Introduction

Ethical dilemmas often have a cultural nuance that adds another layer to an already difficult situation. Multicultural issues can certainly affect ethical decision-making and reasoning and vice versa. For this final course assignment, you will combine what you learned about navigating multicultural issues with what you learned about ethical standards and how they apply to real professional conflicts.

You will revise the multicultural case study you created in previous assignment expand it to introduce an ethical dilemma stemming from the cultural conflict. Then, you will use research, industry best practices, and professional guidelines to resolve the ethical dilemma. You will also evaluate the utility of ethical decision-making models.

Please review the course project overview to ensure that you understand how all the course assignments interconnect.

Instructions

To complete this assignment:

• Revise the multicultural case study you developed in  to incorporate instructor feedback.

  If you wish, you may instead create an entirely new case study that meets the criteria for this assignment. Again, while your case will be fictional, it must be credible and realistic based on your psychology specialization. To create an effective resolution, reflect on your responses to the course discussion questions and review the recommendations made on your posts by peers.

• Create a case involving an ethical dilemma and cultural conflict or conflicts that could arise in your psychology specialization.

Use the Final Case Study Template linked in Resources to build a PowerPoint presentation that includes the following:

1. Title slide:

   Enter a descriptive title of approximately 5–15 words that concisely communicates the heart of the case study. It should stir interest while maintaining professional decorum.
   Enter your name, a job title, and an organization that would fit with your case study. Like the case study itself, these last two elements may be fictional.

2. Case Study Overview slides: Provide the briefest possible narrative description of the case. Additional supporting details and references may be added in the notes section below the slide. Include:

   The professional setting of the case, based on your psychology specialization.
   The relationship that exists between you and the other people, agency, business, or institution involved. Some possible examples may be:

   Professor-Student.
   Therapist-Patient.
   Colleague-Colleague.
   Consultant-Business.
   Clinical supervisor-Student intern.
   Administrative supervisor-Employee.

   A very brief summation of an ethical dilemma involving cultural conflicts.

3. Cultural Differences slides: On the table provided, list side by side the main cultural identities from the Hays model, relevant to the case study conflict, of yourself and another person, agency, business, or institution in the case study.

   If more than one person, agency, business, or institution is involved in the case, copy this slide for each one to compare yourself to all others involved.
   In the notes section:

   Identify common concerns with each cultural identity. Be careful to avoid using stereotypes.
   Analyze how cultural differences contributed to the conflict in this case.

4. Relevant Biases: Identify two relevant biases you have or had and at least one strategy for improving your cultural competency around each of those biases. Note: This slide may be reused from the Unit 4 assignment, but if you received suggestions for improving it, be sure to do so.
5. Ethical Concerns slides: Bullet point the three or more ethical concerns in the case and apply one or more ethical standard to each concern. Additional supporting details and references may be added in the notes section below the slide. Be sure to link to elements of the code.
6. Comparison of Ethical Theories slides: In the first row of the table provided, enter the names of two ethical theories that you think would be the most appropriate for the situations in the case. In the following rows, enter comparisons of the relevant features of the two theories. In the notes section, evaluate which theory provides a more functional framework for your case and explain why. (Remember that ethical theories and ethical decision-making models are two different things. Please make sure that you are applying, comparing, and contrasting two ethical theories).
7. Ethical Decision-Making Model slides:

   Identify each step in the model. Under each step of the model, apply it to your case.
   Incorporate multicultural issues presented in the case study within the selected ethical decision-making model.
   Copy this slide as needed, and combine steps on the slides as necessary or appropriate. In the notes section, write out supporting narrative details for your bullet points. (Bear in mind that ethical theories and ethical decision-making models are two different things. Please make sure that you are applying the steps of the ethical decision-making model to your case).

8. Best Practices for Working With [Cultural Identity] slides:

   Identify best practices for working with at least two cultural identities related to this case.
   Analyze, briefly, how each best practice could help you navigate this particular relationship and conflict.
   Use the notes section to describe the best practice in more detail and elaborate as needed on your analysis of how the best practice could help you navigate the relationship and conflict.
   Note: This slide may be reused from the Unit 4 assignment, but if you received suggestions for improving it, be sure to revise it.

9. Proposed Resolution slide: Use bullet points to summarize your proposed resolution to the ethical dilemmas in the case. In the notes section, write out supporting narrative details for your bullet points.
10. References slides: Use current APA style and formatting guidelines.

Additional Requirements

• Written communication: Should be free of errors that detract from the overall message.
• Format: Use the Final Case Study Template provided. Use current APA style and formatting guidelines as applicable to this assignment.
• References: You must cite at least 10 scholarly research articles, which can include those used in previous assignments.
• Length of PowerPoint: 13 slides minimum.
• Citation requirements: You may cite reputable sources from websites, books, textbooks, and assigned resources but these will not count toward the 10 required scholarly research references.

Guidelines for Effective PowerPoint Presentations

Introduction

One concern about visual presentations is that the technology used to create them can be used in such a way that it actually detracts from the message rather than enhances it. To help you consider carefully how your message is presented so that it reflects care, quality, and professionalism, consider the information provided in the remaining slides.

NOTE: This presentation serves as an example in itself, by utilizing all of the guidelines mentioned.

Outline
Writing
Organization
Audience
Design
Images
Bullets
Tables
Font
Speaker Notes
The following topics will be covered:

Writing
Present ideas succinctly with lean prose.
Use short sentences.
Use active, rather than passive voice.
Avoid negative statements, if possible.
Avoid double negative entirely.
Check spelling and grammar.
Use consistent capitalization rules.

Organization
Develop a clear, strategic introduction to provide context for the presentation.
Develop an agenda or outline slide to provide a roadmap for the presentation.
Group relevant pieces of information together.
Integrate legends and keys with charts and tables.
Organize slides in logical order.
Present one concept or idea per slide.
Use only one conclusion slide to recap main ideas.

Audience
Present information at language level of intended audience.
Do not use jargon or field-specific language.
Follow the 70% rule—If it does not apply to 70% of your audience, present it to individuals at a different time.

Design
Use a consistent design throughout the presentation.
Keep layout and other features consistent.
Use the master slide design feature to ensure consistency.
Use consistent horizontal and vertical alignment of slide elements throughout the presentation.
Leave ample space around images and text.

Images
When applicable, enhance text-only slide content by developing relevant images for your presentation.
Do not use gratuitous graphics on each slide.
Use animations only when needed to enhance meaning. If selected, use them sparingly and consistently.

Bullets
Use bullets unless showing rank or sequence of items.
If possible, use no more than five bullet points and eight lines of text total per slide.

Tables
Use simple tables to show numbers, with no more than 4 rows x 4 columns.
Reserve more detailed tables for a written summary.

Font
Keep font size at 24 point or above for slide titles.
Keep font size at 18 or above for headings and explanatory text.
Use sans serif fonts such as Arial or Verdana.
Use ample contrast between backgrounds and text.

Speaker Notes
Summarize key information.
Provide explanation.
Discuss application and implication to the field, discipline or work setting.
Document the narration you would use with each slide.

[Title for Final Case Study]

[Your Name]

[Your job title in the case study]

[Your organization in the case study]

[Notes are optional on this page.]
1

[Case Study Overview]
[Provide the briefest possible narrative description of the case scenario here. This scenario should contain a plausible ethical dilemma and cultural conflict based on your psychology specialization. Additional supporting details and references to evidence may be added in the notes section below. Review the instructions in the courseroom for more information.]

[Details and references to evidence.]
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Cultural Differences
[Your Name] [Name of Other]
Cultural identity 1 Contrasting cultural identity 1
Cultural identity 2 Contrasting cultural identity 2
Cultural identity 3 Contrasting cultural identity 3

[Insert more rows or copies of this slide if needed.
Identify cultural identifications of yourself vs. the person, agency/business, and/or institution with which there is a cultural conflict. Be careful to avoid stereotypes.
In this section, analyze how cultural differences contribute to the conflict in this case.

3

Relevant Biases
[Identify two relevant biases you have and at least one strategy for improving your cultural competency around each of those biases.]

Identify two relevant biases you have and at least one strategy for improving your cultural competency around each of those biases.
4

Ethical Concerns
[Bullet point the three or more ethical concerns in the case.]
[Apply an ethical standard or standards to each concern.]

[Provide any supporting details and references to evidence here.]
5

[Ethical Theory 1] [Ethical Theory 2]
Feature 1 Comparative feature 1
Feature 2 Comparative feature 2
Feature 3 Comparative feature 3

Comparison of [Ethical Theory 1] & [Ethical Theory 2]

[Insert more rows or copies of this slide if needed.
Compare and contrast features of two ethical theories. Justify why a particular ethical theory is most appropriate in resolving the ethical dilemma in the case study.]
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Ethical Decision Making With the [Name of Model] Model
[Briefly describe each step of the decision-making model.
Incorporate multicultural issues.
Apply each step to your specific case.
You can combine steps on the slides as necessary or appropriate.
Add copies of this slide as needed.

[In this notes section, write out supporting narrative details for your bullet points.]

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Best Practice for Working With [Cultural Identity]
[Identify a best practice for working with a cultural identity in this case.*
Cite the source.]
[Briefly analyze how the best practice could help you navigate this particular relationship and conflict.
(Copy this slide as needed to address each cultural identity in this case as least once. You must cite best practices from at least three scholarly research articles in this assignment, but may cite other reputable sources as well.)]

[* Describe the best practice in more detail here. Elaborate as needed your analysis of how the best practice could help you navigate the relationship and conflict.
Web sites, books, textbooks, and assigned resources may be used, but do not count toward the three required scholarly research references.]
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Best Practice for Working With [Cultural Identity]
[Identify a best practice for working with a cultural identity in this case.*
Cite the source.]
[Briefly analyze how the best practice could help you navigate this particular relationship and conflict.
(Copy this slide as needed to address each cultural identity in this case as least once. You must cite best practices from at least three scholarly research articles in this assignment, but may cite other reputable sources as well.)]

[* Describe the best practice in more detail here. Elaborate as needed your analysis of how the best practice could help you navigate the relationship and conflict.
Web sites, books, textbooks, and assigned resources may be used, but do not count toward the three required scholarly research references.]
9

Proposed Resolution
[Summarize your proposed resolution to the ethical dilemmas in the case.]
[Justify your resolution.]

[Elaborate details as needed.]
10

References
[Include at least 10 scholarly research references for this assignment.]
[Websites, books, textbooks, and assigned resources may be used but do not count toward the 10 required references. You must find research articles.]
[Add slides if needed.]

[Include at least 10 scholarly research references for this assignment. These 10 references can include the references you used in previous course project assignments.
In addition, Web sites, books, textbooks, and assigned resources may be cited, but they do not count toward the 10 required references. You must find research articles.
Remember to use APA formatting throughout your notes sections.
About.com, Yahoo.com, and similar websites are not academic sources and should not be used.]
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Jenny’s Ethical Dilemma

[Notes are optional on this page.]
1

[Case Study Overview]
Jenny serves as a supplementary professor within the psychology department of a higher learning institution. She is approached by Ben who is the chair of the department about filling in as Professor Stan, who happens to be scheduled to teach a biopsychological course and is unavailable due to a family emergency.Like any other ethical tutor, Jenny is reluctant to fill in for professor Stan because she has no grasp of the course material and content.Ben,the chair, is not keen to acknowledge Jenny’s reluctance but rather he is keen to remind her that she intends to be a tenured professor and that was the opportunity for her to take it wholly. Jenny chose to share the entire story with a colleague professor Rhonda. They both acknowledge a widespread possibility of discrimination against part-time tutors that happen to be female.

[Details and references to evidence.]
2

Ethical Concerns
Disclosing Privileged information to a third party
Uttering words and statements that are exploitative
Seeking help from a professional that is not competent in the field of practice

APA code 2.05 notes that only responsibilities that can be performed competently be delegated per the criteria listed above (http://www.apa.org, 2017)

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Cont.…
APA code 4.01 notes that psychologists need to protect confidential information no matter how it was obtained (http://www.apa.org, 2017)
APA code 3.08 notes that psychologists should not exploit persons they have authority over (http://www.apa.org, 2017)
APA code 2.01 notes that psychologists only provide services, in areas they feel they are competent on or have professional experience. (http://www.apa.org, 2017)

Utilitarianism Deontology
Focuses more on consequences Focuses on absolute obligation
Focuses on a solution that offers the most good Its applied Universally
Its ethics are tailored to specific situations Its impersonal

Comparison of Utilitarianism & Deontology

Utilitarianism is largely based on the fact that ethical positions change based on one’s actions.
Utilitarianism allows the chair Ben to delegate tasks in an ethical and sound manner. Besides ,it offers Jenny the opportunity to enhance her grasp of the course materials and concepts.
Deontology calls for Jenny to engage the chair regarding any ethical issues involved with her picking up the task of teaching the course. Therefore,Ben would have to fill Professor Stan’s position with a competent person.
For the case study, the chair of the department should have offered Jenny training on the biopsychological course rather than delegate and manipulate her stance. On the other hand, deontology as an ethical theory calls for fair and ethical treatment of all parties involved in any given situation
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Decision-Making Ethical Model
Step 1: Create along side maintaining an expert commitment to creating the proper decision, Differentiate when a circumstance raises ethical issues.
Jenny should make the right decision and rescind on taking up the biopsychological course because it does not meet an expert’s commitment to making the right choice and decision.
Step 2: Procure adequate knowledge with the APA “Ethical Code principles Standards and Ethical Standards” to possess the choice to see circumstances that need ethical planning and to differentiate unexpected situations that require the basic ethical policy-making process. Stakeholders include the Professional Educator Licensing and Standards Board.
Jenny should undertake a self assessment on the consequences of her decisions and how best to turn down the offer as per the APA ethical codes.

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Cont.…
Step 3 :Make a decision if there are local, state, and government laws explicit to the proper circumstance.
Jenny should seek to understand any extra information to help make the right decision.
Step 4: Strive to comprehend the point of view of various “stakeholders who will be affected by the decision and consult with colleagues.”
Also, Jenny should seek guidance from other key stakeholders on the matter at hand. Some of the notable stakeholders include the Professional Educator Licensing and Standards Board.

Cont…
Step 5 implement stages 1 to 4 to create ethical options. Evaluate the capabilities required to implement all options and counsel with other professors if it is pertinent.
Jenny ought to find suitable and sustainable solutions and options to her existing problems given she has not trained on the course she is to fill in.
Step 6, Monitor and verify the viability of the strategy.
After monitoring and verifying the strategies and options, Jenny should turn down the offer because it violates the ethical codes .

Step 4 – Consider the consequences of your decision.
Step 5 – Consider different options and alternatives for every ethical decision one makes
Step 6 – Monitor the alternative option you picked to ensure the implementation is well executed and on time
Reference: (Fisher, 2017)
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Proposed Resolution
Jenny should approach Ben and explain to him her position regarding the ethical issues in the case study.
Jenny should abide by the APA codes of ethics as stipulated within the brackets(4.01, 3.08, 2.01 & 2.05).
Jenny should cite different Federal, State and Civil laws and codes that could be violated by her picking the course she has no idea about.

In my opinion the use of the utilitarianism approach best suites the ethical dilemmas and issues presented within the case. Adhering to the eight step model by Fischer(2017) will allow both Jenny and the chair to find a suitable solution to the existing problem. Jenny should approach Ben and explain to him her position regarding the ethical issues in the case study. Jenny should abide by the APA codes of ethics as stipulated within the brackets(4.01, 3.08, 2.01 & 2.05).Other than that, Jenny should cite different Federal, State and Civil laws and codes that could be violated by her picking the course she has no idea about. A key issue that this case highlights is the need for organizations to create viable cultures and rules that promote integrity among its employees.
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Cont.…
Jenny should offer an alternative solution to the existing issue at hand that is effective and ethical.
Jenny and Ben should see that the plan is implemented and monitored .

A key issue that this case highlights is the need for organizations to create viable cultures and rules that promote integrity among its employees.Therefore,Jenny and Ben should identify suitable solutions to their existing issues.
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Conclusion
Always endeavor to make an ethical decision and choice.
Report any instances of unethical behavior
Always read and abide by the code of ethics
Be prepared to face ethical issues in life at all times

References
APA. (2018). Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct. [online] Available at: http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/index.aspx [Accessed 28 Feb. 2021].
Firmin, M. W., DeWitt, K., Zurlinden, T. E., Smith, L. A., & Shell, A. L. (2019). Differences in competency and qualification requirements between APA and ACA code of ethics. Journal of Integrated Social Sciences, 9(1), 39-56.
Elwyn, G., Frosch, D., Thomson, R., Joseph-Williams, N., Lloyd, A., Kinnersley, P., Cording, E., Tomson, D., Dodd, C., Rollnick, S., Edwards, A. and Barry, M. (2012). Shared Decision Making: A Model for Clinical Practice. Journal of General Internal Medicine, [online] 27(10), pp.1361-1367. Available at: https://search-proquest-com.library.capella.edu/docview/1040945317?pq-origsite=summon .
Fisher, C. B. (2017). Decoding the Ethics Code: A Practical Guide for Psychologists, 4th Edition. [Bookshelf Online]. Retrieved from https://online.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781483369310/

[Include at least three scholarly research references for this assignment.
In addition, Web sites, books, textbooks, and assigned resources may be cited, but they do not count toward the three required references. You must find research articles.
Remember to use APA formatting throughout your notes sections.]
12

Diversity And Social Justice In Education

[Notes are optional on this page.]
1

Case Study Overview
River water Valley is a racially and economically diverse school.
Despite these glaring differences, it is one of the best schools in the district.
Teachers here have made a commitment to racial and economic equality and students are equally responding positively.
However, there was an altercation between two students, one white and the other African-American.
The white student used the N-word on the other student causing a fight. After I responded to the scene, I called out the student for disrespected the other student and went on to detail some of the historical injustices against the African American community.
Although it was a bold move, it made matters worse for the victim who felt both consciously and unconsciously discriminated.

A multicultural conflict refers to an underlying tension between cultures that usually result in the weakening of the minority culture by the dominant culture.
In psychology, it refers to the arousal of conflicting cultural motives among people that cannot be solved together.
In this case scenario which is set in a classroom, there are conflicting cultural motives between the white student and the African American student.
Other cultural issue evidenced in the case is socio-economic in nature.
2

Cultural Differences
[Your Name] [Name of Other]
Race: White Race: African-American
Socio-economic- high social class Socio-economic status- middle class
Age- middle-aged Age: teenager

The main cultural identities from the Hays ADDRESSING Model that are relevant to the case study conflict include ethnicity/race and socio-economic status.
The cultural differences contribute to the conflict in this case because they make it difficult for me to be empathetic to the student’s situation.
For instance, since I have not experienced discrimination based on race, I did not have a good approach to the situation which escalated the conflict.

3

Relevant Biases

Ethnic/racial minorities are already disadvantaged due to several underlying stereotypes and past discrimination (Reynolds & Suzuki, 2012). This may lead to a misrepresentation of the current case.
In order to avoid confirmation bias, it is important to seek information from a range of sources and also discuss thoughts with other people (Hergovich, Schott & Burger, 2010).
It is important to reflect on a decision first to overcome first impression bias.
4

Misrepresentation of cultural identities due to cultural bias.

This may result from confirmation bias which occurs when people depend on information that support their beliefs and reject those that go against them.

First impression bias- forming an initial picture about a situation and refusing to see or accept any other possibility about a situation.

This type of bias is called anchoring and it happens when people are under pressure to make a quick decision.

Best Practice for Working With African-Americans
Psychologist have a role in improving the lives of African-Americans.
One of the strategies involves a thoughtful consideration of the socio-cultural, historical and individual factors that affect them (Starks, 2017).
Through this strategy, I will re-assess my professional practice to ascertain whether they connect with the values of African-Americans.
The other strategy is to educate oneself on the experiences of African-Americans so that proper strategies can be used to deal with their issues.

African Americans have faced serious issues of discrimination that denied them access to education, health and other social amenities in the past.
Despite improvements in the social and political landscape, they continue to face discrimination. As a result, psychologists play a significant role in helping them with coping mechanisms.
5

Best Practice for Working With African-Americans
The other strategy is active listening which will enable the comprehension of African American issues and building stronger relationships with them (Starks, 2017).
The other strategy is providing consistent care and counselling to them.
This means that I will not give up on the journey and commitment to helping the student to overcome the conflict.

Active listening enables psychologists to improve on their empathy and emotional intelligence so that they can be better at addressing the needs of their clients.
6

Best Practice for Working With Young People (Teenagers)
While working with teenagers, psychologist should consider Erik Erikson’s psychosocial stages so that they understand the various dynamics that they are experiencing and how best to address them (Trent, Dooley & Dougé, 2019).
This strategy will help me to understand the student better so that I can find a lasting solution to the underlying issue.

Racism has a serious consequence on young people and research shows that it is a social determinant of health that has profound effects.
Despite the several improvements that have been made towards racial equity and equality, there is a need to understand it so that psychologist can develop proactive strategies to optimize care (Trent, Dooley & Dougé, 2019).
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References
Reynolds, C. R., & Suzuki, L. A. (2012). Bias in psychological assessment: An empirical review and recommendations. Handbook of Psychology, Second Edition, 10.
Hergovich, A., Schott, R., & Burger, C. (2010). Biased evaluation of abstracts depending on topic and conclusion: Further evidence of a confirmation bias within scientific psychology. Current Psychology, 29(3), 188-209.
Starks, S. (2017). Working with African American/Black Patients. American Psychology Association. Retrieved from https://www.psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/cultural-competency/education/best-practice-highlights/best-practice-highlights-for-working-with-african-american-patients
Trent, M., Dooley, D. G., & Dougé, J. (2019). The impact of racism on child and adolescent health. Pediatrics, 144(2).

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