room development is that it should be shielded with an efficient lock system in the door. The lighting and ventilation should be adequate, which would provide an efficient environment and ambiance (Henry-Moss et al., 2018). The door should have the ‘occupied’ symbol or sign that would maintain overall privacy. The room should be maintained daily, and the essentials should be present for use, such as a wastebasket or any cleanser agents for cleaning the hands. The lactation room’s overall requirement should be quiet space, with all the essential equipment like the chair, table sink, counter space and privacy curtains or doors, and all the cleaning supplies. Therefore, the identified elements and factors would be crucial for the guidelines that would be required for a lactation room. Many workers or employees would be unaware of the developed lactation room or the lactation room’s services in the public building. It is essential to initiate the advertising or campaign that would enhance the overall knowledge and literacy that would be towards the formulation of the lactation room (Wambach & Spencer, 2019). All the essential guidelines have been analyzed and identified that would help ease implementing the practice that must be addressing the needs and demands of nursing mothers.

Conclusion

From the above discussion, it has been understood that the impact of breastfeeding is essential for both babies and mothers. Also, it is beneficial towards the employers or workplace. The development of the lactation room in the public building and workplace settings would enhance the overall retention rates. Employees would also increase their job satisfaction level and enhanced loyalty towards the employer as they would get the supports. The lactation room would also increase the return rates to work as nursing employees would be able to manage their health and work effectively. Therefore, Fairness for Breastfeeding Mothers Act has been proved to be useful and beneficial in multiple ways.

References

Angeletti, M. A., & Llossas, J. R. (2018). Workplace lactation programs in small WIC service sites: A potential model. Journal of nutrition education and behavior, 50(3), 307-310.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2017.10.001

Bai, Y. K., Gaits, S. I., & Wunderlich, S. M. (2015). Workplace lactation support by New Jersey employers following US reasonable break time for nursing mothers law. Journal of Human Lactation, 31(1), 76-80.

https://doi.org/10.1177/0890334414554620

Congress.gov. (2020). S.528 – 116th Congress (2019-2020): Fairness For Breastfeeding Mothers Act of 2019. Congress.gov. Retrieved 31 October 2020, from https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/528.

Congress.gov. (2020). Text – S.528 – 116th Congress (2019-2020): Fairness For Breastfeeding Mothers Act of 2019. Congress.gov. Retrieved 31 October 2020, from https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/528/text.

GovTrack. (2020). Summary of S. 528: Fairness For Breastfeeding Mothers Act of 2019 – GovTrack.us. GovTrack.us. Retrieved 31 October 2020, from https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/116/s528/summary.

Henry-Moss, D., Abbuhl, S., Bellini, L., & Spatz, D. L. (2018). Lactation space experiences and preferences among health care workers in an academic medical center. Breastfeeding Medicine, 13(9), 607-613.

https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2018.0101

Inayah, A. L., Handayani, L., & Saufi, A. (2017). Evaluation of Lactation Promotion as Part of Baby Friendly Hospital. International Journal of Public Health Science, 6(1), 45-50. https://doi.org/

10.11591/ijphs.v6i1.6531

Jordan, S. J., Na, R., Johnatty, S. E., Wise, L. A., Adami, H. O., Brinton, L. A., … & Freudenheim, J. L. (2017). Breastfeeding and endometrial cancer risk: an analysis from the epidemiology of endometrial cancer consortium. Obstetrics and gynecology, 129(6), 1059. https://doi.org/

10.1097/AOG.0000000000002057

Schwarz, E. B., & Nothnagle, M. (2015). The maternal health benefits of breastfeeding. American Family Physician, 91(9), 602-604.

Wambach, K., & Spencer, B. (2019). Breastfeeding and human lactation. Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Zhuang, J., Bresnahan, M. J., Yan, X., Zhu, Y., Goldbort, J., & Bogdan-Lovis, E. (2019). Keep doing the good work: Impact of coworker and community support on continuation of breastfeeding. Health communication, 34(11), 1270-1278.

https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2018.1476802