Discussion: Identifying and Mitigating Vicarious Trauma and Countertransference Carl Jung (1954) said, “You can exert no influence if you are not susceptible to influence.” When engaging with clients who have experienced trauma, practitioners are vulnerable to being impacted by the clients’ experiences. Exposure to multiple client stories of significant traumatic events can prompt a shift in the way practitioners view the world. What once seemed like a safe place may now seem like a world full of personal threat. Practitioners may become suspicious of the intentions of others or hypervigilant regarding potential danger (Pearlman & Saakvitne, 1995). These shifts in cognitive schemas are a result of vicarious trauma (VT). VT, also known as secondary traumatic stress, can happen as a result of the empathic engagement with clients who have traumatic histories (Neumann & Gamble, 1995). In the 1920s, Alfred Adler defined empathy as seeing through the eyes of another, hearing through the ears of another, and understanding with the heart of another. When helping professionals experience empathy with clients, they vicariously experience clients’ trauma. Countertransference is distinct from VT in that it is based solely upon the practitioner’s own idiosyncratic experiences. For instance, it is possible to attribute characteristics of persons from a practitioner’s personal life to clients. Experiencing VT can activate and shape the experiences of countertransference for a professional. Both VT and countertransference have ethical implications of which practitioners need to be cognizant. For this Discussion, read the case study Anna in this week’s resources, focusing on indications of VT and/or countertransference. Reflect on both VT and countertransference: the indications and implications of each for both the practitioner and the client as well as what ethical breaches might occur as a result of each. Post a brief description of three indications of vicarious trauma and/or countertransference presented in the case study. Then, for each, explain the implications for both practitioner and client. Finally, explain what specific breaches of ethics might occur as a result of vicarious trauma and/or countertransference. Be sure to support your postings and responses with specific references to the resources.

 Required Readings James, R. K., & Gilliland, B. E. (2017). Crisis intervention strategies (8th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.  Chapter 16, “Human Services Workers in Crisis: Burnout, Vicarious Traumatization, and Compassion Fatigue” (pp. 646–676) 

 Burnett Jr, H. J., & Wahl, K. (2015). The compassion fatigue and resilience connection: A survey of resilience, compassion fatigue, burnout, and compassion satisfaction among trauma  responders. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health and Human Resilience, 17 (1),  318-326. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi? referer=https://scholar.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1004&context=pubs 

 Hudnall Stamm, B. (2005). Compassion fatigue self test. In Professional quality of life:  Compassion satisfaction and fatigue subscales , R-IV (ProQOL). 

 Griffiths, A., Royse, D., Murphy, A., & Starks, S. (2019). Self-Care Practice in Social Work  Education: A Systematic Review of Interventions. Journal of Social Work Education , 1-13. 

 Kanno, H., & Giddings, M. M. (2017). Hidden trauma victims: Understanding and preventing  traumatic stress in mental health professionals. Social Work in Mental Health, 15 (3), 331-353 

 National Association of Social Workers. (2017). Code of ethics of the National Association of  Social Workers. Retrieved from https://www.socialworkers.org/About/Ethics/Code-ofEthics/Code-of-Ethics-English.aspx 

 Wilson, F. (2016). Identifying, preventing, and addressing job burnout and vicarious burnout for  social work professionals. Journal of Evidence-Informed Social Work, 13 (5), 479-483.