Epidemiology

Epidemiology

Assume you have conducted an investigation of the COVID-19 infections and vaccinations and you have obtained the following data (the data are hypothetical).

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i. Complete the following table, using 2018 US population estimates of 331 million people to calculate the cumulative incidence for COVID-19 cases per 100,000 and report the absolute change in incidence. Summarize the geographic differences in incidence and change in incidence from March to April 2020.

State

Reported new cases

MARCH

Incidence per 100,000

MARCH

Reported new cases

APRIL

Incidence per 100,00

APRIL

Change in incidence

New York

76,876

78,176

New Jersey

44,416

43,154

Michigan

18,970

18,900

Louisiana

16,284

19,713

California

15,865

15,991

ii. Create an epidemiological curve and describe the trend from the U.S. COVID-19 case data below. Ensure you note the peak for reported cases in the month of December.

Date

Number of reported COVID-19 cases

12/1/20

122,134

12/2/20

124,503

12/3/20

125,231

12/4/20

124,600

12/5/20

129,103

12/6/20

135,200

12/7/20

151,400

12/8/20

187,672

12/9/20

201,210

12/10/20

210,

300

12/11/20

189,200

12/12/20

187,690

12/13/20

184,300

12/14/20

179,200

12/15/20

171,230

12/16/20

168,993

12/17/20

166,789

12/18/20

177,698

12/19/20

162,230

12/20/20

151,330

12/21/20

148,932

12/22/20

140,771

12/23/20

138,389

iii. Consider a case-control study design to collect real world efficacy data on the COVID-19 vaccine. As the investigator in charge of this study, describe how you would select cases and controls. What are some ways you can limit bias in this study? Identify and describe any important confounding variables that you would consider exploring in the primary association between COVID-19 vaccination and acquisition of disease.

iv. Compute and interpret the Odds Ratio for the results of the case control study below.

Total

5,000

Received COVID-19 Vaccine

Cases

Controls

Total

Yes

300

2,800

3,100

No

4,700

2,200

6,900

5,000

10,000

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