WATCH:
Multicultural Studies: 100 Assignment 1
Lecture: Review of keywords in Cultural Theory.
View the Film “The Stuart Hall Project John Akomfrah.”[footnoteRef:1] Links of videos and readings are hyperlinked in module. [1: ] |
Part I:
1. Who was Stuart Hall? And how do you think the field of Cultural Studies & Ethnic Studies relates to the field of Chicano Studies, for example?
2. How is the Caribbean a place of identity according to Stuart Hall?
3. Within the context of the film, what does it mean to be of ‘hybrid’ cultures?
4. How does the concept of colonialism relate to the concept of cultural hybridity?
5. What were the aspirations of the middleclass Jamaican society? As was the case of Stuart Hall’s mother. Why do you think she aspired to that?
6. What nationality was Stuart Hall? How did he struggle with his identity? How do you think that relates to the experiences of Mexican/Americans and other ethnic minorities living in the United States today?
7.
What was the view of immigrants in Birmingham at the time? How does Stuart Hall interpret the situation? How do views of on immigration relate to those in the United States today?
8. Stuart cites Antonio Gramsci saying we need to understand the world with the “pessimism of intellectualism and the positivism of the will” What do you think this means? Elaborate.
9. Write two paragraphs in which you discuss Corky Gonzales’ poem I am Joaquin[footnoteRef:2]. What is the most significant struggle he faces? Why and how is Native American symbolism used for self-identification? [2: ]
10. Which are the forces that influence people to choose certain identities?
11. Interview your parents to assemble a family tree. (5 points).
Part 2: From Peter Smith’s book, Talons of The Eagle, and article The West and The Rest by Stuart Hall.
12. Would the concept of racial discrimination fall under what category of power based on Peter Smiths distinction between soft and hard forms of power?
13. The San Patricios suffered what type of discrimination? Racial or Ethnic and explain how.
14. In what ways is democracy a discourse of power during the early 20th century according to Peter Smith? In other words what ideology allows us to best explain American expansionism at the time?
15. According to Stuart Hall what is the history of ‘rude’ and ‘refined’ nations and how has this ideology legitimized the colonization of other nations? Give an example.
16. According to Stuart Hall how can we define what is Western ideology racially, ethnically, economically, religiously, etc…?
17. What were the basic rules of the “European game”?
18. What led the United States to enter the global competition for imperial power?
19. What was the immediate purpose of the Monroe Doctrine?
20. From the standpoint of the United States were the principle obstacles to democracy in Latin America? How important was racial prejudice?
21. What was the meaning of dollar diplomacy?
Rubric: 25 points.
+
A
gaigggg’ggjgfg
E
i
E
g$gfg$is*i$f;E
*
aE
*
le-fi+E
l-E
-E
-ifi}f
f
f’i.’
E
*E
*E
,’E
=-ii
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
€i
E
E
€€gE
E
:
I
H
ffgsf;ggg IB
gggiE
E
E
N
E
o=
\
n
.
<
62€o-d669L
C
9
o-a
=-@bD
_
__!
.=
u
–
‘i
E
c
=L:l
‘=-
t
=
–
i
-io-
^F
‘J’
3
a
t
, €B
i
2
.z
di
d!
L
–
–
.
^.
ta
9;
E
—
!
:
F=
!,
d
c
5
zlz!
*
-:
)
=,
‘;
-.iu !*
.
=
!
il
:
)
1=
e
.
,
=
‘=
:dtr!
,=
6
.2.=t.z
g
E
i-t
‘
‘?
a1?i
n
E
-Z:.:
x
d
==i-
=
)
-,=
.=
*
P
=
“l
^.
^’
iJ”
i
^
=
F @
a
T
;
= !-
‘r:a
;
or.E
‘; .= =
;2i
,/,-a!!l’
L
.
:
:
S
o,-
dD
3
U
i:
tr
>+
!
?
+
v
>=
E
L
–
!
‘
==
d
9::-
‘S
y.
i=
‘!i
e
=?.i=
A
E
ea-
9=
.Z E
e,i;
t
< ts:
L7
L
–
–
–
=
.’!
,j
d,^
O
-o9
d
z-.9i
2
)
*P
;
eg
“z
E
iE
; $ -*i ${t=r
O
{.
F
h5U
!
E
:8″i.: -.92’=?,4
zz7 ‘; tie.;3rit:E
q?s-
ai? o y|1= iets€”.?Frs5
zri = E
::;
“e=’;Zyi2e=?
2*2 ,
-b;=
=,5Fi=!A
t;!
i:3
c
3
o. -; cUI -.J o
u..T . r{ qo o 9A L5 ? E q – 9 .- =IQ J
2 d,/ ur.lJ l; E tr4 u1′ X
N 9!
4H -i > J-6 66O>’tr LO m Nlol aa
E + U a ‘- -5 9eE j
#*s E y
=€ sY
ij
L-“.oF!-Z .i> u y’.6 g
‘-‘-inO .=’ Q d.-C v2 i ,:P l lH 4ni 3
r’-5dO -.H
JA
€ E ; 3E 6 E
2
Fo,r 9E 6X P oG ‘o E Z=.H r,H !Y nA G .aA 46=-,_-r.
r.9uE i >.q: ; .e .? X E u oE E ; bo’- bo 6C E E -5E E -GOo sE z X l-.1 .o*i Aq, .d vj ) E -6 r, a .H o (, qJ (1 o.
\ts- t N&slti(,
I .c._ “‘
a
rqE xa.6
a :!5 at-
a- ! –* ^
o. a’.!,ja r=:0″; >-
:L-, A – 3+E ‘E E = E t2 E .r.e-oE i -“r.=r=;E : = iE ; Zr=ia{!_a ==- P c I E i : E S E +i !pc;i s;g= E -f”i= , gT i38 B “:”TE E €r==i€t = A ‘= – 3: 6b-; !E ii g fr 3E e:zeI?E J ; E a cio’9 = . y = E IE = E E ; i i;E E g i;.9s ‘: i cJ!: , ,ZZjE .:b:?gi|eE ijF; l*i. * = .. == 11!
i”
:/,. . C – i i i =r!:tE ;i:;f re+tIi€T E ;E .”……:7 f >?.=> F ? 4.=4; H a o1.:E
I.-
r-1:; = X Y .’ = 1;t=zZ 3; E ,i i a’d3? i;i+= ! c i *E – ! t2= ? – = – – ‘z r = 1=,-Z & E E E f + i1;zr — i €= F :gE i: a: ie H :i j s : i;A E – =-a; ; =iZ2′- t i i= i=. i==
i
i ‘ – – – — – aG i E E _ ii’:iiz+;; 1==t:s:;g *i= E l. f .:sE is E . :i=t= ri rz;tii i? illii iz d11+E iE = ! z z y – [s a=: -;’?;-,i=.:e.i i! — ,: t17=:=:1 z-rZ==-i- i iZl iZ: =;:”.: a=r=: :i:.= == 1Z ;1 .1. :=-=r=ar= +,? ::1= =?1:i ;i1,aa= i= :2 z := “= : – : =-n 1= – =:- = i7.= == .: -:_ – -::.r==;a=-= L==_,_ j1;- ia: = == -=-= Zz =’-, -:Z =- – = – : -;:- = -‘. – = i:i ==i: – . .: = -:- – =’.= :11== i,:=;=-.= == := =-.=::== i-::; : : : = =; – = – = = = = – = t = =1 -,- =:;: _::.:-l:a=;:= !>.a,
i==: i:Z;=; !i ;*E =+ = lZE : = = –=-irli€*s jE fE i E E ;E = : : : iil +ii 5i E zu”7 E ;cizZ; E iliE . ,= = ? i:,iE E i?E i ii,;riilE \i{*1 bU ;i7i- l1ilil:E E rz lii iZ +i f € ggg iirflf jigE f €E z= ; izE E rf5 llFE ‘,lE E F-fi* tj E E E a/ – = :i=zi=i ii= i r i E z !=*i=E i E : ==i’=,ii,, a1 ! i?iii,i,!i; =z’ zliE = :.==i=z: i.3 ?,iv,1=iZi;, 11′, ,aiiii+i”ii=1=r:a i 1?? E a r;iriaE . i;i’liiizE iii’=i2si= zi.!2i *ri1 =a – = -‘2’Z it E Zl=E ::
-; r-q;
:iili=*i==2 i,721 ==; = s;\a: :iziE iS = :: iiz,i?.= i;” E =:r,:a=;, =E * i: ?r=E nZi .;:’r a;7=E 73 == . ! r E ;’,,E in; E 19z. i = .— iiE i 2=i + zE +-7 i:= i; t= : :! =z iil=ry E irz+141=tZ = i= iZl;|E = ;S ;?-+l|E E iri?22=2.,, i€ f i5; =.ZiitiiiT-” =”;E .T-E = = 1Z=r;ZZ== ! ;: i r lA E ;:77=E ? i2 i z=, = :. ; . = ?2; r,1, E E i’z;iils’z: E z=-r i;i i==’= -,= = aZ_a.a) -a;t:p=E 1 2,=ii r i E –73’g i;i|=+E = =, ;i3E ‘si i! z aE !ifflrf,, ;+ i:
>-E d (* o! t5€ e E q X
q
H 6. X ‘i=d.!r iIg* 9^+i <'
A — – Fdd
H E vJ+ -E I f; A
F gE
trH I o 9 i 9H E E X h ?q= ‘F ts i:
e’5o9’r
h E o 5 !? ool= du-viv L
JH E ;.E
9 H
tg E E e’i’l -df;rr-.P 8..= 3 5 ts J q * t E 4.r9U :*.8.E ‘”3 9-;9.4E
o.sq 5 (J ”
! q.Y 9 P tr X c’F o-x-v = (B U 3 U(,aFqF.l(,Fr(h
j i a I ,- : r,_==-==-=, .:=. a: =a ;ag;E ::_=-;!i.1.-air3€i iius:iE -=r;-= _- := Z: y S E J2;’.:
=i7-1”=; E ,, ; € € E – / ^ g )..6 0 = =, 2 : a = u S j–i-.i-LF
– – r + !; . : = .- u – v. : i.-=”+ -td.t | = ! 7 I – 7, a ‘ a:A sti=a i+ii==sri : – r – tr a-‘E S S : – -t =i aar.: b : . === i-_.S E F iE j ==:, — z 2 – -.:==_E +g ZE u-E – 2== – x ==.=a=A +a : — = lu na’F*r, +’- E E = :.a;;1i s9iE :: = : = i E : f ; A _ 7 J .: tr ! -o :i.= ( =’-=rQ g.I =? e : – : g : _j 9
9
S :-a’-‘J | p, A n, 7 a U i E .E : ! i ::;,2;1.E iC {-ei=3
M
I 1 :-=-=iaa7 ‘iE ‘*3 Zl . : ‘ ‘ =’=i iiiiE i!; ii€ i s i**:r E a = a: ^= ; 7 >: – ‘iiZ,tia t”.!.=:; ;E :;
;E
;E !;=r&
{;
+i=”v–:- ===.=E od_rsJ6.iE 4 :Q ’32=Jt-s- ;+^1 z=a=; –=E .: =-!-d-_i=f ;E ‘ri|r;5e i; –= , /_? =!I i;E iZE E f *Z'”i=i; E :5iE S t=;A ;271 *== =E E ::S iq +;===azi li;tt:tE tiiI:” It:d ;si;;;s g! iV = : ay?.8= E e-^6.2 * :=.= =E } I =:= :-‘,Z ir*:E E B +iiii,i== :9. =-A ; :;=€i tE liiE A Zii;= i = 7?. = : : : – = : E i=-i.: +sF;5E : ilf€i E i r=11=1== p.E i H S +z –=Z:::.=:j =/;=iE :T 1E i{; 5i{g- S !:i =a=r?i i2=;= 5-=’=- : iE -q -=,Ii ;.a=z”il i ZZ=E == :
a:1.,,ai==i:ZiE E – ..=. :, i=.= a F = =.::! =- =i==. Z =2 j =: ‘ i: = : ;= : 1= =,=2 fa iz r:; i=zri=:= a1=a==i : j:-== = 1 i.=, j : -._ ===._==.i.== ; = = = = : i= ==., = = = =. .
j i P -.P ?=-!,:=– ” ; : ,r U P ^ aT€E
s,Y
.’- 4a*- – ^’ = = 9I5 – t) i L–O – i -: =-iE –u’ o9i9_J^s.= ” u il !Y J.G b 3 3 E = -u–3=.=- FA U ,=.9= L- 6t q i F =E j G -d’2t=3c54- :E :=^a7L^-
i a = o,’.;–* – , -G c::-;
c’
,-.=.v–u S Q -, a u. = a.t a ==4 I =’:= .=’u.=r=== ;3.a1==’e-^., 6 E J = = 9_= J — n ligZ>i=t2; -..-u-.-.:L-.,– 136>>o,’,= I i tr>gr€84 iZig j * r:?==i5i?ia eE qgi;; I;22′,?i lieE .>r?r: ;r* !99 3;;
1=’-E
z’nE i;lLE 1=e= s€E ‘=iE ;E i”i” S t .2i t’ * I i i i, _ e .i= ea l-tii =Zi-=:+=t7!z-= gI;! ‘.i Zy,3 :E {A 5 ;+ v+= E *zi i 2 E { t ! trt ‘*,i iZz 4=i=ie’eE 1t ;27ft E 7 i , Z ; i i ?a a -* I c t !=-.2 = i i = = >-i?, = y A u nE 2 Z
Z=-;-Li;
, E | = ‘: – ‘ ” -..-:., ZZ*E ‘.*o-,;E u;6–.3′!?,U ? i :17 yE ; -y. t i.|-“Zi ; a ;i a! P “.;ZTylB i.=.r-c Fi -,==t c E t.= L: =e:aa” 5s; li=jIE E a7;a972 E — :” i t ! _ :.i ” = = u ) E : ;: a.e.E -! E l=€i = 1== iZ:..J: i i- A – + – 1) – ti .__ ! t y>n L_ -“;-2= 7. tla ii;:77 ie1is= E {E E =*::s; i; Z’*E E riiE =I: ; =r ; ; 1-E =.;5 E E tE *rs irii:ei gE i:E i i: ii1; E E z a2E E zF; i!E r-:.=li g;ea?ra=iz’?i2 ‘re = r-E E lZ7, 3,:=z= I i ‘i’v iE :’E ?*'” 5+ =t i:E JL, =_::x iE ;;=.E = 7’z”3 i 7=’E = = ;”‘-i!=” A :ir€€ E i’E aE g S 1E I2l, A O(,arJliltrizFzLcr!Fz
j –i >-i o * . 1_ =,=Z€’E r:’i iZ:, ?E i ;ZE a : = iiai ii;is{E i;gggFI iE is {€giE E i E i!; :E s;X E i : :: E izii ifl$fl ggii E gE gE I€f E E t+ jser=p; 1$*i E ;iH i:if€;€ $s;xs E ! =+i P ii? 1E E E E ! ?-, iiiE E :iiE i rE i treit : =* ;ia E =- i:E E 6E ! , ; ? = iE E *iE grf : il I + iiii! = nE ; i*: s; i;! iI;i g = r: iE =:iTrE E = uE g +: g ;+;; r I ?i,lE r . z z . E l= iE _i z
N d,-
aJo-‘a\’- > a *. ) J’a – d)*o-a A u -: ; d.-)*- a “, x >-c i iladLr’ P €oel: ; “,
i
Y 6.;’n\- @ E ;;,ts6E drE E €.H E gE E E @ E :*ic€-=is i-i6=6-.i9tr”dtr
E E I E { * E r , r ; qr 5 a-xtrsE gE ri 7 t F E S risg [t,i u s r”* I s s 6 E E E ?-us t;€E it.E ;H :!E Tg: X E .9 ;iTE H ! A E r€ E qH E ; € E 3″ g.E t r = g .= .= u .o >.U silE ir igE iTE f ; E E E gT$H
.ts = E * i I i .E # ts . E 3;.E + s * ; r st s +E f E : a F E E E E E E & g u x t = I I €
G
sd H r^;ie; “; E S S ti€E r5E I a?E ,H :E t E $E E E E !tH E eE ;E H E gE g*”s E *E +;E 5 E E ie$E t+ o.* i-E I E *E tt igE ;.H gE lE sA H i E € H € F,9 J E . .–L–lu: -‘t – ^ < -
-
= * ! 2 * -‘ -= a ;:: .. – – a l. ; tr,o J \ A U : ! -= o = 7 v’-r”i ‘.-
=tu > = a– ;^=!=^; *= =.E -^ = 7c-:9” \ * J ; J – q -.;A 1=3? tidd h^- :_,;Z;-A :–r.-lI – X >? ! a = -n7^-c=o6 a – – .*-:4.=(tx-O fr 1 > t. -=- : =’= oD = ; rebO :-*o-i E : ,: -‘J – ;!1=o€ – qo 11 .e -;i !.a-X :-=Y 6S E luu E = =,: . z=. z i i i =E Z=! i€21=!i:ii lZ;i=j:z r=,1 .: =’6i93 ; =Z iZi’riE E E .= : = : E E E €Jc ; g I y y_Z I =;1E = E ts E :’E ?.3_; i; _I f x r !:i::p::E =i i i2 + t E E = j lii=i: ,:i:. i i = rzE E = [E ‘iE ii:.= 2 :-t=; ?2E xE €; *;;;;,:*t lii iE izZ=t !1==: :J = i _ c li _ 62 ;F – e ;:
F E
– ! il F e: E i& E =iilrE i i ‘E o azE I ilii;E :t ; E i i s,! ; p” ? i’z += =: i ra I i=.= Fpp Z+ +-v,=-d,6 “3 ( o3 jJ; *.. -:T 1=2 ^-, Z= =;^= z’= , E I 6 7 a T !E Js *y; i:= 3’yi Z 27 =! .2 7 r= i6::F r: q ‘.i a aE i=_? I E i. rzE E E T: E = *: g = s : v eE =i1e . jE Q E E I;3E ;E = i B ‘ =:: – = i r:E s +E iilraiiiii|t!?i ;1a;1 ;grs; H E yri€ x;;?eaE – ! c€ -E | E iz s47 ii;z=itr zE ; j= +a u “-fr!eigt iE E ;rE E E 1=i=rE =a-E tr^ = = ooi i E 4E
i;=
A ‘J =:’= E Zi iE fE I i =. e;4E : = : = z i l 3 z i I =:E =,2 | E : -, S
=l r4= = =1,- 7.t 7- = t r= l: =.= =3=.=- a i t.A 6 F z!?i= i = “_?=aE
=- __1aa;’==_;=
=t==) – = i€€E g iB E fi E € i-giiE iIE iE iiB E eE atiE s* ;i€E E itiE ggiB B iiiiiiig B iE iii
iE iiE E iii
.toc=!xoIoEoz=osEoo.Uei.Eg= c6EoONOA – =e EIo\ooo” mmC T \O A N ij\ \
t- +’O a A 1TT $ol1 N N r h \ \ oi.A a’sldo hO \ O T.: O O O N \6oO r6
..i+ oom 0\6O \O O r-t-l m hm oO N N -O O \O \O O zo-zU&UF=
6o\@O
.’,
f aN
.U-ofo-oG s-i.. .E :3;’E -P :. c U \,II>ZL
dFzlo\J oo= 3ooo=c(u!ooH’ ; G -UE3 – E 99-E’F o-N * i.s U ‘— w ; A =E r. .9,?e <
-
:&\
=:E ++ i+E j;ii€E iE tr i=:,= ::1= g?:i. ?E i ;E eB q€ :i;1===1 =. =::-1 sagE tii !i:iii.liz; E =’.2 a if f xt gtE g i E ; ;t i= i; i:z; j :iiE :ij;5€ ==E if:siE +E r:r;rE 7z=,, ?!iE ig;=gE ,* i=:
= i=;6 i* ! s + i-i5E
6=q€,E it i gE i: E Z:: 7 € *ii rii€! *E ti cE 5r E ; $.if E .:6;: E i;g3; ,f i i;;; ;; i s i irtE E ;. E E E r: ;ss xjiiE :iiE g;;E E ! tA *s =i! : ;giii$E ;B iirl: i;E i=218 ?,isE ;E a€ff ii€ ;E H :; v E i iE z*}u: E iti t:zil =!!gE iiie’E 1E flyE ?=
,’-.:: .r.,i;r””‘ …;
L i.\ =; rli2 , g r?g: g+ E r5E iE : =,;!$: flE E F E € “E 3: :E }::: : ;;=,iE i fta:E !r ; :i E E ? i ;”E E +€i +i;E f;i geTE !:E i |#i,:; E iE . !:i;; +: aii;;fE Zl*E , t r 4tiiTtiii;,.i;C
:E
: = ? iF=, *i?iiA =it E ,1};2*E ,1Lij!ZlE E l?E j=1=.8#E igglr+*iiipilllE = ; -:12=i” ; ! E € ‘a i= iE E = = : :-.= -, >’! , , ; -=4 i =zi 1 ? E iE i eE *iz t iZ |E = iE llTTaliii
i 1:, i +81 Z ZtE Zl e zi 1i E ,*i1211;i11t1111fZi1;1t*111zE =i;?1ei*1-l11E \\il\i;zE = ;28 i’; i IZE Z\| te=tZ*Z i1E i,1 = 1, ri vE :1 z= r,E ;1iiE iE ;E f i+: !E iilr,2′ oaes\acS\Q6SF8T .: J O E E E iE E iE E h:;E E P t -Fi.c ho.F::6′-€
5gI;€E E E : E e E E eE E E ;58.E g E E g i JE g**gE E :.8=6;;E E rt;reE e i:.: I rE e;I ; E F E P U C =Y t o o – : = .r -“0lZnN ?: o “n,6c:-:/E *O g ! y ou
c’,
-tr!s2P ! = J ; >ts b b€ ri > F ! O > L t@ \P F t Y cu:*o-ts1 !6-E C X ;l : o; c : ! i Y d=
;==E :- U e’! 6 U X a X bl
v
6
-.: ^ di a-t O iO 5L.]Ji
>-U
E oE E F *: 8 g : A E – q of c g:6-;tE T. E A g E E i=^E n = iE
cg!S
-‘orh- O E X .=G d =d>9″;
= g *1 8 H E E o o9E ‘E = ji c; f, € u -! g:;’oP —C 6– -=65:6-.= E ,=E : =; s E P fl;E F E g J9orcf L=.-=s6C !q:R .;–94 >boo’FE !E E T 9bE .E E P B .E FE Fjto fibA -9*E 6fE s0J zeB E .t.ttu<.ua
,gE =E
:.c
oS
:3
c q I re = fic E ; E
.O .9
o=
C n,i oB B E L-cj5-9h S ft
bTi
<=
.E
5TE ; -=i: rt ;.E U E =€ E E ;#e;e i-p; I e =:* # # = :. = E d E ;t -‘gP o-g xi[ E E .Y .o49-(U P #.9&
Nxoo
I git gifu E iE iiE E E B iE E aE E $B c$ie*fE E E gE t iI I H gE E I iI iE =€ E i t t rr +E i= * E E $E E -$E $E =E lagl f E E *E E -(1) ‘;’:
>. c- 9 .a !1UHsU !LEbo -ko. FC
-* = -. ba= = rrrt).-
t : i’- ao.c i , c!?ciiu: .- > ” 6 t;-, ),u–:-i!: o:P C rd 6I9= 3 E ‘4 -: –
i,
+ , >L-e
-c o’l I – c c -aP u v ! \:’ x-na rL !:ruF- E 3 .- ‘E <='-=2=:=
14:
– i = = a=,:=::i = ==;E E = r I “: ia. i ;,., z . iF i = s i ti,ii*E i ,8 4€;rii liiiZE z E :;ii;; !ila*E iE E aTE E – ;;i?tE =ilE ;E ai=,E ==;=;s:;xes;;s#;pE ;I;l 5?E it+:E g i=Zi:E i e !€ iai,:tr !,1 !;E g :1ii $i?;E i E i lE ;* i,*if iriF E =:E F€ E E ; j;=? I1i= E .:a; e;E riE ; |E E iE i gE ,1i t i:E U i”s r rr? 3s* E 1;:i=t:1:et|!=i;= iE ?i; i; z E E = == : .: !=E LE i*if i$; E ; E .iii : z E r 1 -=1 1, :111.?!i’ i;I :E ! = i r iE ilig, i3
E #rE E E :E E ii;€B E ?E l :rI cE E E IE E E *E ;E I$F E €$E g E $iitlitE E iE gE lgE trggi+ :; r,-?E E it-$tiE E E E IE E B tIE E gE E ? ; g?E l;iigi i ; E E I* E ai ! E I E = {
=-=-C q =J-= i I ==.C ^ d ))v–,+ — -5aY =—–!i:=u =.=: .’–!oaa>’4,; -Lv’J,9+U -‘-E : = + E .i = !’: – (/ .-u: ., ; – L = l”d, U _:_:l,6ret…a ‘- .! i I L1)
==izz;.o9,=,9 yyiE : . = o : E – a H .- – — 127r, !=e 3lE —?-^1t==-.= –i t’* f ; r-j E 1.-^.J_r- zlc-o.==E U taci- : 5o’: o 3 ti o u – ^ -=-cl,a”-!,.=v . -1: – – G – O O 6 ;.,1 > -_->.!r = I ^! a i’66,; F;_E 1?-=-.t,= : =,!- c – i’= r, ^=–a,:0r– .=’= -“) a<:.:
\
) q^3i I *-g {) E g ..xtr.=u! N E
.8
9E E ? *A iF*; B .H
8-.E
E + qE E i’eqp oq.5 .€E ” #E E E F E Fe E np.6X E r. qE E o.E .9$ tr 6 .io.Q ; {q+; E A E E =’;r- 5E E fr igH #H a E $r 3 g tE €Q —lE
susE g tE tsE =T=5E E #E o.i + E iiE IgE E E E E ? E b E leE eB E c- !+i E ; taE iiiE iiiE ai
E iigE iiiE 3IaB iiliiiE E i aE sE \ 1
upeT – ‘S’n Jo s I SaIDuds aArlardrelur ue sJaSo erunlol aql (suoBlsutll pue sPuarl
*,,r-s,,orauru,xa i l il ;ffi f :f.Xn’;,,ru’,”ifi ;1,111,, ,
aqrqanorqrluasardaqrpuaqardu-:l.f ‘:.1i1;:::::T:1,:fi [i”]::,’l:i i
:i”:’;’ffi ;l’t jii’ # 11’1″*h.T1r*;;J;*”01″1Y’sa1o’ror d
snql suop,lar ,,””ti’y t”i*i-‘s’n Jo ernl,-rl atai”nq’ aql ra^o uouepoadS
lanbrun rgoq’r’r ii ‘, ‘o ;”1’1p1o3 ‘u’ 11 ffit ir q ttp-or”1lc,o1qq rolrd 8ur4p1uel sasler esl f
-raxa slqysaposrda ‘;;;;;’q”^ lt Suuedrul lq (uo uBredurm lslrorralllu, atF
;o Burueeu aql puaqarduro’ un’ ‘”‘1o’ ‘-” li’it ‘acuereadd,srp s11;o rredw
rural-8uo1aq1,””* o'”P’o q rclAPloS elD^eulu?xa olpaau alA,’sq]oda prlrolqq
sso,e uosrredur-‘;;;;;’;*i””i’i’t1″*””””t’ot””tt g
ip?eqe sread aql ur uaddeq pm req11 u€f,Iraruv-rarur’;osaldlrutrd -urar,o8 eql are ler{r!!;”‘o1f i” “‘u3tuv a
– aql $ l€qt\\ t”‘o”‘# at’1t’1a”a luorJuof, ;'”t{d;;”‘{ arp Jo saFlunof, IIv ‘sa n
-Burare pue suorldo urvro i1’q1 lyrt”p’ o1 paldtualp e”i’*y uPe’I Jo suolleu ‘sls e
-ra1ur&rrnoa’r”i;:;ft ffi ;”:,’,X’;;:’#TJ:11:ii1*i’lti1 :
pue uelsrueqS;v Jo suolstAul ‘fue11pur ‘1″‘-‘8i’1 ‘raueeJeql uoos ‘pue ‘ aB erln o
‘rea; patdurora ‘rooz’i i raqtuatdas uo::l-els Pall’un aql lsupBe qreue ]slrorlal
,sou,uers ,re,rrrq4u;o tue.,,[glnJ u1 qanoqi ‘n ‘t”q’ puy ‘”P::: I,uoll”*,alul peardsapr’vr ol ‘(ervr a’re8
..rapro Plrolv\ ^”‘,, ‘ ;o”.lo””” ‘”{‘-1Tl’ -1ed pue ‘lrluuor ;o-‘it”” *ervrod t”t”l;;;”;; “‘ t’:t:18:’rrear pqcoda
01 pel-uoluo ori”‘ * i” t’o1’oid*’ ‘qt * ‘io”,og u;rals,ll Jo uolleraqll arD o]
11,AA uIFaB ,qrl”lra,1″‘ ‘ql *o’1-*,ltPloo sqlJo SuPua a-11’rapro Puoq,u
-ralul lnoq, “onit”t”* plaq-auo1 p”‘ffi I*q Lgor -“i: t]’::l’r;;11#11 suollelau uBflreurv ullBT-‘ s’n – (
‘
N\\ z Z
g[ .
.f$ E
a” *f rg f ;
F € g$ .rr H
E
f *
g
$ –
FF e t[F $ +[ rE r$ c
*E fl e ; i E a$ iIr g[ ;B +i [fl [F *g [g r
f ,
E
$F $+ 5r H + ir 5[ f$ [ . 3 ?
E H E 3 – $ 3r i$ E f 3
F+
$- ilH [H
= _
:::
=-
: =
==
=a
== 1a == : j
=
:
= ‘-
–
= =.
a
– = ::- =’
:i. i? – =:
= I
.
:
=:
;=
1
–
1-
= *2 = : – –
,
=
i
== = i – a
=7 __ -=
-.r
—
==
:= = ;
– = =, i =7 = ii – a :’ =l ^z : = =
:
d
3
3 -_
=
= = 1= 1 Z _; A
-6
_- == :3 O
‘.
a
= ;
‘
= f, J
C
r , – – i 7 ‘_ Z i;
= <
– – ; = = = = F d
g
= = =’ 7 = =i 7i A
f’f
= Z -= – . .
5
; 4′ a
?
4. , o ?
F
=. == ‘;l i E € ;E i == 68 g ;3 i = L- t
“;:
,<
= 4
-* I+ :” “- f..
^<
l ! c q i V X A
+
= ? 3= ; E .3 i”# E 5 =_ :’. i, i I I = :. E 71 17 ;e :i5 s” =: = . aG ‘ <
Z
6 = g o- : i-
^
I
=r o 6 -s j. 6 . :.j +
a ? = =0 -? =i i’r : i A B [* ;;i ; fB rB i =E
rr
E fg
eH
=S :1 : i: ?* r? ;+ = 1 : i. +: 3 a 3 3 ‘ i : i 3 r s r{ oa 1 6i .5 ts i 1E i g = iri i= Zi iz
#i i + 17 = 1 i{ ff I
r -i E } l I i i 1 ;z
E ii ii gi I I
I {it iE s {1 ; if ;:+ 5 if f * i i $3 zi . iE ili 1+
E
I? al + i:i iti tl ii i? E lE tE l 1 ig lIa E i i i \ r i G 3 = , ‘ =o ‘9 o E F
=o
=^ H ,8 ‘ B -5 5 – tr ho tio 6 =& op
G ‘,r i6 = P
😮 V – +O a R iJ
S
o >L ;e – d ‘ :.i so ;- l A J= 6 ,3 tr l ;,* -o a Iq E =3 -i! -o .:J o z’ po 0 6 e” # =; = -? v -. : == -= :
=z
=z = = i, Y 1 l’r ; = – : 7 a 1 ::I 😕 r; : ? 7 . 7 ‘-‘ = > :
; + =7 iii 7 ? t’ -* ;_ : = -= = ; r . ; = 7
==
J v. 7 P “= > ; 1= =; _ ii ; 4 ? f ; { 1 ag .: .-= = i’; – =
;
=o ( ‘= = r’. i3 . ] ,= {o r’a i ts 3 : ‘= i ; =r s I f l , r * g = i1 ** it3 [g g E 1l a rg , ‘ – o =
6
E : f [; r; sq * = =- 2 ;= j L E A ‘*{ ie 6 = -1 :
<
e ?= +’ e e “- 6 o .-* = ;€ iii 3 “? ;iE f r_ *; :+ j i6 ft E == Z; i q t + i;, !1 2i :,1 * iE ?r i+ [+ rt i’^ p i ei i iE 6 B = E 4 LE V T
+= i.q j E qg ‘ –
t
= FT : t=
iti i[ flF E + i i = A iii ie r +[ if iii ?E ?t 3 ‘ E i; d t 3 i ? 7E I i Y E ;t’ { i:- E i E + r{ ‘”i x- r7 *; =’ zi =i t ; ? E ”
?=
;i e ! E E i? . . Z: i7
”
– ? c- i ?i I o i z r ? J i{
iA
*- l?
r +
1 =. : p : 6
^-
– )
=
i x i – ? E -= iz ? z= . = :-‘ 9 P o 6 ii3 rT il iI i? ;* i :,- = +, 2t ! ! ; z =1 – !i 7 i 1 ‘ 1 = 7; V “\’ >; *? i! ; + = *
i’
V = – ?= =. le = i6 !:
! i+
il
li
i-= ge i1 iir 5i t ; c? ig i1 zz ;? 7! *ir .= = |+ i7 – = =: *t _: li€ i;i !L 7= ei r l l ?L a; 7= ;:; 7= == =+ ;F ” i_ – a? ;+ 1 -= ?z 31 I3 !r 😮 II+ _y i= 75 s= e- -o =n
ii.
:r= P
=}
i3 il{ ‘:7 {E { = *d A oE = * 1i Z i*1 T;
!=
i”= -2 r= 7? = 31 i i-i ;9 ii == 7= * i [ =+ tn si i? =7 +9 == 5€ a= Fi ix i:- ! F +F – iZ 1=
i.”
y= i-a = ji e is e a; or 1* *a ii E i*
N l xi Y s= -o E FA ‘ 6; I
U
=
‘E + ‘ j.- 5 ‘a -i7 I !] A -z
X
-8 F€ 9r !a Y o” ct nt
t
-!l r\ :+ * E !-3 sc + :a a- 5 o E ,€ — dH TY S E k U i5 X -6 B s’ oa Y !.t O *
>
=r E U o 4. H I ‘,s ‘ S “t o =’ .,m 6′ O ^- i 5′ I < < c a a a
LI ; _ a; :1 i1 7i i|’ ;E ?7 i1 -4 V z ;1 = ? – ii z i ! i’ z t? ?” ?i ? = =
=-
= = z ; 1 i 1 1i i 1 z i,= t il’= lE 2 ; = 1i ;* 1\ ?= iii lil vi lri -i7 1t ? = =’ 7 ‘= “i= ?Z zi vi 4i i; 😕 ; i := , = == .j ?7 ii’L i 1 -i= ?i l-r E 2 iE i? a ? ? -= | .
=i =” i = =’ 2 i; ? 3 ‘i* i*1 i z *7 =- : ,iz ii+ E ;rE ,ii g lu >i i i ;z 7 !z ,; =_ =_ ; Z =? Z V i;i = = 1i = :z zi lil ili 77 ti ;tl 7V i.? == i*1 liE iE i 1 lti +
7!
‘ fE E I l ? ‘, 5a tii ii; ?i 17 =i r? qi iit i; =: = i^ = = Z – 1. –
—
— i= + – ,I? I == .: ti ‘; = 1Z o = == ? =: + . = ‘,? . ‘1 j – r ‘- =J . + – t .4 = .4 2 -i;
.”9 =, i = =n = -:. a = = “- – a . – 4 ” =. I ; ;’, =
2.
2 = -_ -_ : -:
–
– i {. =o :\* 6′ ‘t d ‘1 L ‘? Z i4 =2 =; 11 -^
= :_ = _= ;1 ?, qi iii ip ii sr ili =- — z= = 7- i= E *ii i*= p= 1: + =- .u .-= 7/ 1= iE 7i iE i? i: i4 i,- -= =e ; 7; = iV :€ TE e :i !i 1i = =Z + i i; 7, i’ 7 ‘= La a *; .d 6
–
= -i= — ‘i; c- -R i=
a.
? T. i= i i.t t *3 — C — 7′ ‘ zI 71 =
=a
-‘i ?; , V e – -‘-
a=
.2 rZ
t-i
Zo l7 = i=
7″
-.G =
‘.i
;t – =. -c = n= 54 A 2 ;;i ; i? ‘= + ; i = . c ^ “
A
iS i lI 13 a * i A -;7 I 2 ;<
=. -; 3. I ;
a-
T. d ‘? .5 =’ = d, ‘= r = 7 i’ .’ 11 G = ‘;L
?{
f ;- iE { Z =A a ;i. <
1r
j I j-r i’\ 6 i i 7′ – i i,a = , = ‘r’ == ;7 fl a a3 = .”E ]-i ii+ i7 7Z ‘-‘ “- -L 😉 ‘ ; =. 7r *’J ; ii
i=
/. |. .;= ., => i -= A rr q :’ .; 3. P = J
=’
r
o
6 1
e,
= ; =. -i = =- z +i Ll t= iz ? == ? = ta -,d .6 =
=2
7 =
=.
D –
4
— +. r-
i-‘
-+ ” ; =. — 11 ; 7 i A ;i E i ;E ?t . { ii V 1* i ? ?
7i
2 ? ; ZZ i? v. 1? 2l -! z V a. =1 4- = = o” n’ = =i iV 7- =i i : ;i+
=T =r : = E =E _ 1= 2l Z= , V ;:, == -* ‘= – = – – ;. :t i. . ‘l .7 z – i = 1′ =? = = ” ;r ;7 A Z = * +* l! ;7 i7 =- = c- – ) I -* a : F a =. = ‘
d
a T ii i= i1 “ii z t ? ;i1 4c ^= r- == a; f= i–
t=
5a a ?i : =d ;.4 ? ; .;4 77 : L = ” i_ ? 7: -c +6 l a 1 – ==
:-:
E . r: =2 = = a= =
>
= =. a – = . -: – :
^.
= – 4= :1 == .- – a: , ‘., r = – — :- – = – = -) ‘ _
;-
‘ = u — – = a ‘o ;. — – =’ = =- = a : – ; -= =’ =
y
— – ? -r = ,
1 =- = = – ^ -U – -.l -, a J- = t_ -= .t = -= :2
+u
1 ‘, = ; ? l = -= X +A s o 6′ .;7 \.7 – t r. <=
= 5T ?_ C = ;_ = L- =
!
— -.i .;_ _ <-
:'6
i.a
j = -; )_ – ; a _ z = .., ;a 7i ti! 2 , -= . , ei E :3 -= =- -= i= – Li E = T L2 o,
=Z
L} ; – . -6 + i S = 1 = a’ a :. — 7
2
=
7T
i e’ ? s€ .L )- , i =^ 6= >; ;q -.a “ ‘ – .a ‘D =- -t7 =t eF := i.i *- .=
jH
e = A ?, – = t ?
*
{E Z ^: i = 6 -: = =1 +i z r ! :–
? 6 t i , “? E Li l ; 6 i ; = vi – i ! } i – !:7 i i ‘”= . – ). _) e, ‘_ – ^, ; = = E r- .. 9
+j
li =i nX 7t 3t r i = = F ?
6I
i e: ii ? q
J
7 = t z =- ‘t i 6 .l i e: ii ,. = ‘-Y a. e o ”
O
p
!) –<
3O = ,^ a i€ d 2 T .it E i,& = .2 i= ? lo i 3o e
== : ii i*! =, * =i a; 1 = ; iT ; -o E = i i= o 5; -Z 2> e- tF =i iE iP i: *: r_ = =. qB !-e l+ 6f 6; e= . 1 ‘6 -c d , 6 I i.+
a1
3 A – <
O
=,
<
1
it @ – r- ) .;r rii ?; ?= =: -= i– <
:=
:.. ‘/= -!J G =i 2, =l -‘7 = Z 7- = – C 3 o : = = :; a , > 3 a- =. 7 — = i o-
I
=! 47 ;;- =E a ,, – = r =’ a r = 1 ! + E = i= -” 7, – = =. <
lJ
5 a =. u- -a *t or = j = i !tr i 6 == 1i == ;= r= -( )e -t. 7 =. 2 zG V – ‘ * + )- 4- t : <
1
1 F. 2 3 2 — C *- D -O -) O a- == =. -J ”, a= := : ?3 =a + :.1 = ‘ – h I ? *E 2 0 ,* J3 ! . @
s:
D _ 73
:=
ao o- 7= ri= ;Ir i€ =) -a :– IE = iE ;= & qi r6 5* 72 i,- 36 le 3; _. $i T7 1 — — ‘^ /D .o
:J
.o c i 5 iT ; a E i*= *ia Z -V a * :!+ !: s I l: ; + -F \= 2 =E :. ;t a ; qa p_ ;= =: i !+ F* r- – -.’ , )- l – c ) A (U ; oc o3 4t ro
E o x
I sl rE tiI ; s s’ i ii3 f u E ir t * I [ 6i uu B .ii r i is [$ E i ] i E E +l iii r i B iS aa e’ B E iii Ff *
+i
i ‘ i+ ai 3i g e E :l ii s [ E E flq =i {i
I
I [= tr + ;. Z Z
o , o 3 E’ o q, F q, i!. J 3 o =. 0,
‘@
p z
x o o z F
ld F F F F
C C *l ai – FN
o r \J ! o t: o o o t! L 2.
N 2.
tn o
o F
o a 3 i, o r z i a o o fr z
E z a z
e zl o z
o o
z oo >: >l I FU
\}F .r Fl
F] t-f ) rD H l-a ) to rD E FJ F) rn ts 0)
T q9 + +> F hi H !o gi ru H ‘(D i ,o qE . ,5 *. if F r.r O -i; 3
Ft
f r F JJ : ‘o rD
Lq s – E 5- .P 5r s a’ si . <6
?z
o lr* r’| ;’ 5i ? ao P
!tt
i5 I B 3 r$ O oS 3o ( \L lJ E J rD rn ts c rD F) o F) rD
B H * vH s H tr- FD
6′
d
>- { 5. a P -!+ 3 . H i;E 6 ;-o A o – $^ J4 o \rt 9+ +H 7^ ;V L J5 ‘c Fo ; E H o^ ‘ E l E :v <+
^F
o:
t 6t 90 :n $F 3r ‘ ‘p 5( o- 96 (D oo =r o .)F j.E 6P
;4 -A !tr B rD r,a t , 6( 5A E 3E : e g E .g E L E F qE F F $g E E iF 6n B r[[ gg rE f F Fr lF F[ F1 E E rr E FF E $i [F E [E ig : t r F $ ; E i ; H S ; g F + t E -3 r = P I E +E ;? [;€ E E Ii [[a 1 ffi f€ E gF ai =- =:
={
; = ? ^ = 4 = a= : ?. t= = == i: = = ; + : I =1 7 = ?= — ?’ n / – ‘ =r =’ ; = .:- = – 2 . = n _ 7 7 9 : =: L- .; ‘ . = == = = E 7 : = E : e r5 ; = 1: .c
= ; = ;-‘ i E {a + 2 Y i ?i =
:7
7 -d 5g l7 ;* E E z =E i c =’ t-= i ?* =: g A -a :3 . 77 =c = – := zr liE _; ia +: ;€ FU ?i := ;^ e= TZ tr = E E E — l + = ; ; :;2 i; ‘;a g la z
a<
e 3′ fr4 = P +c 66 – ” 1 – i \ l ; =. :;z = ,+ ? ‘;1 – 7! i;, t = _ = Z E V 8 = =- ^2 =; /f
=r
7′ if ra i =; gl l li [: i\ ?Z qq i i;’ lZ i_ i7 , ? ,8 ;E ?= =2 ‘.. ? a : ;. -= = ,ry i t- ; 2 :7 = ‘-? 1? =i ;= b= 3′ d — La :z “;; =; .n ;;1 :7 ia _B H A -” , 3. ?’ 3. -* [ s, a ;-* , =d
*?
E ‘,” a<
38
ffg
;-<
=x
=2 l =! Zt .2 ‘t= — a3
/=
.n .4
iZ
rd
+i +i ,iv != 7a = 3F f iE eT ts i-n =r ;l; -Z ;i5 — ‘ 7i q? f E a{ ?= ! E zi i= i= =- #’ ?2 ,1 == :- =+ d ;7 ; = z 6t 3 ?X ri 72 lz -:o aR = i = ., L 7 ,. ? = . i’ l– a’ = =8 i .o -o a ^ =. ;. = +i
I;?
^ =; ?. ! c <
a
– 5r – =- i i3 ? = e, 6
ia
: * = ri z e: =? 7 -i” t 61 >’ -.j ‘q t2 2. 7, {m i I la ;= *. :4 = 4F t= -.= 7i -= )’ =c cL c n, ‘a <
7
– d =e 7 i? 7
=q
.E ? 3 r te -‘ * r i 1 t$ E gE i I *; [* – g} [ T *g }g E iE lg :g lE rg E *g 1E E a [ 5 E E E 1 t [ €
[t E tg E t [ g; iE I ! x o t? == ;r E i; F+ l q E IH fi . ? zi t * 7E i ; a ;1 qt i3 rT =z i= z Zs 1 = :,” \ – E ; a / 2 = 1 = -? i5 7= B i $ -z iV ; E 1= li ll ii 1i ;? i;i ii t E -= .T , ; ;; z i 3 iii f ? i ; E ir -* _- r= : a -* “i q ; ! :_ F i# – x iE F — -‘ i
d d 5 i’ 5 3 ;. 3 o = E ‘ ? U ? a: 6 i 6 = i
‘
t = =q ” ii = qi E i’? ZE 1 F = = o -g -,2 _. 2. =2 – = d + a! = = i Z ? = * La L == ? 7 -Z 7; 22 =i ; : _E p ;3 e a iz {e lif *F =r – -&
i|l
a, fr ;E ;:i i !;\ p q ;: =\ ,;3 ‘E ?= i;? E Zi ,la t i e =i ii* le T iZ iq f i i E I i I = “” i ? -r 2 i a -: ri i7 E e =i gc P =- :-. -i’ .* +! Z 1-
+o
i”= j. E . ; ai = 4i 3P -a = -a ?7 E a- -i q{ :% I’, i.;
{e
7a F.
rn
;i; = -* d ?t _n =i ?i g *A ri a- -1 – J = =. ^ – : / a . z= -Ii *z i1 et <
=i i7 ci i Zr E ;= =’ z€ i_ il: iC _ :Z i? ia 1 7* = = 7 -v 4 .3 ‘-= r’ ; 7 ‘ = . -i; ?- T i i i = =7 *’- =- E i7 + s E [# E
g€
= E “, = a i * * s 5 7 i : – ” i s iE 1 E IV , i i ; ? = gF ri_ = t = *r i 7 == i s + r ? f i * * 1. ;: I 2 ; ? E 1 E i Ii ; + ‘= + r ; + ! i ‘: , 1? { ? iii s ri? i I i*i ill 3 i* i” ; p 11 -= r; €_ E = a -a s *E ig 7i – i€ E 1? i e i? ;: €E i i r3 i5 83 i; €i [ii f : ]i ; t , Lr x L= #i E i* =t : riE = ; * =i i1 E ei ifE ; – r E E : :. = =. 2 4 – s. 3 = = i I 7 B = l.’ 3 = i i . 7 =* g ” A ” ; : i- 7 :-z A 7 € I 1 i i I * Z lf * 3 .= = = 3 -? -2 t 1 l == 3= P :,! 7r 6! ;3 iE f i 1: = ? C i ;? ; 1 i g ; i P i ? :’i I i . == :i 3 = E E L = , = ;E ; 9 I 5 r t, ?i v i.! E iE r 2 =+ = ; gE , s t= P fq = ;= i6 lE *s i =: 6 rR : q I 8 E I :.r q 6 ; ” is i’ iE a 3 r 5 s E i 7 i ” ; : 3 g I I a f* *” *6 =, t5 E ; H e+ + C =T t r tx i_ ; g i;$ [; 1F f = <
f z
*: a ij. U a o .D ‘c .’ P ) p) o
C an o rD – p o c p o
‘J f€ E ;= 7e i i vi 2= =’ 3 _; =7 = 2 1 :,4 ! z = =. ; ? t . 7 1 7 a’ Li ;= = == = i -= L
-‘
– ii a _- =, rr A <
?=
_7 :i- a = – :! ai :’i :E \e z =* ; E + =- ;= 1 :6 g” , ; 9′ 7 :’l T- p 1 i E ?, i 7; i 7″ ?i E r? ,’= . = ;g i’ii ii c* ai al :”i z- I n 1 i:E ts i+ ri, e [= r? =, :z Zi .ii = 7, d = =: i.’ 1 .i : =6 e j3 ‘= i:r z?
j!a
i.s 2/ Z2 i : E r+ i.? *Z E ni -;V . n r i + ^r * i = a. i = qi v- .= s i5 t€ :’= !E +i : t, “, = 4a E Z+ l._ A l ; i ?= z s -.- : z- c =: = =t 3- C =r 1; -= . ae r rz i3
iS
hn 2i 3s ;”= =: – ei ; . [
9
27 – P ;Z =, – – s ‘,+ ii , a = E B # i E ‘:’ = 1i i7 j= , 1 1 = _Z ?t .a iV a =i iE !7 Z = { = i” r? ; _ = iL =z i= ;= t> == 7 -ii ,i= : iZ V z: t= =7 2 +i !7 = i 1._ 1 ;. r: : ;: E i: E ; – ; r? ,= i? ‘ = -2 7i i7 TE 1′ – ‘i- T E zi
ie
13 ,3 :”+ -: tIs E IE IE I E I gE E at tE E Ig E E E E IiE E IE IIB [F E A t7 ; _- ‘i. ?Z V == *a .; :-i z -_ != _ ?i *. f c i =. 7 i “. . – Z = 9 ; + q 7 : = – != – – =. t.= =. =- = a L i – 3 7l -= 6 != =? -7
-‘:
– -!-
-:i
-c ! !-r .! – . ”
?.
o . 1+ V =i 7= – . a: P r )^ = :; t z i l A T = :T = ;s ie 7 -a = =’ = =i : <
ra
E + ,i =- Z el _ f {;; E ilr = : ? = L =l =: .n =. 7. J
,1
– y =. i 7! r= = -_ = – til E ii+ ii =4 ti “= jE L, = ‘= = ; ;iV iE F -! ii: ii ii<
i.
* = -? 7i – = ? =: 54 -, e [1 3 9 a > o ^ u ;= :_ – J i.I F e ZE E ;= i7 l? . = ?i i : z 1 – ; – 7 = r: rE ? e + \E -1 ;1 i= ? =’ i r =; E Iz ; r + X =i \-; e ai := I5 i= gs s iZ f t E *t i, H +* ?+ = = = o_ { r[ 1E * h a ” 5 A i E A =e 2 – : i i : B s
q
c a 5p ! [ 3 ?” – = =. 3 i;l ? =. t E b€ i7 >+ e = _ = iif t;1 {ii ?{ *is F ;€ 1i ” := 7 .; z 1 1; iE ,iz i*? !7 ?1 ri- ‘= _ i= ::- 7i *7 23 .a +r c – 2v = c= = = =; * -. a’ r: q = -iA .ii – tf -‘ > vt ‘4 : = = ii i -3 cr E q \. – ai 61 ? Iii 5# *= E a += ,i: -‘Z 7 r= = a ‘a :$ i + ei ! [ 17 z 5 ra O – -!l o H t n t? q ? a’ Z ^ = 4 l= i. -; -!; c c7 -T i? r’. 3. -= = iL li i,? ; + E ;Z =; iz r- a/
– ; .= 4. ;<
di
.i_
;> c’ =C ,-? <=
-
ac oF Y – P a4 Y L ^ cb ‘@ o =’ ,5 i+ c D ..r
*- *- rg tg ag ga E et E gE E B B $l
E IE [ r rE * E sE q[ E *g 1? ,? i,? i,Z Z.
Z1 ?= l7 1r ,i! 7; i!1 1= , *= 18 =! r= “8 7+ zg il i I et a? i, :– =: i 7 i; |’ E = ,e s E ;. zZ t? lZ =- .-= 7i +* i = “2 ?? Z? ; i i { #i iii 27 = = +l ia i i al s ?6 ? r ; s ri ei a1 ;= Zt r* q? E i2 {,? l1 qE z? ?2 ,;, A i-i a iE = E t1 _i g F i= ZZ 22 = 1: E e lt *- sg r ii E ; r a r ? ?; :-i {? 1 iF lll ii? r1 E 1a ?, 11 aq E = V 7 ; + == ;1 ? e :Z -v tv 2i =r i t l= ,.,
=, , = L 7: 17 :1 ?i >i ? i 1a ” :,2 ,1 z “;* z: >’ -,7
-z rr irE iq a Ff i s i$ ; ** r[] ?i dF i! + s$ ie 33 3 $A E nn . ” i i€ +r A ffi E 1 B rE ge i; i F E + r :.;
r I r + e E n gB i * E – ] -” 7- .<
='
:!o r .,= -.= u- ,_. )- .A a 4- ,n v: -J ro + -1 P 4- ^? d ‘a -,_ ,+ -‘- ) c<
.7
– ! r) ‘J 1+ — a” B ; @ a :’6 ‘J – o( , @ ‘O Q rD L: )p C ++ l 1<
/
Y e <,
J:
Lt . e- d \, ., v
o q a C z
,’d
E e [‘- 6F := ;; ai f r “ii f iii i:= +; ;tx = ,;1 :L vZ ttl ?l ZE ?E Tl +e lE .i : =i iiz iI= iti i1 e+ iii i* zi = ,;1 t2 llE E t? liE tiz ?t =* *; =i t? z? 1E \ll 7i zt ta iri iz : = ;i= ti! ii= ?t z* i t ?I ii= z =, Zt *2 ;fE tT Z1 iT 1; zt =- 7. 1 ;? gi i ii’. c= 6 1. =- == Z u =. e ?i == ,’. =a t-_ oo : – = P ) =’ O u i I 1 9! i =’ ; 6 :t = – = . ;’: i= Q ! o — i ?a — – o = n’ _r _, i rj ” = =- -,. = e’ b’ :^ -J la =e — — E , .? ,:; : a -. a A = V *n S -:- 2 n<
7;
*- 6. E =; 9 Z =
T>
J – =-
_r
– =* _a 4, = d =e :)= =; a :.a =_ iO i:a ; 3 -d !.^ a -= -n -ta =: 76
gE
pa n ‘* ti; a Zi d 3 = 4 u: O A ‘iu =j ;i ‘:. q ic =. 5- j -; G u ^! : .L 6i q 3; : ‘; 3- O ^ -l ; o ! : .1 .’= : r- 3 a: := =: e ;-, Y a3 a- 3 =: I – G ux =- 9= ? Z= 9 + … a- r9 -p =? a. a- .r! E = .; = = I _
*r
O – c) -= ;X X ! *q c — =. 1= := 1′ == ‘;2 = a il? i= a, X i; .+ =; iA i 6= -:! -u =Q 6
ce
7 =i =: E == . =. ?5 { Z -= :a tv :. ,. =5 = – =a =; 7 = D =; ; ‘ =’ d’ .= == Ft aa !’c I C *# i7 ;{z ? – ? ., <=
==
1_ ‘,- = y: i i iE i 3 3 ;? iZ = == e ?E d= i f t a lit i-; == . ;it ;i fr” i;; +r ‘-^ t= ;:= i* 2= ;:* is l-; i-= i= , = -_ Fg r;i l*; E cY – = ‘7 ;Z r” ‘*i + = ? i= t’ = = e a t$ += i-1 lii E ‘A ;-= ie i? =- 71 .Z i 1 1= 81 ‘;i i” E ? . i vl lE !? li 7 i ==
!+ .1 Lr \,e i 7 ?8 L= i;: E iE u= = :, !* )E =, t i*? -* ; a F ? 3* + E ?i 😕 !! r;- t,7 =: := ? =j – == 1 -;= : 1 T7 Zi + ?= =. ; = 7 la z> z= :-r ? == !i’ =2 1. =1 1= _ = E ? {. -: i = .1 : .= 1 = =” : : =” = = > ‘- = : =; j7 > – = = – 73 =: a 7* = =a =”
l’-
-:= -:: F. t i ?. 7; 7′ ‘? 12 ! ” -= =i , i ;1 r- i= tiu ;1 l; iz =1 z’ ;: :1 : : 1; — :_ * il’ – :’ : q 7 = t7 =; r ? -? =a – =- -i .’= ; l= -;a R a = i =i e3 iil -:3 *ii 5 *2 i-? ?1 r E t;- : ; i + it zi 3? “ii ri g ill =; = |’, ;in ; E =’ 3? ;E !1 \v | ; a z i- ; – – ri e =J 2 z = i = !-= *= =; i 7- — z7 = ,Z 7 i 6_ ;t ) : = Z t B d E = ‘ = i; p ; f : : : i iT – a = ,7 d z: – i ‘= ., – u = ? =- ‘i =. – = 2 -7 ;Z ,,- a. = ia ?
?e
s _Z E ,!i 3; i? i + ig l;1 ,= _ ,;1 :i’ i liX 7, t; *1 -* iii 1x i: :1 : V E rz ?i ,r| ?_ z: ?* ZE =j =r =Z z! ** V 4 ; l7 -1 lr, iz ,g = r:= _ =i yg ZZ :i i= =| . r 1a lZ iZ ;V l 😕 = V =i 7 *7 i= t= i’* 72 +E =; = t? i i ‘i1 z2 ,= 7 :7 i _ 1 ‘1 ?= = =2 r,: ] ‘1 = =l i1 ?; +1 = : e = =I =g E ;i? = T= *c X a= =; <"
rJ
-:v ?: i= =1 -‘= 7* !7 =8 11 + = ‘rl gr i CENTRAL AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
H \tr$ 4 (BRINSH)
& C]4RIBBT,{N.SEA
*BIIlsH)a\r.(,,.,,,
ou1);t9,.*,.o (SPANrsH) o tl:r’ rr \{ll ll \ ini I i ;HAII’I ISLANDS (DUTCH) 86u, tur.tPr rf Rl .\, ” 4!cnnr*loe
a r 1’RINIDAI) VENEZUELA
T NORTHERN SOUTH AMERICA
Caracas
CUIANA Panama GUIANACOLOMBIA
PERU BRAZIL
Map 1-2 European Possessions in Latin America, mid-l890s of Bogotd HONDUITAS
-& coLoivlltlA $ .T [ [ ; = a H E r B 3 X !t* ^- *5 X 9-
sr
5 – -o :-, o ‘o ‘- .D *i H iE F B ‘B E -) ?0 .= (D =- ]a IE rg r [ I r I 1 3 s e B 3# “F <
z
i H s { F H g S 6 :. ll r, ‘c =. S B r’E 😛 H 6 ;B =* :H ? *F H 5[ aF = irg gf E U ii 3 I E -^ I i R -c d t <,
H
A 5 o- . .rP s= -= 16 = E ;fr I’? : J’ t6 Q 5 3 ,r, F :s ;F iS i$ = rB 5c .q .h > 3* E iE z B ‘5 — {E 6 A – i . iD D ” Q 5 – F. v :+ oq – P – B i a e 5 = ig Ff gi g itI gl gE g i+ i + g [+ iF [[] + 1 ? E 6 [;a F3 * lIx xr iF re 1; * [li rE E [F sf flE g E (D a- EJ CJ , e) 4 o ‘o $ o (D a- F) o o E (D
.:= la {L E A iz it= 1? 11 =l :: = ? 3 iE ? ,r? *a ii? liv ; e i} E z , – == -= i; s ii; 2* 2: Z; ?l Z7 2? -i= = .7 i1 V =s gl * A i1 ii? =” a: i,= : 7: Fi =, 1; iIi ai 15 3i [ii iE i]g i.i : – .i: rl) i z i-e i; == iz i 7 z = ; , 1 v lz ?l 1l iz ill ? ,1 t? i _ ,-z 3 H 1 1? ?* i a 7 * g l ? 3 : 3 z ‘. ,ia =- E 3 {r ;r {* +d =: i; ai =: = i= -+ rr iS i i1 r= ?! iig 5 :+ i= == ;H E =. !j
r
nF {e -E ?: ,i1 tii ; z x ? ?! ;i *= t{! t1 :1 e1 itl ! i , : =, ? -i= : = ii: i; i= lii ri- v7 ;+ t1 tt; i ; i; +a -ii =. rT B E [E E E =m qE r:. J= i i
tr
v- U qj = = =- = aO =o f fr 3; O f – = s= R ‘5 E ” o i; 1o – i, ‘- – d- 6 l# H > : r F ” ‘- = n, <
r
<
; o ia ” A -‘^ = a o 6 i aH e= E ;: a 6 3 I; — _ 2 * 9 ; ; – r P
:-
a” – r ‘- = o’ ! 6 u -r @ l. :- =
P
.r
\ o? ;H :tE {fi ” :-‘ : <=
-L
oG 60 99 ad 6\ ou = E 6 co ‘: o =m > o5 + o ! =. 5 5 iJ U I J F5 =’ X o il r – f d i E i ,8 q5 d -5 6 E p- ii I =l o Fq : eE co *g llt id Y ;;d 3 a = o; ! d dQ
i’
\o o a t[= ! ]9 P i;l o -,l 0: d tff O oX f O <
=.
6 d’ = o- ii !ft ^- (6 lo ; . E
.o
Q j — ul 46
x’
d= o- -i, ; f,o o- i -^ . /^ a= – iF -= -= =^ f: # – a E
et
‘ =’ – ‘= = + L; i 7 l <,
'
_= — : ; li . – ?. – 1. : 2′ * =. -r )o <"
-=
‘= =l .= =- p. .:. = +3 ” i’- ! =? i1 : g[ == =; ( = *, ). 6e -) l ^- , 2 ! 6 * o .5 -i- ;:= =- ao -. :- U s – i > I -1 . X * E =a a2 !T o .- p i- =O o – I 7n i-, 1 i; A :E 24 .-. o- += .+ il; dE ‘,* — 1. ‘0 *- 5 6 :; ;lr e; e- > 1r .= > l F =’ a. -i: .i Y i r 1 iq i: ry E ,-; sx
a5
=3 – =E 6= -= 3. )A ;a – ro =. 6 ^ ‘*
n
= =2 3 or . E (J C – = -;. d l ‘? iin
#e
{E ; = ‘a J ) 4e 3. S -T E f i F5 Fr >o l= u’ O
n
o = t * o fE .d xf D o o ifa r.6 G D + o f (,o 6 (a EI o z Fl o F TE Frl z
F’ f # ; { + t t ‘# 3. . qH ‘& H eS $
&
; 3 – tr <
ne
e rB ,B E f5 xs e 3 3 e 3 B E ff s ii h r ag E 5+ sr g E JO ‘ji’ E rn ++ *it E +; ae $ S E E E 3 ‘ F ‘o c’ ‘ f X D =’ il :i 1. ::l l;j + X : .e F? 5′ i+ F) ^ :’ :. X A r X 5
: F
: B B ? E $ B .5 ‘,3 i 3 i
LE
lr: n3 =g }E si TE H ^ o) ‘ q. E P <
;'(
D A H x c’ B S J :i 6 iP Is FE ]id B
**
S e; g[ E :E ?E g’ B a E i0 ; # i F f t B s; i F G q 3 .. r+ rtE r]f g ?? ae 😕 ill 1i tiz lll ?1 1t 11 3 v, e i * i\ 12 1i r 1 ri E ? = .ii tig E \+ i? {‘; 1t l1 iT =z 11 ll A r lg |a *, i i; i l+ 11 I = ig E ?i a? iii iiE i: li+ lE i. t= i E u i A s € 1 I ? ;}r ll€ i ! ni rl* i”‘ i = ; * ]€ .j t -ll i s i s i i i rti = z i E * ‘ I i + e t* tT l;? ‘ i ! I I A 1= [ii E c l? ?; ? ie , c I i1 R ‘-
– –
– = – a = – =! i- i1 := _7 i 2. == i ; ; := = !i tr 1 : – 77 =’ t i i t 7r =l -? ‘ i = +i :-z 2= -;1 =’ ?V = iiE li i n : = = – 1 — I3 i qi i*3 g i = i*7 1z :: i = -‘. 2i +’ – – ‘ = i’* 7= i= += = *7 E 5: iF f : =: :* 5
?1
, ?* ,8 += { – u i^ l€ ri; ;E 1= ;; *c a Fg S at t’i 3 +? ; . == ;F 1i +f E f ; D aE =_ Ft t;i { } ai i i iii -? 1 >€ I { re -q 8n *5 tir Z= *a i i i+ – i;l la :a Fi
6i
-:i ili 7g -= i2 i[t ii] *[ E iE ti n= *a +f ii3 nE Il Ii3 * ii- *V _a *= =’ .4 i i= ? Lt =i ‘;;
in
ie ;= == l_ q3 f; i= i;a i ii ae ? =_ i i1 1 i 6 ;= iii
1r
-1 ii1 ?1 — ?e gE ? 1 * g 1 e a 1 E r r e * a E ie iB E E }[i la l*E s* E +g iE iie E ll1 E 1E E ?E *i? aE E B lE e?
s: B I q5 q F qH eE a le E i= $ *B .3 gE 34 3 I o E N D A : 0. n J: : = 7 j :. :_ ,
il ll
il /^ -a il+ }g 6$ fg gE gE gi ig E eF i;$ ]E f $r E iF $E 3E g IH $E gl fE $F , lr) 5 /,= e’ , ; az ;;a ,.. H v -.r + — H =Z o , 7! ‘A ‘- g ;-r J o -o +H ^) D ra h ^5 H ! I ;.r ‘.t \J A Z. L) r- 5, o ^, :5 r E It .? d 5Z _ =, 1: 2; E Ti :Z _ “* iiE iZ i i =’ i = =i =. *= = i 1 =- ‘ ; E iT = ,? ue z 11 z: i+ . ? =, 7′ -E ** ! 7= Z; 11 =t z I v lil iz ;z g? a ltl *7 i7 E 7a #= Z= i* i? -7 -i+ i*= 3E 7a Z ;n 2+ =a *ii ; = L; -1 ?l i;i t;i $i *; i? !-= i; t;* : i z E = a is i* rli ; i ;;i }r E ;E == =* Il +E 1 r =! ?i 72 i * i€ i 1 ;r- =s E +i i ii iIi iti lll l a == +: ci x =i r; ;;l E i: ?= s a li ?i {{ lE i;i lii V = gH E at i? s* L lS a -r ;’s A i-l :g gf tii r, == Lr ri E ii= ‘N uu Z \o
O ( lJ d 6 -.j t2 2. {m i = -.= <
7
-
d
d
=
=e
7
=
i?
-
7
-;,
=q
.E
j!a . iS – 9 =z == ie A _ – =. =. 3 -‘: – -:i i, 7i = E E – := O I ; Q i – o =- J _r = :)= a gE n d ‘iu q u q ; 3 Y a- I ux 9 = I *r ;X X ! c == = iA i ce E . = Ft i7 > l’- F. t ?. ! ,,- a. iZ <"
rJ
-:v
7
?:
=;
i=
:=
=1
-'
-'=
=7
7*
r?
!7
-1
=8
i
11
=-
+
?
=
=
'rl
'-
gr
-
i
CENTRAL AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
H \tr$
PIGS
4
(BRINSH)
&
JAMAICA
C]4RIBBT,{N.SEA
*BIIlsH)a\r.(,,.,,,
ou1);t9,.*,.o (SPANrsH)
a-.-}Iooo
o tl:r' rr \{ll ll \ ini I i ;HAII'I
GL:ATENIALA VIRGIN
ISLANDS
(BRTTISH/DANISH)
(DUTCH)
CURACAO
86u, tur.tPr rf Rl .\, ''
fi
I rrrxrrrrot r rFRl.\r ;rl
O" bts\RB\rtu\ BR/' ''
?
4!cnnr*loe
a
r
o roneco (BRII/SH1
1'RINIDAI)
a
VENEZUELA
T
NORTHERN SOUTH AMERICA
Caracas
CUIANA
GUIANA
Panama GUIANACOLOMBIA
PERU BRAZIL
Map 1-2 European Possessions in Latin America, mid-l890s
(The Falkland lslands, off the southern coast of Argentina, were also held by the British.)
of Bogotd
a
HONDUITAS
-&
coLoivlltlA
$
i H
.T
t
[ [
f
; =
E
a
1
3
H
H
B
E
E
r
s
i i
B
A
3
n
X
!t*
rD
^-
'O
*5
X
9-
'-a
sr
5
-
t
-o
='
:-,
1
o
E
'o
.;
'-
rD
.D
*i
H
H
'I
iE
A
F
.[]
B
ia
'B
E
l't
-)
d,
?0
3-
.=
P
(D
5'
=-
-i-
]a
gt
IE
iE
rg
sf
r [
e
I r
k
I
r i
1
]a
3
E
s
E
e
C
B
ftF
3#
$3
"F
:'r
<
z
i H
'r
s
?
; 3
{ F
t
H
i
g
I I
S
=
6
+
:.
-
3
H
ll
E
r,
E
'c
ii
=.
S
O
B
-n
r'E
13
:P
a6
H
pE
6
A 2* 7 E B J= i tr = =o f O = E ” – > r . * o i sx a5 n =2 (J C d #e >o n & Is ** F rtE R ‘- – – 7= ?1 6i -:i 7g Ii3 in l_ f; 1r ?e /^ e’ Multicultural Studies: 100 Assignment
Lecture: Review of keywords in Cultural Theory. View the Film “The Stuart Hall Project John
Akomfrah.”1 Links of videos and readings are hyperlinked in modules.
Part I:
1. Who was Stuart Hall? And how do you think the field of Cultural Studies & Ethnic Studies
relates to the field of Chicano Studies, for example?
Stuart Hall is a Jamaican-born British sociologist, cultural theorist and political activist.
Born in Kingston in 1932, he came to the UK in the 1950s and later became known as the
“godfather of multiculturalism” for his contributions to sociology.Ethnic Studies is an
interdisciplinary course. The program aims to develop basic skills in critical and global
thinking and comparative analysis, and to understand the interplay of race, class, gender and
sexuality in the experiences of a range of social groups. Ethnic studies are important not only
for the people of the particular race who are taking classes, but also for everyone. For
non-ethnic students, these courses provide a greater understanding of global experience and
encourage students to critically consider the experiences of those around them.The Chicano
study is important because it is a study of the Mexican experience. Specifically, it addresses
the social, political, cultural, and economic conditions of the people of Chicano/Mexicano.
2. How is the Caribbean a place of identity according to Stuart Hall?
The Caribbean Identity is defined as the cultures (which includes ethnicity), beliefs,
qualities and religions of the geographical region of the Carib.Across the Caribbean,
fire-line orators such as Marcus Garvey, the political activist known as “Moses,”
unsettled the poor men known as the “Oxtail and Broomstick Brigade.” A few months
ago, Garvey, harassed by the British authorities who feared a black nationalist agenda,
gave his deepest and most urgent speech to his followers, concluding with an
admonishing: “We will free ourselves from spiritual slavery, for others may free the
body; only we can free the mind.”
3. Within the context of the film, what does it mean to be of ‘hybrid’ cultures? When two cultures are combined, new and different forms of culture emerge. These are
called cultural bastards.
4. How does the concept of colonialism relate to the concept of cultural hybridity?
I think the colonists had very limited influence on the development of the colonized
areas.Referred to India, the British laid railways, built telegrams and built ports here
long ago, but their purpose was for the convenience of their own colonization, and the
most important thing for the development of a region was to enlighten the people’s
wisdom, but the system of construction was still not well received.If the colonized
regions really want to develop, they should send their own people to the West to seek
ways to enlighten the people and improve their institutions, just as Japan did, so that
the region can really develop. So you need a mix of cultures.
5. What were the aspirations of the middle class Jamaican society? As was the case
of Stuart Hall’s mother. Why do you think she aspired to that?
Hall left Jamaica as a young man. He never flinched. Had he done so, he would have
returned as a familiar stranger, an expert in cultural studies, who would have spent the
night at Rasta partying reasoning about Jah, discussing patronage politics among Rum’s
revellers, or had reservations about the sacking of the dance halls. On the campus of the
University of the West Indies. The familiar stranger is a destination of sorts, a mix of
memoir and meditation, a journey that revolves around the complexities of race, color
and class.
6. What nationality was Stuart Hall? How did he struggle with his identity? How do
you think that relates to the experiences of Mexican/Americans and other ethnic
minorities living in the United States today?
Hall is Jamaican.He was a radical Caribbean intellectual for most of his adult life, living
in England. 7. What was the view of immigrants in Birmingham at the time? How does Stuart
Hall interpret the situation? How do views on immigration relate to those in the
United States today? 8. Stuart cites Antonio Gramsci saying we need to understand the world with the
“pessimism of intellectualism and the positivism of the will” What do you think
this means? Elaborate.
9. Write two paragraphs in which you discuss Corky Gonzales’ poem I am Joaquin2.
What is the most significant struggle he faces? Why and how is Native American
symbolism used for self-identification?
10. Which are the forces that influence people to choose certain identities?
11. Interview your parents to assemble a family tree. (5 points).
Multicultural Studies: 100 Assignment
Lecture: Review of keywords in Cultural Theory. View the Film “The Stuart Hall Project John
Akomfrah.”1 Links of videos and readings are hyperlinked in modules.
Part I:
1. Who was Stuart Hall? And how do you think the field of Cultural Studies & Ethnic Studies
relates to the field of Chicano Studies, for example?
Stuart Hall is a Jamaican-born British sociologist, cultural theorist and political activist.
Born in Kingston in 1932, he came to the UK in the 1950s and later became known as the
“godfather of multiculturalism” for his contributions to sociology.Ethnic Studies is an
interdisciplinary course. The program aims to develop basic skills in critical and global
thinking and comparative analysis, and to understand the interplay of race, class, gender and
sexuality in the experiences of a range of social groups. Ethnic studies are important not only
for the people of the particular race who are taking classes, but also for everyone. For
non-ethnic students, these courses provide a greater understanding of global experience and
encourage students to critically consider the experiences of those around them.The Chicano
study is important because it is a study of the Mexican experience. Specifically, it addresses
the social, political, cultural, and economic conditions of the people of Chicano/Mexicano.
2. How is the Caribbean a place of identity according to Stuart Hall?
The Caribbean Identity is defined as the cultures (which includes ethnicity), beliefs,
qualities and religions of the geographical region of the Carib.Across the Caribbean,
fire-line orators such as Marcus Garvey, the political activist known as “Moses,”
unsettled the poor men known as the “Oxtail and Broomstick Brigade.” A few months
ago, Garvey, harassed by the British authorities who feared a black nationalist agenda,
gave his deepest and most urgent speech to his followers, concluding with an
admonishing: “We will free ourselves from spiritual slavery, for others may free the
body; only we can free the mind.”
3. Within the context of the film, what does it mean to be of ‘hybrid’ cultures? When two cultures are combined, new and different forms of culture emerge. These are
called cultural bastards.
4. How does the concept of colonialism relate to the concept of cultural hybridity?
I think the colonists had very limited influence on the development of the colonized
areas.Referred to India, the British laid railways, built telegrams and built ports here
long ago, but their purpose was for the convenience of their own colonization, and the
most important thing for the development of a region was to enlighten the people’s
wisdom, but the system of construction was still not well received.If the colonized
regions really want to develop, they should send their own people to the West to seek
ways to enlighten the people and improve their institutions, just as Japan did, so that
the region can really develop. So you need a mix of cultures.
5. What were the aspirations of the middle class Jamaican society? As was the case
of Stuart Hall’s mother. Why do you think she aspired to that?
Hall left Jamaica as a young man. He never flinched. Had he done so, he would have
returned as a familiar stranger, an expert in cultural studies, who would have spent the
night at Rasta partying reasoning about Jah, discussing patronage politics among Rum’s
revellers, or had reservations about the sacking of the dance halls. On the campus of the
University of the West Indies. The familiar stranger is a destination of sorts, a mix of
memoir and meditation, a journey that revolves around the complexities of race, color
and class.
6. What nationality was Stuart Hall? How did he struggle with his identity? How do
you think that relates to the experiences of Mexican/Americans and other ethnic
minorities living in the United States today?
Hall is Jamaican.He was a radical Caribbean intellectual for most of his adult life, living
in England. 7. What was the view of immigrants in Birmingham at the time? How does Stuart
Hall interpret the situation? How do views on immigration relate to those in the
United States today? 8. Stuart cites Antonio Gramsci saying we need to understand the world with the
“pessimism of intellectualism and the positivism of the will” What do you think
this means? Elaborate.
9. Write two paragraphs in which you discuss Corky Gonzales’ poem I am Joaquin2.
What is the most significant struggle he faces? Why and how is Native American
symbolism used for self-identification?
10. Which are the forces that influence people to choose certain identities?
11. Interview your parents to assemble a family tree. (5 points).
O
a;
+Gt:o€E.o–
N
JZC
;t)
1
—
U
c,^
.E
!
o
&
,
!
cld
x
U
=
@
d
ddN
–ea
adi
!r,*= i
9<,:;,
d()t
u r
€i
rrdi
R
9
i E
tr >Y
j
s ::
o-F;
,
‘
()C
!s’E
.rG
!
?ts^oi,
H
A
E
g r€:E
‘d’5D
c 35*
idir-.
Y
O
P
P
-!*q
vH
A
^’:E
q^,8:1
E
.? 6b.E
a.E
Li’-:
E
iiE
‘:
1; *
E
e=.a!+
€rpE
H
U
E
3.d
uil
(d-iZ
-#.1
ut2
O
trE
t-{P
q.l.FxU
d
-o
‘E
r-{
Q
A
Lri
cr)
g
;8.
*iltr(!
..3*
:h”
26?
gtd
>(H
>o
–
t”oZ
malS-o-z.F
,
at
!9
=
-,=
.Zc
?
7,AN
=
ZE
Tb312?
aE
6ptr
E
t-ae
-!
;iiZE
E
E
?, l?E
;i3ZE
–
B
u i r E
E
i ;#; g; €i-= E
5 E
igE
,
iis,;:i;f”€:f
E
E
yil*3;::;
=
6;
E
,I5E
rgE
tZs;g* E
e! i
Z
:
3 E
gt€; P
E
E
‘-iE
: r i= S
pO
I
e=o-epA
iktr<
!>’3s5E
E
FE
=
.=
.
:,
C
=
?
-‘
iii*;ri €{sE
; E
;:;:
.
:
t
-.-
:.r-
E
!
=
*
fE
: .2+,i€i,A
Z
:
L
a
–
a
1 !
* i{
u-i E
. r a = * jgirlf
! 9e =*E
r1
-:: ? – iE
2 E
E
;i:
4.i iz1=
:
X
= a., =i=
=*,-i.o- E
i ! 6.i;-E
= = ‘-=t:v-t'” z:==;= : €*, €€:f ;g E
f E
-;i:-ii ;?E
a==
E
zE
zz i, r.
=ii1;i1 E
?i:i
_ – – -_= r_2+ ia, jzi
= Z1:. == =-.
!_ :1:
– —
. – t –
a;l==
– = = a = = t = = =-
=
-. = =7 t:-t
a=r===
. = ::
= l= =:=2=
! -:=a’
i.
. ::=
= -.
j:
= = = –
:
=-= = =;:
a-
=-‘-,
: – – a:a
‘
= – = : : .
=
= – –
= = – : .
I ;
a_
._,:=:-r
,=. _i=
i,a=i,_=’:
i =. E
ZIE
=:.i_ s 3z
t-f ligE
E
E
; E
i
llii ;*i=1i ltlil:.
=, i7 r;1E
ii:;ii: =,2ii1:2 :==iiE
,,=;:E
iiF€ rirliE
ii.ii 9giili +tE
?izE
iE
|z1ii z:= ,71ii E
:11ia:{tltl;E
iiiiiiE
:;?-=;:E
iE
: : t: = z iE
l : 5 C e; z;i
E
j::;1lii}E
;s i I iE
;ii
ai +E
r ;’ c ; $i fl *i cii ; E
E
: -7’*’ iE
*+E
[i iE
=; €i iigl E
E
U
2.=
tr?=+i;-i==ii==.,
=, —)==iiE
E
i, E
1i i*iirai’==1i: i;
?ii.r-j=ri.i;=
1 :’,1?E
?iiii=?ii =A
iiT:=::
T–;
v:,d ,;E
–
– = – -. = a2:z E
‘;?rrrizE
11=ryi1’zii=2, ! j;ri= :=
=ji;E
i =f y,-=28=l:
= –
ir 3$.. zi;?=ie7i.e
rzs
z:2=?=2:
!_=: z a =,: f ::= a s=E
E
itiitE
,-iii:;
= li ,_iE
A
iC
a;
= a: = = i aii iE
E
=1=o’i=a? -, lp7E
E
– =:==a,,::si;:5
ri?i:=s
z= z E
.
IE
i1 iii= : :i
– ==_i 1v?l=,7? E
r :E
I ,+iiiE
A
= =;=;ZliE
::: E
i; iz=–i:
lziE
iri=i S
2 i.
=
E
ci= E
i i=; i + ; E
_
J
–
‘;=-i=q;T
;F,E
=iaz =1;2,1lt1illz111=:::
,E
iE
i+ E
r
t6.=’E
E
H
a;. 1 o, tr d
o ‘O
o=
Y
-qH
.H
A
i
FaH
” E
:.+E
(g-oo”i-i
€o>L-
A
E
383irE
o *H
q9tg
6.9D
6
e xi
E
S
g
;E
ct ot
!.,1
qr .:
E
H
€P
E
O
o
.9
–
sE
i s
t-
&
J.F!-tl
qpB
.!.N
H
g=
:q 9p5 b P
t
u
q
H
(d
ur i=<
U
-_ 1- = — : : j
4 P
y z
=;=1t86.=
Zi,
=: -‘:1;=-
:
=-::-LU
= -1 . ,=- -i
=
‘-=–.>=-=t–S
i.leE
z1E
– ; : i -: ; i;
;5 I 5 :
:
–
a
y
r
Z
j-‘.5
–
= : =2
= y. E
J i:
:
–
:
=:j_-
C
F
-.’..
–
>1
o.=
i
=1
=-a-ii;+=;2?.=+iczc:
:
^-:
‘
a
=
4
at i
,,-
iieE
i=.==7=iiE
=-
=
r. > l.:
–<
>-d
z–>i’=E
q
cd6o
=;–!-,+J:>^{+,
:_
i==
U
i’-
–
E
A
E
–
6
-o
_
=-_ _.:=
;
=_I=_,,
:
, -=iae=T;E
:
J a’2
?og-9 :
? j : *=Z ; :-F s+.E
Z i:,
a*:=E
.
= j : S
E
: I F’;
:
a
>- q ^ –
;
“u’d
-.=
g
A
– o c
–
:
– =
:r’.
oO
-O
i
E
:
=
F
–
*1c
‘.=^;
:=. –; i LsE
€€ 33 E
+:
:.:
a-a
E
)1 f2iE
yE
,;\
==i.,!
zE
E
i ii’=:i2=;=
-= ==
:
.i
,;:-7-‘-=.=
.
=E
dil”=E
;E
:
rg^
ll
E
;
j.
=
ci
:;tt$i6 ziii
i:=-i!za=
i -==a4_?:E
iii.pei*=- r:*i
‘r;z;
i
= it;:aqE
I;cirE
E
lg E
i;; a’i E
. ==”:it,aE
-=xo=;;:il E
tS
iE
i€
– a;=E
E
Z?=,iZ
–
*{?:
.;:{*
3:;E
E
E
– –=”-liE
j:sg :E
: !;€s[E
iE
1-;:X
–
l:3.
uE
; ii F =-;E
E
E
==:E
X
ll-E
;:f l+l;:E
F7 E
=:,i i!=*’ts.E
p*trE
E
;T
5-=oiii
=A
ce”=”oE
-!=ii:a;€g=E
FE
?i=;*- 1,1!” 1=zr,,ii=
sf i -io=o..? = i, e F,. i = r:t t
“= i
= : ; -‘
:=,i= == n= : iiC
s i n!
=: !:.2
E
i=-=r=r -= F iia i1=a1z:: :ri =z1 ;; i’ : ‘
?;1 : i;== 3=’, 2; i
: :
=z=_ – – = : i
; – – – -‘ -,i
U
.r
:
i.-!-q,
f
d;
:=
-!-
#
R
er-Q
6c/66qr-d:{,
F
;
L
aa<
>=.:
v
”Y
–.t
?’-=
tr
?
uO
E
i
= e.=
-a =
P
L,
i r Z,i
.+o._-*r-^,t:_
;a-Y
L
di={C
L.=-‘r=9U
^:’*^-aL
J
t
–
=
–^tJ-:+a-
-i:deE
_t1a=l-_=.=-
=”ar’===Lt
^o*c-E
.t.J-
-iE
::i<
X
Y
!-E
U
—
–
L
a
2:
<'3. i
itL.->-:L
il!-os-d4;E
q=C
C
4, Z ‘,2 j:.7 2 2 -!:=1
E
A
-o4..tr.r4.=
-^-=-O
E
..u,)!ts
^,
? a i-‘7t .
i
–
=i
3E
ie-:-E
-‘i=
e
LZ?E
=iz=-, Z:7
i===e=-=+ib
y
it=i
i+-,E
1E
i
E
E
i7n ii=zze;E
!.i
a
-i Ltr
;=
6 ?,-E
===Zi =?7= i===
I
,:=0
cE
iE
E
er.,,.Z;.E
3 E
– :E
z *E
i i
* i.Z Z.*= Z 2
u\a
H
!
Z;t
z”t i!
i 1 iE
-,
=l
= a.= 7’=
;=
Z
1=A
=
t
r
‘
> “r. l
.7
be-
“*Z
l=
:g=
^. a = : E
g,za;=
i=iF9t
]. ..ir=
= a’o r
iiF,?
a,–
:
‘!
?!:
J
5 !
;
+oE
e 4E
;.
c -1. y. g, =
–
E
_
y.=
g d o- c -,
– | -r;t
s+ ; ; E
aE
, 14E
=!E
V
2-‘li
-. i-tt
!
r”-.
–..
2.=
9
b.O
a
. z.=,-?,
=. ==g. >l
7’i=
t’rI
E
= e=fr E
dE
_=:I E
ii;?=, g $E
*+ -*ilsE
E
; iis i; -e=E
6 rlE
; r_a-iiz
B
€B
;E
E
r; i*’+!’,
i
iiE
:; i LE
e ; a i,, f 4=
==,E
F =;= E
– r e€Z vE
‘t’c { E
T; ; E
E
=€ E
eA
F u t, i=i *’ai. j
=.=E
.*.=i=.
;E
= – Z 2 =-
i’ = i
L”J
“E
Z
[+
;E
E
E
i[ry=rg
.-
!
-^^ o
A
A
iZi’ ?E
5E
A
: ii iE
ii5fl iE
iE
: a li?i€ilr”rE
=1€:!€};; E
.I:E
i = ;t*=*fl:E
if E
g{E
+ E
;i5f ,
* ‘E
iB
E
E
– a :E
isuxiiz-i!:E
ftsq;E
= =;if iiE
$E
tE
F
€i;;:E
E
rE
i2: ?i ; sE
;;E
E
; eIE
iE
E
;
E
E
s-Q
I;;gf ;=.5; sii€ z;iies E
E
‘t+’E
E
#.i.nzE
= .v gt g:i
e I iE
.g E
E
:’iis;ii;€ +$r5tg;;iif pi;iE
€$? s+;;;
i i! i irr1l-. -zE
= !E
E
1=:’ ;,,:E
E
=i € : aE
=iE
‘U
u>:^
;_:
–
,–
a
o!E
al
)-
d
.,
,
^,
‘
:
!o.Jv:
-o:!
. 3 >.X
e ;’=-c
9.q-oH
.2c2t
,-A
=
>!!!
E
.e-h
:-uE
H
i;f
E
tj^:g;E
-FL–(V
q
sE
H
rE
€ E
i l l
E
g,E
E
E
,i H
– F E
E
– t E
+
i.rxE
E
#E
u
#E
H
ii
TeH
Ta,.Q
S
.s1E
.;E
: E
;*E
E
iilgE
i,ii
I f E
* i E
oE
9.=qed5E
O
C
) o
ti+*sfiE
H
iIE
E
E
€E
E
P
^c H
H
tE
S
€E
€=^.*i
E
#
r iT^g g S
; € E
.i E
$ H
; E
E
ffi?
q'[o< H
E
E
E
€tsE
E
-tt
9’1-
E
.E
E
E
iE
E
H
i&
S
E
T”E
E
f ;sE
H
sS
H
s€;B
E
;€f$;H
a g38
E
; ei ilI I *,
E
i+s$s$t”5E
E
{$E
gE
ar! +
!? q, r
s-FTFdF.
r
E
+E
s”H
€
! it f a 6E
t [g Fg
;a=di.silIsE
Ii,E
!
d T € H
E
E
U
U
–
>-.:i.-=
-.
=
Z
Lt
r-=!!
:
a,
t
t
J
o
a
i
-.C
o
,:.-!–:-E
:
–
‘
I
a
a
o-a
:
.l’=
i.
—JL:E
1
>
a-a
–
:.lx6i^.:=-o
i
h
i
‘-:’A
J
I_
‘
J
L
4i
O
c!)u>-
S
=
F
:C
-‘-=zE
u’.’-
-.4
=
:
J
>=
E
–
.,
‘J
JU
=<-=j5u=irc-o
=
!
>t
>
L
,
”
Z =
=-L:S
‘!9?,
iS
iiy
>
u
-‘=L
t,’_68!3o=dE
=?!-9
; = E
‘;
‘)-1
E
=E
+l+u
z= E
+E
:=l=:{
}.!*’
4i y v|iiTiTzlzE
E
e;?,81€1i ;.i2 z
:a ? aE
: e E
3 := s lE
f : e; e”i = = :C
7= ?=:
=-E
.:
;
E
E
_jiy..
==Z gi?,! a+E
4 €;t ilp?2af;E
i z *E
=
p 3 = r!
E
: E
3=?i”ni7i;|=*iE
a
i gigE
*+eE
::i;E
–
‘e E
i?1;;::iE
ll e; * e; ! 7E
:E
“‘*iE
;-ri’=i a:,.:
–
d tr C
– v 1=< E
i S
: E
E
=’xE
=.- iZy
E
a l,i
i = i == E
E
e”i=.E
a == = =_a
i= = = -,! 1″ [4 iE
; 21?i=t_ “aarr,;
A
a#€ -!E
E
E
E
; i i – g zlE
”
X
*E
a:*:
€* I E
: r:
E
e = ?”i:
=
:E
F+se ili6i ;t; il=E
=iiB
rE
e; iii€gE
?1,22== =====
F t:i4
a, 1 ;4=*:E
=,E
i ?E
i+ * i 3a : i=; ;,ij
-:
f E
iE
;:
E
i= a:7i*t=’z ia=.:i
g€
.Y
— 4 = ?.=–:.=
; s LtZi
‘, i iiE
2 ? z i:==
;=22 3z: g ; E
ir;+a E
= E
E
E
Z=:1 = r: a =-
=o z Z i 4 :=7* E
E
J a 7r: i = i = i;
=– ! =-:= 1 : = =
;= 1, i=.ZZ € Ie;p;E
=’ ::
*..i
E
_l= =- – = =’-a =2 =!_-== , -:-
.-a;=
S
== i 1_i= ==a=
_ -:
## E
E
f€ tgE
i5 E
E
iE
IB
E
iE
E
g
E
E
;
;t!;E
”
E
E
IA
iiE
E
iiB
iiigir I ssiiaiE
io<3;JFdEoa
A
N
N
i
o\
o
N
h
s6s
N
@
F
O
O
O
O
O
\
o=—N
016C
\O
\
-.TT’:
+FO
F
FeeO
O
rO
$Fi+oi$
oro\r
\O
\cO
\
r@
O
m
m
oO
-O
tO
roc|chO
rO
\@
r
-c6-
;.eE
=
b
:vO
.-v-=O
,i
uJv=.-6
U
O
,k
O
‘i
G
Y
3o,
“i- .c
F=
–h
L
=G
6u-‘l
Jr9>
g*s
— :.S
.tsE
E
;
o9=
F U
: ;E
f E
E
iii,i E
i_=a!
E
F.;i5E
;,”E
E
:iia
E
isr+ ii{;*;i 1!!r=
;5;[,
:; iE
E
€ E
:: l:
; ;E
;E
E
E
E
;.i =i #i:€;;ir E
t;i*li;:;E
E
:;=;E
E
E
E
gB
f .iE
E
n *E
;E
;*E
::
€;E
i E
ii*i r ;i E
!;
qE
it-E
ffE
eE
:;f fE
eE
:= =;E
tifiiiE
irtiiE
FI$i i ri
rE
gE
Zai; ; c y€ r3 E
i;€E
:
= : iE
:,E
-i’i!’;zirE
I€;?+js; i e;$i iE
z
E
E
S
f g!: i=*l -; iie ;g i, E
.,.’-:..”…
-a ,,..”.i
1*e :ia”E
=E
E
?i=
E
iZgfE
.5iB
E
E
+ iit€E
€ ii:[i!iiE
‘, :ii!
= zE
i*rE
igsi;i; :€E
*E
1 i?i;IE
iE
uyE
E
: =ii=i:”;lsE
€ ; b” aE
‘e
-ii c; eE
i1;ii5trE
= 2l|iS
:=;tiii1i==E
iE
e liiE
all:ri|; i;;
i{i;1E
iiliE
lE
E
x?aLilE
ifE
E
E
s iZlu ?’i7+i:_i”ti
= 7 = s
i
‘-
= = 1 i
= ;
)
= :
r.:
= rli=n e.!” * i,
g= a I E
E
-iliie:.=
1=iE
#ialglzt*iilz{1,*1bi11,1{iE
.: ? i +,i,2 t=ill;z:E
l\iz I :=
t11zl*zi;iizz=
izE
iizzllzzlii!’r?i;=’t
LE
?.i.Zliiit =r*iiaE
=
ir4\ili Zli Zii: zi i E
i=zz zil=ri:=1=?1 1=’
;t=liii !i? E
E
A
!=ili ‘?E
-cC
G
X
U-i2TO=>
-uodNc:-.-
gg:€ff,’,i=
igf€E
iE
;
X
€E
E
E
E
E
L
iE
E
f
i 3F€ E
gg!
E
!48*ili=
g*es.E
E
eE
E
:it;
E
:frE
i
9E
?E
ie#:gl
E
E
E
=- g e i’t’=
N
C
‘=E
O
E
*;
oLts
L
i
^
-!>-^-!
U
U
o,q!
!!P
X
!
S
l
*U
Y
:”lE
i
3
>
:o-o>:!
6lu
6
–
1.96-_P
v=nl!!:-
G
.6
X
Y
;- € > = e :
a
<
X
P
G
;6;->:
2
a
^O
C
q q-olg
r,
–
o
-e
-:
E
gtE
E
‘i
E
c=
I:
=
‘LU
H
E
.E
E
+gP
‘i ;*E
iE
E
E
‘
ur
o<
c
=6=pgU
!=E
E
A
E
i
;y-i-f
r
gE
= I
G
o x<
a
a, o !
tot
Y
-E
P
H
reE
I0
5E
fE
E
E
€-=.=E
oqE
C
,
‘P
:U
pb,E
E
=
E
:
E
.E
O
I E
.
btE
,qE
E
vE
rU
P
c*f;E
E
fi
X
U
c_o
>
=si
E
E
‘gE
€
g ^ U
o
‘= E
e
a
I E
€ E
E
E
ut
qd
E
i
E
:E
:
E
*
E
‘6 -gE
,
7’7
-g a-.=E
E
=;E
P
€ TT + ; E
E
c
-S
:E
—
-uC
giig igltgit iE
gE
*
gI
iE
E
iB
iE
I iiE
iI iiB
E
iff iiE
i
I E
E
{ E
B
iiiE
iE
E
i{
E
E
! E
rs*r!u*E
}E
}
E
t E
E
g{*E
E
E
S
tE
E
{
q)d{
!>s=-dq*=a(urLul-ue(g*u.
-tr5
UF*
>.€
e(E
d:
.9u
O
(J
t
=
a
–
–
–
–
A
;
–
:
:
->+0*a
,–Ln-
dL
^,
*^^-L.:
tr!:P
;i=1.-.
d-q
x 9I2l=
-Fm
d-
=
o
d
2-k’o,;i=
r
-::
C
t;
–
tr
a’J
E
u
=
‘z>=
tr
Y
I
€::
x’^.
Y
E
oi=
==
tE
: 1_a’=E
4ii
s ifr’ liiE
i rE
i=2,:+i!==; ?E
lE
;.
-E
frliE
5;; 2;a:z; 1i:
fE
E
. ; = 2 i=. i iE
iE
– E
E
: i :r=;
€!t :g;;[B
aii:E
E
is i
=:Z: r: =;zi+= 811:’lif ;re;€ 2;E
i 9!
E
:fsE
E
li
i€ 1’aE
*E
€ ilE
-*{ z s : se
;+E
E
–: i z p 7zzz . i 2 ; ;E
E
a g iE
gli iE
;
f
i: rE
;€i€ g:*:..; r=
,E
zE
*Fi1i+
g;E
i’ E
* E
zz;E
–= == : = i 1=?2 *?ari” E
2 z t
! E
E
E
E
ss iryteiig:q $f g$tH
E
€$
*sis*c !+F**;E
gE
[t E
i?
E
eB
E
€[E
e E
E
IE
I Ig
gB
E
E
E
gE
g IE
iI E
fl
:iiaaigflggg1;gigiggig
A
;E
E
l gE
IE
a-E
_
E
i tA
E
E
iiiE
E
-g
?g€?E
E
E
€ g€ E
?E
E
E
E
E
E
*cIE
{E
* IE
FE
E
.l;-O
–
–
-‘u
.adJ-
1l.-O
=–:;=,Y
-t=t-‘Jr=
-‘—aL-a
=.!:—.=G
;-r’-
F
JL
=’rZ4;:
i=-^(r:^(.)-
U
=
–^r6ii
J t
o. E
t
|
–
u
-?-ua-rt
=
=
in
o/ –
H
=
–
!
a-;=^E
-odg>
‘ ==
j-!JL.::i:-*’J
-;
9.-7
_ =.9
”-V
;–2==Y
–
–
o’-‘E
*+
. =iE
Fr36;
,
t
!
–
:
g
=:-9
fE
uG
–
= * ;
:’i
c-
I
-=7Ji:’-lcFq
=
aah.-l’;
=
i
=
C
_
\
:
=P
–
a
c
u
=
–
–<
1
t..’*i=
.-.=
= c, I
92
–
-o o.,i
H
t
d
e
JX
q
s E
=
3
=E
E
tr
o
.6-=C
:ti.i
E
E
€I H
E
8d f
3 {oq –
3 X
E
f
U
€i:3 E
b
E
gE
P
-E
E
d LE
F;3^b
H
f6i9P
i=V
trE
.gE
13
+T?E
f:gE
F’. E
E
F
E
so=
iI; iIE
; ; i t +! E
g;eE
.=*,fi:
oaoj;>rP
;+ggE
E
iB
sE
E
E
-i.
di
,r;
E
E
E
tE
?r3E
TiE
iiE
E
E
B
E
t;B
iE
E
E
E
E
aE
iE
E
€i E
g E
E
ggE
iiiE
iiilia;tlE
3iE
iE
E
iiE
ii E
ial l$i ilg1! gg{ffi iiqg}iffiiggg * 1
r, i ivU
. o1 acuelq.uasar due ,rrq ,i*.rrs-luerJnfraql “og ‘””ttt
‘^
asaql Jo uoperoldx
“”;t”
8u1
uIlET -‘s’n uo Jorra} uo refl aq}Jo }la}
pue ‘(rpr’rr “*ouo’J ”;1’t’ ‘pqr’ “toq’ ‘]onu’qa.,dde’
tustt”itdo dFel ‘luauu3rp ;o sural
””
‘dlurelralun 1″‘3 “‘1 “‘i*y uPB’I pu? salels pallu0 aql uaeali
PuB slI}IIod leqolD :uol]snporlul
.
+€
lE
E
g
Iff
[iE
ril
sr
F
flg
+E
Ie
li
*r
fe
g
ig
ga
E
E
E
i 1
fi$
s[
F
F
E
[ E
E
F
i
I r
rs
H
u
3$
‘s
E
fl
18
:1
+i
iB
+
ip
H
€s
$g
5
H
r$
?$
.
–
1
=
=
–
.:
-:-
=?
i=
j=
=;
–
=
t
‘=
:!=
=
_.
=
–
–
=
”
i
, =
,
=-
?
,
Z
.
=
) a
=
:
a
7
E
–
=.
=-
:1
–
a
1
.
=
=
i.i
=
=
.-
a
: :
-=
=
=
==
=
r.:
=
i
–
7=
–
l3
oZ
*,
i=
–
.
7=
.
e
*.
E
r-
1
=
i r
i i
I u
1
I
=:
;.=
[rf
i;;
:
=
:
.1
-,
??
qg
F
?
,5
=
=?
^
:
ag
.E
3
i*t
;.,
;
E
3
s
:
:;
o
=
_;
.
=
e
i.3
. p
ts
O
2′
i ;
or
:;e
–
Z
i
j’
5
q
a
=
i
t q
i
=
A
d
o,
=
e’
{
3
ts
-a
68
=;
–
S
*3
i
;H
[i,
iiH
f:i
_:
2:
:a
i+
f S
==
**
1
zt
=
{
_q
E
=
A
2
. t
17
f :
; E
^
f i
I s
s
–
,
np
T6
‘f
ltA
=z
i F
l|=
=l
;i-
i
E
22
1;
z
iE
lE
i
I i
l }
ffi
gi
iE
lii
1;
E
is
li?
ii
is
I
lE
1?
2
is
$c
[t6
i?
ig
?E
si
r i
i=
*:
E
il
E
lE
ff
ai
el
lE
l1
i*+
l i
si
gr
g
E
iff
!=
es
i{@
:@
=v
– F.
p
#
!’.
*
E
Y
@
‘*E
10
r6 s;
3
3′
x
sB
9?
H
?D
u+
O
E
os
y
a
trR
{6
Y
s-
n,
–
F*
5c
E
!::
‘B
o
a9
+b
c;
60
o
Z^
2
=r
i
!l
$
X
i
6
! E
‘:9
h
!.
-3
z=
=/
1=
=
=
=
=
=
: =
<=
zi
=
==
1;
i ?
ai
=
=
=
=7
Z
;
Ia
7=
_=
; =
Z
-:
7
Z
1
J-
?
2
i i
=
s.
=
=1
).
–
i
3
a
;;
‘.
=?
a
p
;,
=
:_
I E
??
f i
I ?
, F
?*
a
)
;
=
”
?
Q
: j
.,
–
;
i=
=
15
:-
i?
E
a
–
=
:’:
t:=
::
;i;
g
r
ill
rE
il
il
‘-=
E
i1
f *
E
+
E
:
;
– ?
=
^
: g
E
i;
I
ft
E
==
i’*
-?
*?
‘-3
q1
z-
5
B
p
-*
-i-
-a
‘a
*i
Z’
; ^
L
=e
7
i:z
a
?-
F=
; 1
l-F
r-
iF
=-
?a
1=
-d
i
7i
i’
tz
ii
!i,
:
77
=
14
F
i6
i;
€
{{
g!
:a
1-
i?
;5
?*
it
s
E
S
a
rf
1;
tE
i
iI
J
i
E
q
+
i
E
::
;ri
i
B
+r
1
iiE
iB
g*
i *
g
?E
i.;
*i
i;l
lir
;
rr
==
=a
#E
,1
ia
€3
E
E
?\
i:-
7i
it
r;i
q
iJ
Fc
=
x’
-ta
lV
=:
,i7
iq
i g
it:
: 3
4?
;
1-
?
iu
==
:Z
E
i +
:
i=
Z
-=
s
-;i
=
77
i a
se
zi
i i
1
_=
x
=5
;
==
:
7
“_
s
dg
“_
=
_
=
E
.f.
x-
i*,
iE
iiF
|E
il
e
F1
i !:
-=
iii
!i
ii
71
?
3!
i,2
\+
?
;
-.-
, t
7
i
4
;=
i ?
_Z
1
3i
=i
?
=
;d
E
=i
a6
=1
z
i;j
=1
?r
rii
B
*ii
z*
?:
:i
-=
zi
=E
Z
?i
in
iz
iz
+
=1
er
i
=?
er
I+
tG
Z=
;e
‘E
ld
iE
1″
i5
A
Z
=;
;:-
_i
i!i
B
7i
i :
i3
ii
7:
=-
iZ
Fx
‘r
di
=
“:’
:il
i?
iE
ii{
ti1
-=
:
=
:
b?
s*
r=
a;
i;=
\E
i’u
r;
==
7,
J
:’;
;i-
;s
;’-
rg
3
‘t=
1T
[?
cF
;ru
:6
?]
ii
;
–
[Z
ii
\
“z
E
qg
+V
1
:=
‘:*
.
“-
t
=”
=
;”
;G
+&
?-
E
*2
i
iA
;
tfr
e
:p
E
E
x
.
_9
=6
J
6
+
Y
N
E
‘-l
o
*
u
:t]
v
ls
^v
N
G
F
#*
>5
.i.
”
i;
s
H
S
.u
S
-fi
r:-
E
R
.e
e
;’o
s
s
>b
a
q
3t
—
S
a
*
8
r’u
62
@
-”
6
]
.=
77
7i
,?
=
.;A
Z
+t
‘.
7
‘,;
z=
=
1
i =
r?
ii?
ili
E
;li
i =
‘-1
==
?z
1?
=
–
?!
=
?1
?
r,
-i
z
I :
€
i :
ii
i,r
=1
z
, ”
:;v
i=
??
z?
i,=
11
i$
li
|:1
1
: =
?
=;
i:-
=?
-7
\E
1l
1i
z,
t ;
ni
i.i
:=
=
.
i i
=r
??
l,E
ii
s
‘tl
i
!
–L
Z
i =
–
?
i:r
zi
?7
r€
3E
7=
3?
E
?
i=
‘,-
,
==
i [
te
ei
ig
?i
lil
a*
z?
;=
.
=,
7
i Z
?Z
i +
l
!i?
;+
t
i_
l7
+=
;
.
+l
;E
ill
?i
,ii
lli
e
E
i=
r
lE
E
lE
tl
?!
E
FE
iE
{”
:
*[
il
i;
;i
+=
r+
H
ii
itz
=
. 1
—
/.
=
=:
!7
-=
7=
?
*E
/7
Z1
=
=
=
Z?
=
==
,Z
V
-7
-?
–
Z
s
i =
“-
‘:
=
–
==
. –
: =
–
;
4
7n
*=
l:
.€
c
;?
?-
7
–
=
j
j
)
=
?
(r
7
‘:
i
7
;
:.
‘2
ij
i.
?=
=
.-
;
f
lF
=T
a’
c.
*:
7′
t
=
–<
=
. _
; =
.:z
iz
=
iii
i1
+
+
*E
i=
—
=’
a
=
=.
11
“e
+1
ig
, i
. ?
=
=;
i –
. =
1=
=i
r
‘F
i*=
i+
77
?
i 7
ili
=
;-
ez
7
i ?
?i
Li
+
i
tE
:_
.i
F”
=
=
a_
=:
7
d
=
ae
;
I)
=
i
;’2
‘-
.
l);
–
t =
=
‘i.
=
i_
=;
l
l=
i
=
–
t-E
t-;
*7
tt_
-:.
‘ii>
=7
–
‘
—
.
‘?
?
i
A
‘
‘*1
=t
i-a
/4
—
r’-
j€
1
z
*l
1{
a
a7
aZ
=
:i
?=
-!.
=
,
e
a
‘A
,i
=
,
E
*
6
–
t
i
s,
o
-=
=
1;
;<
=
-i
“-
-a
=
+9
,’-
-=
T
. *
=i
G
=
*
a
7.
C
{1
c
i;
,t-
a
2;
=
-;
=i
B
::
31
=
I
; [
;E
n
i f
😕
“*
c
-1
*A
t =
. ?
=T
e’
E
=
+=
4
L
,<
a
“.’
‘-
”
=7
–
<-
ii’:
o-
I
i
5
2
,i-
2
–
il,
4:
=;
7*
E
i-9
s
+
2
E
=-
-^
-r
,
a
‘d
–
-^
‘..
:
-i
‘
!;i
i1
i1
e
6
:
?;
‘4
i t
,;,
=
-;
1
, 7
a
1i
i?
Z1
i2
,E
=z
=
Ii
5-
.j.
—
2-
??
7
7,
Z
:4
vz
=
=
; i7
j=
=*
i
iii
=
Z
_i
?
=l
=?
;
i 2
–
t:
7′
i Z
,c
:.7
-.’
=z
_=
r
=;
&
-=
r
i
i z
:Z
-it
=r
i
€.
zi
;,t
==
ia
7X
7+
7
=
‘c
“-
i
V
_’
‘
:1
‘2
‘+
zi
T:
Z=
=
:r?
; i
;-1
-=
<
1.
.4
=j
o
,’?
7-
=;
=n
71
;;
1
:-
=
.
—
,Z
A
:
-\
cj
A
‘-!
—
=i
=:
a
:.=
=
==
u
.
=
a
17
–
–
j
—
_=
_.
=’
7=
==
:-
‘
–
–
=-
–
–
=
:
-.
=
–
–
:
=
.,
.
=.
-Z
–
j
=
–
=
–
–
a
–
=
=
–
=
T?
d
, =
a
;.
:
–
;.
1
-:
=
–
=
“:
i
6
–
–
?
?
a
;
–
–
‘–
=
.
=
‘D
L;
!.=
U
,
>
a
>
=
pr
a=
.=
-=
7=
r-
i
A
-P
=a
v
^.
-..
-‘-
:
–
+
a
4
-.
–
–
=.
=.
-:-
=
j
a
=
—
_
?
?t
=
E
z
; i
=
?
-=
i’*
;=
7t
=?
:z
i=
‘-
;E
“j
=
3
;i
F-
j-
-7
‘!=
;
:iZ
‘i,
7
‘=
3
a
=
–
t;I
7=
-a
‘&
=
i.
=
;
l=
:=
;9
1″
d;
t
=
=i
n^
–
)=
-ti
i
-:
3!
A
ii
ii
=.
==
l
‘i:
d
e=
rl
“e
Z
=
i
7
3
‘-:
*
ii{
ri
6
,-=
7\
;z
LZ
i;i
a
i
=
‘,
,1
{7
i
“;r
?;
7
–
=
.,
__
)
.i
_
=
=,
.
o
o.
S
”
5
a
–
e
6.
,;
?;
6
o
.
.
i
z
| =
6*
a
;
.+
;
–
;
ie
r
–
G
=J
O
ii
=
;:)
==
-?
;;i
?
z
6i
“_
.i+
=F
.a
iq
…
li
t;i
?’
i
i i
i;i
i i
s
i P
i a
E
ll
ii
e
ii?
iE
li’-
-i
‘-*
ie
?i
;=
A
I
,=
:tr
*
aV
==
e3
3q
5.
eE
‘_
E
o
6
p
6-
Y
FX
3
6=
6′
6
t
=
=a
=-
?
-;a
=:
^t
_=
ar
_.
==
1′
=.
‘=
tI
=
==
‘
?
i
i+
.;
—
=
=
–
7-
1
;;
-._
‘=
rc
3
A
-‘-
=i
aX
p3
-4
‘:-
=
=.
<
1
-a
a
?o
L.
=
=
-*
i
7
=7
*
-1
1a
a-
C
Fo
-‘v
h-
r=
1
-=
+
i’?
z
=
‘
.=
=
:E
=-
!j.
9)
q:
Y
=.
i!
”
l’
=
, 2
.’-
J;
+J
=
+
14
{
9
-,i
r^
rr
-o
–
o@
@
“‘
=’
,:;
rF
‘a
–
aa
‘o
i”=
-:
.+
I
o
I –
;
=
#
i
i
=.
2
u-
.
:_
=.
rc
6-
c.
😕
5
4E
;
D
=.
iD
‘/7
=0
3
_7
g*
l
t\/
64
.’-
eE
V
‘a
o!
J7
‘a
J+
C
—
io
r!-
/p
-=
i
=
=
=
–
j
-i
ai
T
ts
3
=
a3
==
3=
s
H
o=
– i
i
!
+
F
=
‘e
?
tfi
-=
2<
=
iE
=4
P
eA
+e
*E
-+
:A
J
”-
-.
._
r.
=
4
2
)
I
iD
rs
ar
a+
+=
rtA
p
ie
lE
te
si
il
3
q
;+
[i*
aa
;*
3
aa
$n
il*
5E
rg
iE
ii+
tE
irr
gl
E
ig
E
Ia
E
+
e:
r[q
i*E
g
ili
r*
;i
a
H
is
lC
3n
[il
‘”
34
1
r
?$
qs
A
A
B
o o t o
o a
r
o r z .J z
N –
z ;z 3>. ,.2q
C
n z r! N rt –
z q IE >.
o
qs
{
3
lg
d
.
<
{
E
E
H
c,
|.a
F
t
9
i r
g
i+
=O
fi
Q
)
5
H
€
oA
si
f;’
3r
O
=l
oO
!r:
z
5
t
ts
.o
;
s6
Fi
:i
i A
E
i
B
=.
iJ
o
\H
I F
H
6X
o 6′
i
=
“{
+
B
o
*
i
*d
oP
qX O
P
o-
,O
r9
i
63
\;r
o
‘<
s1
>:
5
-?
H
g
‘+
io
€q
s
ts
A
-a
ii
‘X
.
(D
‘H
ts
^
5
‘-
l
D
D
*
D
=
3
$
t̂s
ao
:a
D
–
r#
:€
g
+3
ge
If
!?
F
*’
rE
E
A
E
S
E
B
aE
fi
f i
Ii*
tE
Iil
3r
E
it1
lE
$
$t
E
r[$
B
IH
ig
1
[€
[g
*
1E
r T
q
f
=€
B
t s
;.
f $
H
A
5
g
*
[‘
B
e
€.
.i
+
gI
+
E
g
1E
IIE
gg
g’
ig
E
IE
1$
I
;
^
‘:1
=:
z;
=
r-
=:
– =
=
,
=’
i
-._
=
a
a
. –
=’
a
7
–
=
=)
:
–
i
—
-=
-=
i
-7
—
i
=
;_
^
=
Z_
2
:
=
:
-=
—
=
=
_7
7
i –
:=
V
i
5
i:
=
i_
=?
—
si
p
3
;n
E
=
;ii
z
=
==
i,i
-Z
”
*3
–
.=
?
‘-
=
6
;.;
=
i
.
—
6
;
rq
o
==
1-
e+
l*7
i
;;;
:
*
;7
“.
a;
r.
{=
a:
‘A
E
=
tZ
i
:
t+
=!
‘ g
i i
=i
=;
r7
=”
E
–
6-
;i=
F
=
i-
1*
z
77
?
6′
27
:-=
=
):
4?
8
;ii
i7
z{
;:I
=1
;
?i
-.a
+1
*;
i=
=
A
–
C
n’
e:
i if
E
:-s
i 5
=
! i
tl1
1,
-ii
l=
V
1=
7_
z
–
=-
i
=’
.
=r
c
==
–
)”
i.”
l
;i=
;l’
=:
=a
;=
.A
-;
ii,
—
.i7
;
=
=6
=q
+.
,7
rC
A
tE
:6
e=
a-
oD
!.=
??
6;
?-
.3
i=
ei
Z
;i:
?=
=’
7-
1.
i’.
_1
1
i.=
tL
iit
li
3{
; i
=
5=
-?
–
i-=
=-
rc
=.
{
e
=;
‘i;
-=
t7
;ip
; I
i
zV
zi
,s
1
z
1l
:j
=
–
=.
;
=
eq
a
:
.
a’
:-c
‘
;.
:
7
=
=.
=
=
. i
=
7
c
Z’
!
^,
U
.
;3
2
;.
i
5
—
=
=
,?
a
a
d-
=
o
n!
=.
=_
‘t3
=:
:*
=
?
==
.E
r;
;
7,
z?
__
iz
=
.=
‘..
.=
=
d
Z
,_
=
i
=
‘Z
.
-.
=.
.
i
–
:.
,,,
d
=
=
–
-;,
H
r r
E
+
t r
Ia
[fE
r;E
*
[g
[{
e
ru
r r
u
*F
E
I
E
g
rE
lg
E
t I
E
lig
c
3
1
I [
rg
E
r]
+
iq
1
[g
*
ltg
I*
gE
ttg
[g
E
E
v v
l
s
=’
)7
a
ry
g
r{
a,
E
[f
, –
=
-L
7
i-a
*
E
x
9$
; 3
: –
z
?
eV
E
g
q
i
v2
=V
?:
_
=
=n
=
.-=
i
r t
[ E
f:
rE
q
i i
?i
+i
—
:=
=i
1i
tE
i
=
;?
iE
ti
Z-
-H
o^
=,
12
E
71
E
;
*\
E
i E
; r
5
=
a
i Z
:
.!=
F
V
r.
-y
E
r
i
:
=
7
–
=
=
7
;
–
=
.
3
6
6
=
a’
a’
7
=
i.
i
‘i_
=
c
“-
3
2
–
.-:
; z
i –
iig
E
_a
! H
;:
r
;.
^-
–
4,
*
–
V
j.
A
=
J.
..
=
-=
{ i
{
?
7
, ?
2
=
‘1
=,
i =
,t
: ”
ri
ai
iF
a;
i
t*
gi
3#
. H
??
=*
?*
*-
r7
7*
33
ilg
“=
F
/ =
=
=
! j
?.
i!3
TE
A
\7
:
E
rt
E
Li
Zi
+
a;
,il
rf
i
=_
7
a
i e
\ri
i
iE
_7
; z
li
+7
z
;
,iP
aE
-.
-?
-;.
7i
;i7
$7
o=
.i
s
z=
:-z
i7
a
vi
:*
=i
==
0;
==
2i
!E
g
1q
,6
._
5l
g.
i;s
7i
ir_
😕
r,=
ii
*ii
iZ
”
–
O
:-<
o
=
=’
^=
s=
:&
je
Z?
‘;=
:
12
d.
r
1V
=
i=
=>
::r
:i
?z
;=
=
=E
u
*,
;q
at
i
;7
7:
,
r_
=
“”
7
i 7
=
==
=
1
-t
c
^
: –
i –
+
zi
7
+
2
=
i
i
=
sS
A
q
rf
i?
=r
i’=
; i
€
s
g
ri
a
; i
=-
z
=
=
i
I g
,V
IE
t”E
?
1
5
ie
;?
z
e
I
E
i,
ri
i [
i
+
f 9
ii
i=
!;
=A
: i
a
=:
g
it
:;:
+
??
T
i i
=
e
[ia
=
z
+
++
?i
i i1
=
*;
ii
f E
iE
?i
7:
r it
35
i –
-a
e
;,
i 3
!;
H
-r
a
i;g
iE
ii?
€
‘.
ii
[
*E
l3
i’z
r ;
.
3[
tc
9+
.i;
; i
–
; 1
iir
81
+1
z:
i-{
g
+”
E
:’g
I;z
E
_
*i’
i 7
se
i r
=
i?
;,
=i
E
1
lii
i;i
i=
Y
=_
=
_
=
=
=
?
2
i
i
j
=
1=
=-
=
I
3
: =
,*
L?
i
:7
E
?
8
i
:
+;
E
=
3
r a
; i
i :
;
i 7
s
+
il
r
i
1i
ir
3
.;
=i
.?
ti.
;;=
-3
:.7
V
?
: I
i3
€
f
=
:-,
a.
i?
??
14
: :
: e
g
: =
I;
g
i i
=
E
I
– =
!
.=
;
g.
i’a
.5
=
=
=
I
a
[
i I
u
a-
=_
?
Zi
i=
i i
E
‘,
;B
:ig
*-
L
B
E
Zl
E
=
-i
Lt
a
s
iE
F
Z:
-E
q
I
i
E
&
e
,-:
E
g
: =
E
iq
**
i:
a
i =
*
i e
B
i
=
iZ
; *
a
3.
+;
*
=?
nl
?i
-;a
=*
E
i
5i
; e
**
1*
ri:
s?
jrl
i;
LE
;;
r,
f i
6
=:
f
1
; ?
.=
=
. a C- , = , .r r) o o a\ o cl
s
1
7i
7″
!7
-‘=
,
7=
i
ii.
=-
;
7
:-
a=
1
”
i
_
?7
i
=
:”?
:-
–
-?
7
L=
=
r’;
?,
:=
z
*=
=
?7
+
?
I =
=
tZ
7
?i
i E
-2
A
7t
t;
2
7
=
l;
{:
a-
;’:
3
f.o
6
4
i
3r
-1
i=
i=
7i
:in
“Z
!+
i?
1-
+:
i i
“=
“=
il
iii
iE
==
1:
:r
rr
😕
i
i i
3.
A
*E
a
?
i a
t
?8
”
r=
–
^
.
1
2′
;a
=
=>
A
o’
7:
i
3i
aa
=A
i/1
a,
E
i,-
6
-g
f F
€
if
).-
,=
s
A
a;
‘,#
i+
E
t
p
ria
‘^
?
i-
?
-iE
1
i=
7
3.
C
7:
+3
;;=
?
=i
1
i:i
;d
g
i
-=
G
z
;{-
7
\?
!-*
-a
if
i:;
_.
=
“e
22
-_
;F
P
:l-
E
7E
5
F
c-
)r
i ?
:
=?
iE
-lZ
,-?
E
+’
-:l
ii=
–
q
; i
i i
‘,7
i i
l I
s
$
3
g
tb
—
:
i;+
i1
r7
=;
1;
i=
q,
:
;E
1z
i a
.G
lZ
;,_
t :
a
a
L4
j I
=
=
lii
?7
=:
92
*ii
==
=
-z
ti
:z
z
=:
r=
;ig
iC
==
! +
! ?
==
r”
t7
i
+
g
.?
+?
-=
?t
‘=
“‘
?=
=:
=1
:
i-i
i,i
==
=
i,i
-7
‘=
zi
-r
i,
{L
‘!
IE
E
E
B
E
IE
A
E
E
iE
E
E
il
IB
1B
E
g
E
E
E
E
iH
i?
B
E
E
aB
A
;.:
z
>_
=
=i
=?
_.
:L
=]
7?
i:=
?1
=:
.,c
i’i*
1
;
6
T
*
‘-
-d
=
-;
=
3
A
–
a
f
A
i
/
;,;
=
i
?
pl
;,*
=-
a
3
-=
d
–
=.
}
‘)
1-
.8
c
-?
: i
—
—
/
i’r
11
V
li
i1
l
=
.
–
i
3
:
“‘-
=
. =
i
i-
V
?
7Z
i
=
;1
=
=-
‘*7
7
=
-‘
–
– =
2
=
zG
-g
G
G
q=
-z
=.
i
.
;1
,
-_
,-
=
i
=
=
:.=
:A
o
t
i-E
iC
i=
,
=.
_:
??
;E
1,
ii*
E
5:
iii
3
=
: =
—
i.
=:
;
‘
i..
t,
.;
f =
=-
=]
7?
1:
?
:
‘.
”
=
ia
.F
f :
E
9:
ea
: P
-e
t:
i’i
/a
:;=
a
=
d
3
{
=E
;?
! =
i=
i1
i1
i i
*t
=
i i
=3
;’
;.
: .
i p
F
i1
‘ f
+
iii
€{
ir=
E
i1
€1
7i
: =
=
;*
€
ie
i,
,E
. i
ilr
ef
i i
i:?
1,
i r
i =
; q
L
=*
{E
J
t
;l*
3
i
?
“i
_:
=
ai
“,
=-
x
;]
P
^
=
; =
]
: i
i
*
-.?
; –
=;
E
E
;
rE
l&
+
=
i4
d:
5
!–
=
i
=
i;\
€g
=
iE
I
jll
=€
n
?
:.-
;3
z
1=
z
{=
3?
r x
>z
aa
E
A
E
i
n
i E
)i
=
=
=
; =
)
17
_i
i il
i
8?
li
.
=
1?
‘;l
“1
1;
=
a
–
=.
=;
:z
-i
=
=
:,E
[E
€
– i
; ?
e
: o
=
E
if
]
“2
_:
i a
z=
i t
ei
=i
iT
‘”:
rF
; J
;;r
e
*
=
=
1[
r ;
f f
g3
r+
i r
i
1s
t €
2
-,=
e=
c
*=
+a
€E
iI
f:i
i?
IIr
F
v
7j
<
0c
‘u
d
o
*
?€
*’
i,
*=
?:
‘=
‘?
1
a
-{
F
*
}
=”
bt
3X
1
i?
4
iii
;tC
r+
i1
€
vl
il
rr
;:;
>=
ce
.
^
=
:-
=,
:a
id
-‘u
,
@
B
Q
ro
–
P :5
‘o
(D
or
a
*
‘T
[E
E
gE
[g
ag
tB
gg
l
E
g1
E
E
E
IE
E
E
rE
r E
E
l[e
[E
g
gi
i[I
i
,2
,,t
?L
!E
7i
I1
?4
rt=
3?
Iz
t.=
F,
?!
.-1
+
=?
*i?
?’
i
t;v
t-1
2s
11
=,
1=
.
:i
=
i i
;=
\I?
€
il:
t*
*
e
a
el
i/t
=i
t=
=
i*1
1
i
?
7V
6
ii
t1
?E
?4
-z
;’
iil
g
?z
\=
e
s
u
1
r 5
rr
i 3
i;1
r
:tr
lE
i*i
?{
i;’
ii1
i;+
i=
u7
t7
,
-:
+ i
*a
i
ltE
E
?
?
=,
tig
3
e
!?
;7
1.
i7
v
a
?i
i*
z,
;;
+e
G
*
a
r
-;
E
1
E
i *
E
lT
‘{1
?
FE
1
i[?
A
?E
;=
,?
ii
z
??
?
, e
?
li
z=
-z
._
*
7?
;
+i
!1
,E
i1
:2
2r
,
7
z
i1
7:
1+
L?
71
i
=
2
i?
E
c
Fi
;rB
ii
i +
+
a
+
*
A
i*;
i ,
l
:’q
,a
r
f
ag
;s
*.
[l;
S
tE
gd
i*i
a
+
lt
}?
[lE
EE
rc
F
iI
I s
H
g
3
B
f E
a
r a
E
€
8*
LI
:
:
‘J
,a
_.
6
a,
v
2e
=
c.
?=
a
C
=;
-=
@
r^
o-
:=
.*
2/ .:,
r,P
4
)
<
vq ^
a
,4
P
;<
–
y
,3
o
+l
‘J
D
or
1Q
IT
!-.
-;D
J6
*5
=’
s*
c-
i
]
C
.]
> o
7?
, it
li[
[E
73
1u
ri
iE
iE
,l
1t
i,I
iT
E
E
L?
1i
iy
lii
iz
=-
😕
:,?
it
E
It
3r
{i
iE
al
lii
=
11
1,
z\
zE
zt
l*g
lit
1Z
i;r
,
i:1
t1
a2
\il
1l
,1
?f
ltf
zz
i=
zl
:1
E
Zi
Z
zz
A
;i?
r
7i
li{
,+
zE
,1
1z
z*
itl
.
=2
==
Z’
1
9!
:=
7
=n
i2
.”
=
;.
–
|
. it
1q
:
==
=7
,q
-c
=
;
/-
“‘
3
e
+(
S
a’
=_
c
*
-B
+e
=
–
“.
=-
=
.
6
c
=’
=_
‘-,
:E
3o
!o
n
{i
tri
qX
-.-
A
a
=
=
Q
–
=r
^-
,
>
I
—
r6
ci
g
I
=_
7
Z
Z
F.
i
i
; n
-4
d,
ai
q
–
=
;2
.’.
.:;
o
_=
=_
2.
‘(r
=6
—
83
-9
=_
7+
x
6
i=
-=
—
—
=-
Jz
il
-‘=
=;
=!
-=
-=
iE
+i
‘
=
=
.;
–
:
.)i
;_
2=
a
‘-+
i,
-lr
“lL
‘:,
$o
.-
=i
d
—
_
.
‘
=
=.
O
.
=2
‘a
–
;e
;
o-
;7
‘z
=;
P
:-=
o
=
7
r*
=7
-z
aF
?;
—
x-
€-
_-
i=
=,
c”
r
.Z
—
–
=-
_o
ry
=’
7
r
L
,=
tt^
5;
i
==
;?
!’=
=-
e7
*
E
E
E
.it
13
E
6D
t
1.
X
=_
=7
?-
lf”
-=
st
irZ
B
e
t–
re
,
c
t
‘-
-r
‘:-
aj
i
ra
aE
eA
Z
..1
-_
.;.
=1
ira
*
!?
?f
}1
ii=
,.
=7
—
**
i
i
ie
;€
l !
1i
a;
=;
,
z
i
=
t e
ii1
i *
*
?’
=,
=
il
Ii
?i
*”
i ii
i?
=
ii€
?i
=*
3=
-i
a
E
F.
-=
iE
it
iia
ffi
liY
e
i 1
-=
77
22
?+
ii?
i ;;
;
a
=
=
.-
–
i i,
g,
?1
;
1
=Z
2
=:
=
:’n
t:
=*
.-.
v
7i
q=
?
=z
=:
z*
?
7
l?
i i
i =
zz
v1
1-
{?
i!!
1
{\
?
‘,
.t{
– i
ul
f
Iii
i$
i7
E
*
?’
i7
r;f
2a
i1
:il
3;
;s
zi
;i|
t+
i t
=
E
z
1?
,2
:-=
=.
.?
1-
1=
==
i.?
.T
.?
-=
=’
7
_.
– =
_
=l
/;,
_=
-=
=
=
==
—
7
;!:
“=
=
=,
=.
=
, =
1
l=
i
_Z
=:
Z
=
_7
: i
=7
=
‘=
=
a=
=
=
–
a
=-
)’
=
=_
=
=
=.
3
:
:.i
,
,
7
=
=
–
j
–
i
.
?i
lE
;?
i:;
.7
=z
‘
”
L7
1i
z
2i
‘=
==
1V
g
iti
=!
!?
=z
=
.
=’
z
*
=
E
a
; r
Z’
7
:E
Z
?
i*
\=
=
2
=
i .
=
.
L;
L
iL
– =
=
i-
:-
:,
=n
ry
a.
ii=
-2
I;
lZ
27
:7
=:
=
. =
iie
1;
*
iz
+=
z:
;Z
,i
i i
+
i ?
, =
.
=
te
i i
11
r
?z
lli
ii
iii
L*
1
z
L
=
=
T:
:.
p
=i
t=
i;
=
-)
3
:
1/
7
=
—
=
3
; i
=
6:
=€
7
f-:
i =
ii
?E
s
1
i
t:
.
i
; *
?
;
i i
q?
r;
A
*Z
i’1
L2
r –
7
t;
=:
.3
t’
=;
T
9
+o
. =
.a
a
7
>,
p
e
7a
:;i
=
=-
lz
=.
ia
E
i.=
{
,{
i
i7
€
+
t !
:_
,
=-
*?
E
=
*i;
i=
u?
1?
-;6
.ii
t ;
=
::i
?i
?;
=
Z!
q!
1
i,?
Z;
_r
1
?t
: l
V
i
==
io
7i
a=
+t
=i
-ir
e:
7e
j=
=
€.
i T
z
4u
c
z
=?
;it
;:7
;=
:
a:
:4
Jz
*7
i’*
i-i
==
ii!
;1
t
=t
7
1;
+
lZ
z
*’
?
‘ =
:v
7i
i 3
i ?
11
87
=
=
.c
.*
F
t i
?
*
ii=
=
?
‘z
=_
==
_.
iii
Z
7
7.
:
D
od
p
. >
7
=;
:=
-‘
=7
r?
-1
i
=-
?
=
‘-
–
PIGS
JAMAICA
a-.-}Iooo
GL:ATENIALA VIRGIN
(BRTTISH/DANISH)
CURACAO
fi
I rrrxrrrrot r rFRl.\r ;rl
O” bts\RB\rtu\ BR/’ ”
?
o roneco (BRII/SH1
a
GUIANA
(The Falkland lslands, off the southern coast of Argentina, were also held by the British.)
a
i H
t
f
E
1
3
H
B
E
s
i i
A
n
rD
‘O
‘-a
t
=’
1
E
.;
rD
H
‘I
A
.[]
ia
l’t
d,
3-
P
5′
-i-
gt
iE
sf
e
k
r i
]a
E
E
C
ftF
$3
:’r
‘r
?
; 3
t
i
I I
=
+
–
3
H
E
E
ii
O
-n
13
a6
pE
r =
iF
q
€
gv
g*
E
Y
=s
=
H
E
€€
Ti
€
E
E
E
H
F
F
?
Y
ia
‘d
3
lE
._
.-.
sl
#
B
ili
=
dE
rn
:-
=
A
E
9R
ffi
A
H
3
j_
3+
,:3
q;
;5
[+
H
;r?
=n
E
E
==
‘-3
*-
)-
s)
D
r
.D
‘
–
o
E
E
LO
r:’
5
‘
(D
FU
d= i\o +^ 3@ iD
q4 P
c) ) (D oq o E (D (D x 0)
r
i r
+
a
fiF
3[
[g
E
+*
?f
IE
f
3E
$
fIi
r*
8′
g
i g
E
B
il
–
i*a
]r3
aB
=]
B
e
el
t*
38
$
iig
i$
$
e
+
H
,iF
:iZ
zt
E
Tl
la
,1
*1
ri1
?,
=_
=
:
i 3
+
g
rr
i
-L
li
E
€=
i7
;7
1r
, t
==
L
i 3
\1
-7
==
!E
Y
uZ
l=
==
=
2-
1
ri=
t1
*
ii
i:i
=x
=_
i4
i=
=.
=-
–
“r
r=
=
*
ilt
*
;r
3*
f €
ii
g€
ig
-;-
, =
i=
!i
Z
Z
i;.
rZ
l+
?
=
1:
L7
1i
– =
1
i ti
?*
e
?i
Tz
zE
i3
i li
==
=
=
q
E
=?
I
-iE
p
i i’
;;
; i
.i
; F
;’
^’
i*i
7
; .
7i
1e
-1
iE
ii
ti*
+
: *
iE
‘;t
7;
–
1-
*;
iti
ei
i t
2′
-s
i;
{r
E
?i
=
E
ii
__
=
[=
=
?
ti=
a-
i;
l*i
i,=
=
–
z+
i,r
i+
?
Li
it:
*i
l{{
1?
?=
2
i2
ltl
i=
=
!?
ia
;=
?i
ii
t =
V
1i
i?
iii
zt
;ra
E
i
:
I
E
iiE
ig
E
@ o x N
o
f-i
=
;
i
:.
–
=
=
ol
q
J
-:
f
+=
=
=
:
s
‘6
:
–
=
j
=
=
-^
6
=
r’
e
!’k
–
a
–
ir
_r
3q
+!
=E
:
:
–
==
.
o
^
o
=
o
i
=
6
–
<
:
E
3
e
.*
B
E
B
1
=
–
*=
-a
e
E
–
-5
;
E
?
:
#;
60
\n
l{
-t;
X
;;i
dF
3′
{=
co
-!9
j5
;:<
oc
u-
-o
L\
o J 3 o =. = a f _h o 3 o – E o =o’ f
=.
i.C
b
b-
q
d
3
f
<
d
O
–
J
f
6-
9.
-a
aq
i
6:
*
;
X
‘P
t
J
f
ut
B
3=
q
r.-
P
t
–
-1
‘
\o
Y
f-=
+o
H
,
_i
d
—
^
q
d
n,
=
5s
-t
.6
d
d
<
\l o
i5
=
: E
r.
;d
6
o
at
O
d f-o
5
i–
i
=.
9
5′
u-
-_
u=
😕
i:1
:E
!._
€7
-t
l*
=
.
=,
—
JY
o
=
i =
1
7
?
=
=,
3
<
j
I
i
q
‘r.
*
x
F
j,
-^
==
‘C
-?
==
+{
lI5
i
?
7
-L
=
=q
‘=
:e
6a
i5
=
=-
E
E
t=
-=
-t^
)-
4l
r
1
2
r;
?
=-
=
‘
==
^.
5.
i
^.
L
:
X
^
+
–
–
–
‘
-.1
“*
3{
.:
a
=
6
x.
:
.=
😕
+3
i:?
.=
;iZ
f=
:7
;6
or
H
_e
=;
i$
rl.
;-
o
r
I
s
c-
-V
ilt
<6
;
7
F
E
?
r i
-3
j.
–
I
a)
=’
=
A
Ld
€
a
=
–
[
=.
!.u
+=
I
‘o
9?
u.
Jo
i
a
o
6
6
i.5
r{
5:
–
F
!:.
ia
=’
. o
1-
p,
^{
+I
}q
^
=
–
)
te
*
,
L=
riE
6F
$
5E
*
>
a
lh
-6
-5
!-G
6?
nY
=
IO
– X
oO X
f,r
rB
.:.
la
:
>!
r= t,d
-‘o o6 oO
– o = a E. @ =. q. 5 o- o 6 = o E o a- ro 3 rD f
#f
E
s
‘I
=,
#
)8
E
sF
3s
&
;
A
=
x.
:-
a-
f,.
i
E
=H
r’g
G
t’
+H
:
d
>
5
3
r i
*+
$
I e
$
e
++
+;
si
iE
.
?;
=
,
s
rB
il
L
ge
a1
B
E
; r
iil
9.
=
E
s
B
c
j Y
J
;
;i
d
I..
E
=F
a
E
E
i{3
FX
E
F
5
rD
E
ifi
*
+
T
[
E
€
s
.8
B
i I
E
5q
:3
S
€;
iis
irE
{E
P
.:i
:.,
3
B
H
tl
I
I
E
,
;
”
=
>
*il
L;
E
3
TB
a
=5
;
E
A
6H
E
+;
i
IE
q
le
E
z4
[P
s
t
fi
B
E
n
F
e
”
E
g
8
-[P
s#
:E
11
E
ll1
lj\
ai
ta
1,
!*
i’=
1
; i
H
i ?
t r
E
?7
*7
i7
€
=*
l ii
i?
i i
‘
;*
i{?
zt
ti;
?i
li1
{iT
1l
l?
=
*!
iE
[ 1
1
[{!
l!
1
*
+
; 8
1t
4,
; ;
*$
e
i 1
c
+e
qi
if
iE
iil
et
z7
1
i
i
r i
E
s
i 1
{T
i i
i
1?
til
i’
‘
i
i i
i
E
ill
*
*it
l{?
i
g
E
?l
t’
: t
?
a
a
E
I
r a
*ia
1i
Li
E
g
I
1{
,
*E
+t
i;i
iri
ii+
ui
es
– ‘
–
–
=
–
=
i;7
?i
i=
‘=
-;?
=;
7=
–
=-
–
=}
tT
,:=
ai
E
=;
=7
;-
n
, .
=
E
n
ij?
?i
=:
+L
=
=i
i
=
1
=i
E
i*
E
i’i{
; 1
=
t’
=
=
i?
:
==
–
a
a
3
il|
; 7
?i
iii
;l
*E
=
?
i7
);i
?”
7
‘o
?
-r
7
-i.
ii
:’
=
:la
;1
+i
-f
{P
=*
=1
;li
e-
!’8
.I
?
y=
i il
?i
ii|
*!
a
g
=
—
i;,
i?
si
iif
;E
E
ii
i*
-=
B
ir1
r;{
6i
:;;
g;
il:
r {
!=
B
rir
5[
A
i}i
e
€?
i’=
=
;
6
q
E
:i=
t3
l**
n
C
=;
“a
.=
E
qg
;i;
iB
r3
1
e+
_7
E
ia
iIi
E
i]i
7!
B
rig
‘=
i3
;a
55
4
7;
*l=
r=
3:
=;
a
i=
=Z
,i
i=
d=
i1
z?
i-
=i
=o
:
+*
if
ffi
1,
i 1
+8
E
^i
?1
iil
-fk
i!,
=
“ii
i
1
?*
1
1
E
a1
1
i l
ta
eE
E
1
I
iE
E
1
1
E
E
e
1
E
1
B
a
€i
e
E
E
aE
1E
E
ts
?E
E
E
si
l1
1
E
E
E
11
E
at
E
la
la
lE
aE
ffi
?
s
a
i
*a
Ii}
ar
9
IE
a;
ii
ffi
‘r3
=*
lE
+
F
5d
E
O
jx (D
n
– .{-
.-\ A
‘
*F
f$
[i$
g+
gr
E
iii
lri
gI
$E
ii+
iig
E
6i
fE
$I
i$
E
IE
rIE
E
F$
J
^1
=<
i/D
D
J
-=
rl
o /t,
(-
i
-4
=
4
)
:jT
Z
dr
:5 iio
lr1
lo
=-
‘<
=1
=H -) E-
^
z
F
r/
^
r
‘-
Za
ai
:
_
”
t^
a3 E
[f
A
F
T3
fi’
L=
E
; =
=
=
=
:
=
:f
E
;=
l1
!;!
i
:V
r=
=7
12
-=
=
:
=
=-
3
?
7i
i
‘-
lL
eE
i:t
ij=
ili
Z
t!1
t
z
l’?
57
t
7i
i=
i’t
47
:i=
?
i+
1z
?+
ili
e1
i i
lil
?i
ii?
ii
ti
=,
=:
l=
E
=;
,1
,{;
i E
?
ii
“i
1
;i.
l
ie
aa
ff
1=
iii
;A
i!1
E
; 1
=:
l 3
+
=
1E
t:E
i;’
?i
i
tE
?;
i*i
fii
:;?
*r
3
t{=
i?
c-
ia
‘=
ai
; i
TE
z=
7
iii
‘:
-i
7E
=
=
=:
.
is
lF
*;
:ii
i
ili
ii
!ii
i*;
lp
ie
ill
?r
lli
[[i
is
il1
a:
rp
tiz
E
?l
?
i1
li
i,:_
iE
r i
E
F
^i
?;
i+
i\a
*
!.;
!;q
;i
i
iii
ig
*
zs
?
=:
;T
51
;-
a:
,
l
I
=.
oS
iJ
3o
o
\L
\H
E
I F
J rD rn ts c rD F) o F) rD
B
H
H
6X
*
vH
o 6′
i
s
=
H
“{
tr-
+
FD
6′
B
>-
o
{
*
5.
i
a
*d
P
-!+ 3
oP
.
qX O
H
P
i;E
o-
;-o
,O
A
r9
o
i
–
63
$^
\;r
J4
o
o
‘<
\rt
s1
9+
>:
+H
5
7^
-?
;V
H
L
g
J5
‘+
‘c
io
Fo
€q
;
s
E
ts
H
A
o^
-a
‘
ii
E
‘X
l
.
E
(D
:v
‘H
<+
^F
o:
t
ts
6t
^
90
5
:n
'-
$F
l
3r
D
'
'p 5(
D
o- 96 (D
*
oo =r
D
o .)F
=
j.E 6P
;4
3
-A
$
!tr
t̂s
B
ao
rD
r,a t
:a
,
6(
D
5A
-
E
r#
3E
:€
: e
g
g
+3
E
ge
.g
If
E
!?
LE
F
F
*'
qE
rE
F
E
F
A
$g
E
E
S
E
E
iF
B
6n
aE
B
fi
r[[
f i
gg
Ii*
rE
tE
f F
Iil
Fr
3r
lF
E
F[
it1
F1
lE
E
$$
E
$t
rr
E
E
r[$
FF
B
E
IH
$i
ig
[F
1
E
[€
[E
[g
ig
*
: t
1E
r
r T
F
q
$
f
; E
=€
i
B
;
t s
H
;.
S
f $
;
H
g
A
F
5
+
g
t
*
['
E
B
-3
e
€.
r
.i
=
+
P
IE
gI
+E
+
;?
E
[;€
g
E
1E
E
IIE
Ii
gg
[[a
g'
1
ig
ffi
E
f€
IE
E
1$
gF
I
ai
;
=-
^
=:
':1
={
; =
=:
?
z;
^
=
=
r-
4
=:
=
- =
a=
=
:
,
?.
='
t=
i
=
-._
==
=
i:
a
=
a
=
. -
;
+
='
:
a
I
7
=1
-
7
=
=
=)
?=
--
:
?'
-
n
i
/
--
-
-=
'
=r
-=
='
;
i
=
-7
.:-
--
=
i
-
=
2
;_
. =
^
n
=
_
Z_
7
2
7
:
9
=
:
:
=:
L-
.;
-=
'
--
. =
=
==
=
=
_7
=E
7
7
i -
: =
:=
E
V
: e
i
r5
5
; =
i:
1:
=
.c
=
i_
; =
=?
;-'
--
i
si
E
p
{a
3
+
;n
2
E
Y
=
;ii
i
z
?i
=
=
:7
7
==
-d
i,i
5g
-Z
l7
;*
"
E
E
*3
z
-
=E
.=
i
?
c
'-
='
=
t-=
i
6
?*
;.;
=:
g
=
i
A
.
-a
:3
--
.
6
77
;
=c
rq
=
o
-
==
:=
1-
zr
e+
liE
l*7
_;
i
ia
;;;
+:
:
;€
*
FU
?i
:=
;7
;^
".
e=
a;
TZ
r.
tr=
{=
E
a:
E
'A
E
E
--
=
l +
tZ
=
i
; ;
:
:;2
t+
i;
=!
';a
' g
g
i i
la
z
=i
a<
e
=;
3'
r7
fr4
="
=P
E
+c
-
66
6-
-
;i=
''
F
1
=
- i
i-
\
1*
l;
z
=.
77
:;z
?
=
6'
,+
27
?
:-=
';1
=
-
):
7!
4?
i;,
8
t =
;ii
_=
i7
Z
z{
E
;:I
V
=1
8
;
=
?i
=-
-.a
^2
+1
=;
*;
/f
i=
=r
7'
if
=
ra
A
i
-
=;
C
gl
n'
l li
e:
[:
i if
i\
E
?Z
:-s
qq
i 5
i
=
i;'
! i
lZ
tl1
i_
1,
i7
-ii
, ?
l=
,8
V
;E
1=
?=
7_
=2
z
'..
-
?
=-
a
i
:
='
;.
.
-=
=
=r
,ry
c
i
==
t-
-
;
)''
2
i."
:7
=
'-?
l
1?
;i=
=i
;l'
;=
=:
b=
3'
=a
d
;=
--
.A
La
-;
:z
";;
ii,
=;
--
.n
.i7
;;1
;
:7
=
ia
=6
_B
=q
H
+.
A
-"
,7
,
rC
3.
A
?'
tE
3.
:6
-*
e=
[
a-
s,
oD
a
!.=
;-*
??
,
6;
=d
?-
*?
E
.3
',"
i=
a<
38
ffg
;-<
=x
=2
ei
l
Z
=!
Zt
;i:
.2
?=
't=
='
--
7-
a3
1.
/=
.n
i'.
.4
_1
iZ
rd
+i
1
+i
i.=
,iv
tL
!=
iit
7a
li
=
3{
3F
; i
f
=
iE
eT
5=
ts
-?
i-n
-
=r
i-=
;l;
-Z
=-
;i5
rc
--
=.
'
{
7i
e
q?
=;
f E
'i;
a{
-=
?=
t7
! E
;ip
zi
; I
i=
i
i=
=-
zV
#'
zi
?2
,s
,1
==
1
:-
z
=+
1l
d
:j
;7
=
;
-
=
=.
z
;
6t
=
3
eq
?X
a
ri
:
72
.
lz
a'
-:o
:-c
aR
'
=
;.
i
:
=
7
=
=.
.,
=
L
=
7
. i
,.
=
?
7
=
c
.
Z'
i'
l--
!
a'
^,
=
U
=8
.
i
;3
.o
2
-o
;.
a
i
^
5
=.
--
;.
=
=
=
+i
I;?
^
=;
,?
?.
a
!
a
c
d-
<
a
-
=
5r
o
-
n!
=-
=.
i
=_
i3
't3
?
=:
=
:*
e,
6
ia
:
=
*
?
=
==
ri
.E
z
r;
e:
;
=?
7,
7
z?
-i"
__
t
iz
61
=
>‘
.=
‘q
‘..
7,
.=
I
=
la
d
;=
Z
*.
,_
:4
=
i
=
4F
‘Z
t=
.
7i
-.
-=
=.
)’
.
=c
i
cL
–
c
:.
n,
,,,
‘a
=6
A
e
o’
j3
7:
‘=
i
i:r
3i
z?
aa
i.s
=A
2/
i/1
Z2
a,
i:
E
E
i,-
r+
6
i.?
-g
*Z
f F
€
E
if
ni
).-
-;V
,=
.
s
n
A
r i
a;
+
‘,#
^r
i+
*
E
i =
t
a.
p
i
ria
=
‘^
qi
?
v-
i-
.=
?
s
-iE
i5
1
t€
i=
:’=
7
!E
3.
+i
C
:
7:
t,
+3
“,
;;=
=
?
4a
=i
E
1
Z+
i:i
l._
;d
A
g
l ;
i
i
-=
?=
G
z
z
s
;{-
-.-
7
:
\?
z-
!-*
c
-a
=:
if
=
i:;
=t
_.
3-
=
C
“e
=r
22
1;
-_
-=
;F
ae
P
r
:l-
rz
E
i3
7E
hn
5
2i
F
3s
c-
;”=
)r
=:
i ?
ei
:
;
=?
.
iE
[
-lZ
27
,-?
–
E
P
+’
;Z
-:l
=,
ii=
–
–
–
q
; i
s
i i
‘,+
‘,7
ii
i i
, a
l I
=
s
E
$
B
3
#
g
i E
tb
‘:’
—
=
:
1i
i;+
i7
i1
j=
r7
, 1
=;
1=
1;
_Z
i=
?t
q,
.a
:
;E
iV
1z
a
i a
=i
.G
iE
lZ
!7
;,_
Z
t :
=
a
{ =
a
i”
L4
r?
j I
; _
=
=
=
iL
lii
i=
?7
;=
=:
t>
92
7
*ii
-ii
==
,i=
=
:
-z
iZ
ti
V
:z
z:
z
t=
=:
=7
r=
2
;ig
+i
iC
!7
==
=
! +
i
! ?
1._
==
1
r”
;.
t7
r:
i
: ;:
+
E
g
i:
.?
E
+?
; –
-=
;
?t
r?
‘=
,=
“‘
i?
?=
‘ =
=:
-2
=1
7i
:
i7
i-i
TE
i,i
1’
==
–
=
‘i-
i,i
T
-7
E
‘=
zi
zi
13
-r
,3
i,
:”+
{L
-:
tIs
‘!
E
IE
IE
E
IE
E
IE
B
I
E
gE
IE
E
A
at
E
tE
E
E
iE
E
E
Ig
il
E
E
IB
E
1B
E
E
IiE
g
E
E
E
E
IE
E
IIB
iH
[F
i?
E
B
E
E
aB
A
t7
;.:
;
z
_-
>_
‘i.
=
?Z
=i
V
=?
==
_.
*a
:L
.;
=]
:-i
7?
z
i:=
-_
?1
!=
=:
?i
.,c
*.
i’i*
f
1
c
;
i
6
=.
T
7
*
i
‘-
“.
-d
. –
=
Z
-;
=
=
9
3
; +
A
q
–
7
a
:
f
=
A
–
i
!=
/
–
;,;
t.=
=
i
?
=-
pl
=
;,*
a
=-
L
a
i
3
–
-=
7l
d
-=
–
6
=.
!=
}
=?
‘)
-7
1-
-!-
.8
-c
c
!
-?
!-r
: i
.!
—
–
—
.
/
”
?.
o
i’r
.
11
1+
V
V
li
=i
i1
7=
l
–
=
.
–
.
i
a:
3
P
:
r
“‘-
)^
=
=
. =
:;
i
t z
i-
i l
V
A
?
T
7Z
=
i
:T
=
=
;1
;s
=
ie
=-
7
‘*7
-a
7
=
=
-‘
–
=’
– =
=
2
=i
=
:
zG
<
ra
E
-g
+
G
,i
G
=-
q=
Z
-z
el
=.
_
i
f
.
{;;
E
;1
ilr
,
=
-_
: ?
,-
=
=
i
=
L
=
=l
=:
:.=
.n
:A
=.
7.
o
J
t
,1
-
i-E
y
=.
iC
i
i=
7!
r=
=
,
-_
=.
=
-
_:
til
??
E
;E
ii+
1,
ii
ii*
=4
E
ti
5:
"=
iii
jE
3
L,
=
=
: =
'=
--
=
i.
;
=:
;iV
;
iE
'
F
i..
-!
t,
ii:
.;
ii
f =
ii<
i.
*
=-
=
=]
-?
7?
7i
1:
-
?
=
:
?
'.
=:
"
54
=
-,
ia
e
.F
[1
f :
3
E
9
9:
a
ea
>
: P
o
-e
^
t:
u
i’i
;=
/a
:_
:;=
–
a
=
J
d
i.I
3
F
{
e
ZE
=E
E
;?
;=
! =
i7
i=
l?
i1
. =
i1
?i
i i
i
*t
:
=
i i
z
=3
1
;’
– ;
;.
–
: .
7
i p
=
F
r:
i1
rE
‘ f
?
+
e
iii
€{
+
ir=
\E
E
-1
i1
€1
;1
7i
i=
: =
?
=
=’
;*
i r
€
=;
ie
E
i,
Iz
,E
; r
. i
+
ilr
X
ef
=i
i i
\-;
i:?
e
1,
ai
i r
:=
i =
I5
; q
i=
L
gs
=*
s
{E
iZ
J
f t
t
E
;l*
*t
3
H
i
+*
?
?+
“i
=
_:
=
=
=
ai
o_
“,
{
=-
r[
x
1E
;]
*
P
h
^
a
”
=
5
; =
A
]
i
: i
E
i
A
*
=e
-.?
2
; –
–
=;
: i
E
i:
E
B
;
s
q
c
rE
a
l&
5p
+
! [
=
3
i4
?”
d:
–
5
!–
=
=
i
=
=.
i;\
3
€g
i;l
=
?
iE
=.
I
jll
t
=€
E
n
b€
?
i7
:.-
>+
;3
e
z
=
1=
_
z
=
{=
iif
3?
t;1
r x
{ii
>z
?{
aa
*is
E
F
A
E
i
;€
n
1i
i E
”
)i
:=
=
7
=
.;
=
z
; =
1
)
1;
17
iE
_i
,iz
i il
i*?
i
!7
8?
?1
li
ri-
.
‘=
=
_
1?
i=
‘;l
::-
“1
*7
1;
23
=
.a
a
+r
–
c
=.
–
=;
2v
:z
c=
-i
=
=
=
=
=;
:,E
*
[E
€
-.
– i
a’
; ?
r:
e
q
: o
=
=
-iA
E
.ii
if
–
]
tf
“2
-‘
_:
>
i a
vt
z=
‘4
i t
:
ei
=
=i
=
iT
ii
‘”:
i
rF
-3
; J
cr
;;r
q
e
\.
*
–
=
=
ai
1[
61
r ;
?
f f
Iii
g3
5#
r+
*=
i r
E
i
a
1s
+=
t €
,i:
2
-‘Z
-,=
7
e=
r=
c
=
*=
a
+a
€E
‘a
iI
f:i
:$
i?
i +
IIr
ei
F
! [
v
17
7j
z
<
5
0c
ra
O
'u
-
-!l
o
d
H
t
o
n
*
t?
?€
q
?
*'
a'
i,
Z
*=
^
?:
=
'=
4
'?
l=
1
i.
a
-;
-{
-!;
F
c
*
c7
}
-T
="
i?
bt
r'.
3X
3.
1
-=
=
i?
iL
4
li
iii
i,?
;tC
; +
r+
E
i1
€
;Z
vl
=;
il
iz
rr
r-
;:;
a/
-
>=
;
ce
.= 4.
.
;<
di
.i_
^
=
c’ =C ,-? <=
-
ac
:-
oF
=,
Y
:a
-
id
P
-'u
a4
,
Y
@
L ^
B
cb
Q
'@
ro
o
-
='
,5
P :5
'o
i+
(D
c
or
D
a
..r
*-
*
*-
'T
rg
[E
tg
E
ag
gE
ga
[g
E
ag
et
tB
E
gg
gE
l
E
E
B
g1
B
E
E
E
IE
E
$l
E
E
IE
rE
[ r
r E
rE
E
*
l[e
E
[E
sE
g
q[
gi
E
i[I
*g
i
1?
,2
,?
,,t
i,?
?L
i,Z
Z.
Z1
!E
?=
7i
l7
I1
1r
?4
,i!
rt=
7;
3?
i!1
Iz
1=
t.=
,
F,
*=
?!
18
.-1
=!
+
r=
=?
"8
*i?
7+
?'
zg
i
il
t;v
i I
t-1
et
2s
a?
11
i,
=,
:--
1=
=:
.
i 7
:i
i;
=
i i
|'
;=
E
\I?
=
€
il:
,e
t*
s
*
E
e
;.
a
zZ
el
t?
i/t
lZ
=i
=-
t=
.-=
=
7i
i*1
+*
1
i =
i
"2
?
??
7V
Z?
6
; i
ii
i {
t1
#i
?E
iii
?4
27
-z
=
;'
=
+l
iil
ia
g
i i
?z
al
\=
s
e
?6
s
?
u
r ;
1
s
r 5
ri
rr
ei
i 3
a1
i;1
;=
r
Zt
:tr
r*
lE
q?
i*i
E
?{
i2
i;'
{,?
ii1
l1
i;+
qE
i=
z?
u7
?2
t7
,;,
,
A
-:
i-i
+ i
a
*a
iE
i
=
ltE
E
E
?
?
t1
=,
_i
tig
g
3
F
e
i=
!?
ZZ
;7
22
1.
=
i7
1:
v
E
a
e
?i
lt
i*
*-
z,
sg
;;
r
+e
ii
G
E
*
;
a
r a
r
r ?
-;
?;
E
:-i
1
{?
E
1
i *
iF
E
lll
lT
ii?
'{1
r1
?
E
FE
1a
1
?,
i[?
11
A
aq
?E
E
;=
=
,?
V
ii
7
z
; +
??
==
?
;1
, e
?
?
e
li
:Z
z=
-v
-z
tv
._
2i
*
=r
7?
i t
;
l=
+i
,.,
=,
!1
, =
,E
L
i1
7:
:2
17
2r
:1
,
?i
7
>i
z
?
i1
i
7:
1a
1+
”
L?
:,2
71
,1
i
z
=
“;*
2
z:
i?
>’
E
-,7
-z
c
rr
Fi
irE
;rB
iq
ii
a
i +
Ff
+
i
a
s
+
i$
*
;
A
**
i*;
r[]
i ,
?i
l
dF
:’q
i!
,a
+
r
s$
f
ie
ag
33
;s
3
*.
$A
[l;
E
S
nn
tE
. ”
gd
i
i*i
i€
a
+r
+
A
lt
ffi
}?
E
[lE
1
EE
B
rc
rE
F
ge
iI
i;
I s
i F
H
E
g
+
3
r
B
:.;
r I
f E
r
a
+
r a
e E
E
n
€
gB
8*
i *
LI
]
:
-”
:
7-
‘J
.<
='
:!o
,a
r
_.
.,=
6
-.=
a,
u- ,_.
v
)-
2e
.A
=
a
c.
4-
?=
,n
v:
a
-J
C
ro
=;
+
-=
-1
@
P
r^
4- ^?
o-
d
:=
'a
.*
-,_
2/ .:,
r,P
,+
4
-'-
)
)
c<
.7
-
<
!
vq ^
r)
a
'J
,4
1+
--
P
a"
;<
B
-
;
y
@
,3
a
:'6
o
'J
+l
-
'J
o(
D
,
or
@
1Q
'O
Q
IT
rD
L:
!-.
)p
-;D
C
7?
;;
, it
ai
li[
f r
[E
“ii
73
f
1u
iii
ri
i:=
iE
+;
iE
;tx
,l
=
,;1
1t
:L
i,I
vZ
iT
ttl
E
?l
E
ZE
L?
?E
1i
Tl
iy
+e
lii
lE
iz
.i:
=-
=i
😕
iiz
:,?
iI=
it
E
iti
It
i1
3r
e+
{i
iii
iE
i*
al
zi
lii
=
=
,;1
11
t2
1,
llE
z\
E
zE
t?
zt
liE
l*g
tiz
lit
?t
1Z
=*
i;r
*;
,
=i
i:1
t?
t1
z?
a2
1E
\il
\ll
1l
7i
,1
zt
?f
ta
ltf
iri
zz
iz
: =
i=
;i=
zl
ti!
:1
ii=
E
?t
Zi
z*
Z
i t
zz
?I
A
ii=
;i?
z
r
=,
7i
Zt
li{
*2
,+
;fE
zE
tT
,1
Z1
1z
iT
z*
1;
itl
zt
.
=-
=2
7.
==
1
Z’
;?
1
gi
9!
i
:=
ii’.
7
c=
=n
6
i2
1.
.”
=-
=
==
;.
Z
–
u
|
=.
. it
e
1q
?i
:
==
==
,’.
=7
=a
,q
t-_
-c
oo
=
:
;
–
/-
=
“‘
P
3
)
e
=’
+(
u
S
i
a’
1
=_
9!
c
i
*
=’
-B
6
+e
:t
=
=
–
–
“.
=
=-
.
=
;’:
.
i=
6
!
c
o
=’
—
=_
?a
‘-,
—
:E
=
3o
n’
!o
_r
n
_,
{i
i
tri
rj
qX
”
-.-
=
A
-,.
a
=
=
e’
=
b’
Q
:^
–
-J
=r
la
^-
=e
,
—
>
—
I
E
—
,
r6
.?
ci
,:;
g
:
I
a
=_
-.
7
a
Z
A
Z
=
F.
V
i
*n
i
S
; n
-:-
-4
2
d,
n<
7;
*-
6.
ai
E
q
-
=
=;
;2
9
Z
.'.
=
.:;
T>
–
o
=-
_=
–
=_
=*
2.
_a
‘(r
4,
=6
d
—
=e
83
=;
-9
:.a
=_
=_
7+
iO
x
i:a
6
;
i=
3
-=
-d
—
!.^
—
a -=
=-
-n
Jz
-ta
il
=:
-‘=
76
=;
pa
=!
‘*
-=
ti;
-=
a
iE
Zi
+i
3
‘
=
=
4
=
u:
.;
O
–
A
:
=j
.)i
;i
;_
‘:.
2=
ic
a
=.
‘-+
5-
i,
j
-lr
-;G
“lL
^!
‘:,
:
$o
.L
.-
6i
=i
3;
d
:
—
‘;
_
3-
.
O
‘
^
=
-l
=.
o
O
!
.
:
=2
.1
‘a
.’=
–
:
;e
r-
;
a:
o-
:=
;7
=:
‘z
e
=;
;-,
P
a3
:-=
3
o
=:
=
–
7
G
r*
=-
=7
9=
-z
?
aF
Z=
?;
+
—
…
x-
a-
€-
r9
_-
-p
i=
=?
=,
a.
c”
a-
r
.r!
.Z
E
—
.;
–
=
=-
=
_o
_
ry
O
=’
–
7
c)
r
-=
L
*q
,=
—
tt^
=.
5;
1=
i
:=
==
1′
;?
‘;2
!’=
a
=-
il?
e7
i=
*
a,
E
X
E
i;
E
.+
.it
=;
13
6=
E
-:!
6D
-u
t
=Q
1.
6
X
7
=_
=i
=7
=:
?-
==
lf”
=.
-=
?5
st
{
irZ
Z
B
-=
e
:a
t–
tv
re
:.
,
,.
c
=5
t
–
‘-
=a
-r
=;
‘:-
7
aj
=
i
D
ra
=;
aE
; ‘
eA
=’
Z
d’
..1
.=
-_
==
.;.
aa
=1
!’c
ira
I
C
*
*#
!?
;{z
?f
?
}1
– ?
ii=
.,
,.
<=
==
1_
=7
',-
--
=
**
y:
i
i i
i
iE
ie
i 3
;€
3
l !
;?
1i
iZ
a;
=
=;
==
,
e
z
?E
i
d=
=
i
t e
f
ii1
t a
i *
lit
*
i-;
?'
==
=,
.
=
;it
il
;i
Ii
fr"
?i
i;;
*"
+r
i ii
'-^
i?
t=
=
;:=
ii€
i*
?i
2=
=*
;:*
3=
is
-i
l-;
a
i-=
E
i=
F.
, =
-=
-_
iE
Fg
it
iia
r;i
ffi
l*;
liY
E
e
cY
i 1
-
-=
=
77
'7
22
;Z
?+
r"
ii?
'*i
i ;;
+ =
;
?
a
i=
=
t'
=
=
.-
=
-
e
i i,
a
g,
t$
?1
+=
;
i-1
1
lii
=Z
E
2
'A
=:
;-=
=
ie
:'n
i?
t:
=-
=*
71
.-.
.Z
v
7i
i 1
q=
1=
?
81
=z
';i
=:
i"
z*
E
?
?
7
. i
l?
vl
i i
lE
i =
!?
zz
li
v1
7 i
1-
==
!+
{?
.1
i!!
Lr
1
\,e
{\
i 7
?
?8
',
L=
.t{
i;:
- i
E
ul
iE
f
Iii
u=
i$
=
i7
:,
E
!*
*
)E
?'
=,
i7
t
r;f
i*?
2a
-*
i1
; a
:il
F
3;
?
;s
3*
zi
+
;i|
E
t+
?i
i t
:?
=
!!
E
r;-
z
t,7
1?
=:
:=
,2
?
:-=
=j
=.
-
.?
==
1-
1
1=
-;=
==
: 1
i.?
T7
.T
Zi
.?
+
-=
?=
='
=.
7
; =
_.
7
- =
la
_
z>
=l
z=
/;,
:-r
_=
?
-=
=
=
==
—
==
7
!i’
;!:
=2
“=
1.
=
=1
=,
1=
=.
_
=
=
, =
E
1
?
l=
{.
i
-:
_Z
i =
=:
.1
Z
:
=
.=
_7
1
: i
=
=7
=”
=
: :
‘=
=”
=
=
a=
=
=
=
–
a
=-
‘-
)’
=
=
:
=_
=;
=
j7
=
>
=.
– =
3
=
:
–
:.i
73
,
=:
,
a
7
7*
=
=
=
–
j
–
i
=a
.
=”
?i
-:=
lE
-::
;?
i
i:;
7;
.7
7′
=z
‘?
‘
12
”
”
L7
-=
=i
1i
, i
z
;1
2i
r-
‘=
i=
==
tiu
1V
;1
g
l;
iti
iz
=!
=1
!?
z’
=z
;:
=
:1
.
: :
=’
1;
z
—
*
:_
=
*
E
il’
a
–
; r
:’
Z’
: q
7
7
:E
=
Z
t7
?
=;
i*
r ?
\=
-?
=
=a
2
–
=
i .
=-
=
-i
.
.’=
L;
;
L
l=
iL
-;a
– =
R
=
a
i-
=
:-
i
:,
=i
=n
e3
ry
iil
a.
-:3
ii=
*ii
-2
5
I;
*2
lZ
i-?
27
?1
:7
rE
=:
t;-
=
:
. =
;
iie
i
1;
+
*
iz
it
+=
zi
z:
3?
;Z
“ii
,i
ri
i i
g
+
ill
i ?
=;
, =
=
.
|’,
=
;in
te
;
i i
E
11
=’
r
3?
?z
;E
lli
!1
ii
\v
iii
| ;
L*
a
1
z
z
i-
L
;
=
– –
=
ri
T:
e
:.
=J
p
2
=i
z
t=
=
i;
i =
=
!-=
-)
*=
3
=;
:
i
1/
7-
7
—
=
—
=
z7
3
=
; i
,Z
=
7
6:
i
=€
6_
7
;t
f-:
)
i =
: =
ii
Z
?E
t
s
B
1
d
i
E
t:
=
.
‘ =
i
i;
; *
p
?
; f
;
:
i i
:
q?
: i
r;
iT
A
–
*Z
a
i’1
=
L2
,7
r –
d
7
z:
t;
–
=:
i
.3
‘=
t’
.,
=;
–
T
u
9
=
+o
?
. =
=-
.a
‘i
a
=.
7
–
>,
=
p
2
e
-7
7a
;Z
:;i
=
=-
=
lz
ia
=.
?
?e
s
ia
_Z
E
E
i.=
,!i
{
3;
,{
i?
i
i +
i7
€
ig
+
t !
l;1
:_
,=
,
_
,;1
=-
:i’
*?
i
E
liX
=
7,
*i;
t;
i=
*1
u?
-*
1?
iii
-;6
1x
.ii
i:
t ;
:1
=
:
::i
V
?i
E
?;
rz
=
?i
Z!
,r|
q!
?_
1
z:
i,?
?*
Z;
ZE
_r
=j
1
=r
?t
=Z
: l
z!
V
**
i
V
==
4
io
;
7i
l7
a=
-1
+t
lr,
=i
iz
-ir
,g
e:
=
7e
r:=
j=
_
=
=i
€.
yg
i T
ZZ
z
:i
4u
i=
c
=|
z
. r
=?
1a
;it
lZ
;:7
;V
;=
l
:
😕
a:
=
:4
V
Jz
=i
*7
7
i’*
*7
i-i
i=
==
t=
ii!
i’*
;1
72
t
+E
=t
=;
7
=
1;
t?
+
i i
lZ
‘i1
z
z2
*’
,=
?
‘ =
7
:v
:7
7i
i
i 3
_
i ?
1
11
‘1
87
?=
=
=
=
=2
.c
r,:
.*
]
F
‘1
t i
=
?
*
=l
ii=
i1
=
?;
?
+1
‘z
=
=_
: e
==
=
_.
=I
iii
=g
Z
E
7
;i?
7.
=
:
T=
D
*c
od
X
p
a=
. >
=;
;5
3*
[+
E
H
iE
;r?
z
=n
B
E
‘5
E
—
==
{E
‘-3
6
*-
–
)-
i
s)
.
D
iD
r
D
.D
”
‘
Q
–
5
o
E
E
–
LO
F.
r:’
v
5
:+
‘
oq
(D
–
FU
P
d= i\o +^ 3@ iD
–
q4 P
B
c) ) (D oq o E (D (D x 0)
i a
r
e
i r
5
+
=
a
ig
fiF
Ff
3[
gi
[g
g
itI
E
gl
+*
gE
?f
g
IE
i+
f
i +
3E
g
$
[+
fIi
iF
r*
[[]
8’
+
g
i g
1
E
?
B
E
il
6
–
[;a
i*a
F3
]r3
*
aB
lIx
=]
xr
B
iF
e
el
re
t*
1;
38
*
$$
[li
iig
rE
i$
E
$
[F
e
sf
+
flE
H
g
E (D a- EJ CJ , e) 4 o ‘o $ o (D a- F) o o E (D
.:=
,iF
la
:iZ
{L
zt
E
E
A
Tl
iz
la
it=
,1
1?
*1
11
ri1
=l
?,
::
=_
=
=
?
:
i 3
3
+
iE
g
?
rr
,r?
i
*a
-L
ii?
li
liv
E
; e
€=
i}
i7
E
;7
z
1r
, –
, t
==
==
-=
L
i;
i 3
s
\1
ii;
-7
2:
==
Z;
!E
?l
Y
Z7
uZ
2?
l=
-i=
==
=
=
.7
2-
i1
1
V
ri=
=s
t1
gl
*
*
ii
A
i:i
i1
=x
ii?
=_
=”
i4
a:
i=
i,=
=.
:
=-
7:
–
“r
Fi
r=
=,
=
1;
*
ilt
iIi
*
ai
;r
15
3*
3i
f €
[ii
ii
iE
g€
i]g
ig
i.i
-;-
: –
, =
.i:
i=
rl)
!i
i z
Z
i-e
Z
i;
i;.
==
rZ
iz
l+
i
?
7
=
1:
z
L7
=
1i
;
– =
, 1
1
v
i ti
lz
?*
?l
e
1l
?i
iz
Tz
ill
zE
?
i3
,1
i li
t?
==
i _
=
,-z
=
3
q
H
E
1
=?
1?
I
?*
-iE
i
p
a
i i’
*
;;
g
; i
l ?
.i
3
; F
: 3
;’
z
^’
‘.
i*i
,ia
7
; .
=-
7i
E
1e
3
-1
{r
iE
;r
ii
{*
ti*
+d
+
=:
: *
i;
iE
ai
‘;t
=:
7;
=
–
i=
1-
-+
*;
rr
iti
iS
ei
i
i t
i1
2’
r=
-s
?!
i;
iig
{r
5
E
:+
?i
i=
=
==
E
;H
ii
=.
__
!j
=
r
nF
[=
{e
=
-E
?
?:
ti=
,i1
a-
tii
i;
; z
l*i
x
i,=
?
=
–
?!
z+
;i
i,r
*=
i+
t{!
?
t1
Li
:1
it:
e1
*i
itl
l{{
! i
1?
, :
?=
=,
2
i2
?
ltl
-i=
i=
:
=
=
!?
ii:
ia
i;
;=
i=
?i
lii
ii
ri-
t =
v7
V
;+
1i
t1
i?
tt;
iii
i ;
zt
i;
;ra
+a
E
-ii
i
=.
:
rT
I
E
E
iiE
[E
ig
E
E
E
@ o x N
=m qE r:.
o
i
f-i
v-
=
U
;
qj
i
=
:.
=-
–
=
=
=
ol
aO
q
fr
J
3;
-:
f
f
–
+=
=
=
s=
:
R
s
‘5
‘6
o
:
i;
–
1o
=
i,
j
‘-
=
–
=
-^
d-
6
6
=
l#
r’
H
e
:
!’k
F
–
”
a
‘-
–
=
ir
n,
_r
<
r
<
;
3q
o
+!
ia
"
=E
A
:
:
-'^
=
-
==
.
o
^
a
o
o
=
6
o
i
i
=
6
-
<
:
E
aH
3
e=
e
E
.*
;:
B
a
E
6
B
3
1
I;
=
--
-
_
*=
2
*
-a
9
e
;
;
E
-
-
r
-5
P
;
:-
a"
E
-
r
?
'-
:
=
o'
#;
!
6
60
u
-r
@
l.
\n
:-
l{
=
-t;
P
.r
\
X
o?
;;i
;H
:tE
dF
{fi
3'
"
{=
:-'
:
<=
-L
oG
co
60
-!9
99
j5
ad
;:<
6\
oc
ou
u-
=
-o
E
6
co
':
L\
o
o J 3 o =. = a f _h o 3 o - E o =o' f
=m
=.
>
i.C
o5
b
+
b-
o
q
!
d
=.
3
5
f
5
<
iJ
d
U
O
I
J
-
F5
='
J
X
o
f
il
6-
r
9.
-
f d
-a
i
aq
E
i
i
6:
,8
q5
*
d
;
-5
X
6
E
'P
p-
t
ii
J
I
f
=l
o
ut
Fq
B
:
3=
eE
q
co
r.-
*g
P
llt
t
id
Y
;;d
3
-
a
-1
=
o;
'
!
\o
d
dQ
Y
i'
\o
f-=
o
+o
a t[=
!
H
]9
,
P
_i
i;l
d
o
--
-,l
^
0:
q
d
d
tff
n,
O
oX
=
f
5s
O
-t
<
=.
6
.6
d'
d
=
d
o-
<
ii
\l o
!ft
i5
^-
=
(6
lo
: E
; .
r.
E
;d
.o
Q
6
j
o
--
at
ul
O
46
d f-o
x'
d=
5
o-
i--
-i,
i
;
=.
f,o
9
o-
5'
i
-^
u-
.
-_
/^
u=
a=
:?
-
i:1
iF
:E
-=
!._
-=
€7
=^
-t
f:
l*
#
=
-
.
a
=,
E
et
'
--
='
JY
-
o
'=
=
=
i =
+
1
L;
7
i 7
?
l
=
<,
'
_=
=,
--
3
:
<
;
j
li
I
.
i
-
q
?.
'r.
-
*
1.
x
:
2'
F
*
j,
=.
-^
-r
==
)o
'C
<"
-=
'=
-?
=l
==
.=
+{
=-
lI5
p.
i
.:.
?
=
7
+3
-L
"
=
i'-
=q
!
'=
=?
:e
i1
6a
:
i5
g[
=
==
=-
=;
E
(
E
=
t=
*,
-=
).
-t^
6e
)-
-)
4l
l
r
^-
1
, 2
2
!
r;
6
?
*
=-
o
=
.5
'
-i-
==
;:=
^.
=-
5.
ao
i
-.
^.
:-
L
U
:
s
X
-
i
^
>
+
I
–
-1
–
X
–
E
‘
=a
-.1
a2
“*
!T
3{
o
.:
.-
a
p
=
i-
6
=O
x.
–
:
I
.=
7n
😕
i-,
+3
1
i:?
i;
.=
A
;iZ
:E
f=
24
:7
.-.
;6
o-
or
+=
H
.+
_e
il;
=;
dE
i$
‘,*
rl.
—
;-
1.
o
‘0
r
*-
I
5
s
6
c-
:;
-V
;lr
ilt
e;
<6
e-
;
>
7
1r
F
.=
E
>
?
l
r i
F
-3
=’
j.
a.
–
-i:
I
.i
a)
Y
=’
r
=
A
1
Ld
iq
€
i:
a
ry
=
E
–
[
,-;
=.
=3
!.u
–
+=
=E
I
6=
‘o
-=
9?
3.
u.
)A
Jo
;a
i
–
a
ro
o
=.
6
6
6
^
i.5
‘*
r{
=
5:
3
–
or
F
.
!:.
E
ia
–
=’
=
. o
-;.
1-
l
p,
‘?
^{
iin
+I
{E
}q
;
^
=
=
‘a
–
J
)
)
te
4e
*
3.
,
S
L=
-T
riE
E
6F
f i
$
F5
5E
Fr
*
>
l=
a
u’
lh
O
-6
o
-5
=
!-G
t
6?
*
nY
o fE
=
.d
IO
xf
– X
oO X
f,r
D
rB
o
.:.
o
la
ifa r.6
:
G
>!
D
r= t,d
+
-‘o o6 oO
o f (,o 6
– o = a E. @ =. q. 5 o- o 6 = o E o a- ro 3 rD f
(a EI o z Fl o F TE Frl z
F’
#f
f #
E
;
s
{ +
‘I
t t
=,
‘#
#
3.
)8
.
E
qH
sF
‘&
3s
H
&
eS
;
$
A
;
=
3
x.
–
:-
tr
a-
<
ne
e
f,.
rB
i
,B
E
E
=H
f5
r'g
xs
G
e
t'
3
+H
3
:
e
d
3
>
B
5
E
ff
3
r i
s
*+
ii
$
h
I e
r
$
ag
e
E
++
5+
+;
sr
si
g
iE
E
.
JO
?;
‘ji’
iP
*il
FE
L;
]id
E
B
3
S
TB
e;
a
g[
=5
E
;
E
A
:E
6H
?E
E
g’
+;
B
i
a
IE
E
q
i0
le
;
E
#
z4
i F
[P
f t
s
B
t
s;
fi
i
B
E
n
G
F
q
e
”
E
3
g
..
8
r+
-[P
r]f
s#
g
??
:E
ae
11
😕
E
ill
ll1
1i
lj\
tiz
ai
lll
ta
?1
1,
1t
!*
11
i’=
3
1
; i
v,
H
e
i ?
i
t r
*
E
i\
?7
12
*7
1i
i7
r
€
1
=*
ri
l ii
E
i?
?
i i
=
‘
.ii
;*
tig
i{?
E
zt
\+
ti;
i?
?i
{‘;
li1
1t
{iT
l1
1l
iT
l?
=z
=
11
*!
ll
iE
A
[ 1
r
1
[{!
lg
l!
|a
1
*,
*
i i;
+
i l+
; 8
11
1t
I
4,
=
; ;
ig
*$
E
e
?i
i 1
a?
c
+e
iii
qi
iiE
if
i:
iE
li+
iil
lE
et
i.
z7
t=
i E
1
u
i
i A
i
s
r i
€
E
1
s
I
i 1
?
{T
;}r
i i
ll€
i
i !
1?
ni
til
rl*
i’
i”‘
‘
i =
i
i i
i
; *
E
]€
ill
.j t
*
*it
-ll
l{?
i s
i
i s
g
i i
E
i
?l
rti
t’
=
z
: t
i E
?
*
a
‘ I
a
i
E
+
I
e
r a
t*
*ia
tT
1i
l;?
Li
‘ i
E
!
g
I I
I
A
1{
1=
,
[ii
*E
E
+t
c
i;i
l?
iri
?;
ii+
?
ui
ie
es
,
c I i1
– ‘
–
–
=
–
– a
=
=
–
=
–
i;7
=!
?i
i-
i=
i1
‘=
:=
-;?
_7
=;
i
7=
–
=-
2.
–
==
=}
i ;
tT
;
,:=
:=
ai
=
E
!i
=;
tr
=7
1
;-
: –
n
77
, .
=’
=
t i
E
i t
n
7r
ij?
=l
?i
-?
=:
‘ i
+L
=
=
+i
=i
:-z
i
2=
=
-;1
1
=’
=i
?V
E
=
i*
iiE
E
li
i’i{
i
; 1
n
=
: =
t’
=
=
=
i?
– 1
:
—
==
–
a
a
I3
3
i
il|
qi
; 7
i*3
?i
g
iii
i =
;l
i*7
*E
1z
=
::
?
i7
i
);i
=
?”
-‘.
7
2i
‘o
+’
?
– –
-r
‘ =
7
i’*
-i.
i=
ii
+=
:’
=
=
*7
:la
E
;1
5:
+i
iF
-f
f :
{P
=:
=*
:*
=1
5
;li
,
e-
?*
!’8
,8
.I
+=
?
{
y=
– u
i il
i^
?i
l€
ii|
ri;
*!
;E
a
1=
g
;;
=
—
*c
i;,
a
i?
Fg
si
S
iif
at
;E
t’i
E
3
ii
+?
i*
; .
-=
==
B
;F
ir1
1i
r;{
+f
6i
E
:;;
f
g;
;
il:
D
r {
aE
!=
=_
B
Ft
rir
t;i
5[
{ }
A
ai
i}i
i i
e
iii
€?
-?
i’=
1
=
>€
;
I
6
{
q
re
E
-q
:i=
8n
t3
*5
l**
tir
n
Z=
C
*a
=;
i i
“a
i+
.=
–
E
i;l
qg
la
;i;
:a
iB
Fi
r3
ili
1
-=
e+
i2
_7
i[t
E
ii]
ia
*[
iIi
E
E
iE
i]i
ti
7!
n=
B
*a
rig
+f
‘=
ii3
i3
nE
;a
Il
55
*
4
ii-
7;
*V
*l=
_a
r=
*=
3:
=’
=;
.4
a
i
i=
i=
=Z
?
,i
Lt
i=
=i
d=
‘;;
i1
ie
z?
;=
i-
==
=i
q3
=o
i=
:
i;a
+*
i ii
if
ae
ffi
?
1,
=_
i 1
i i1
+8
1
E
i 6
^i
;=
?1
iii
iil
-1
-fk
ii1
i!,
?1
=
—
“ii
i
gE
1
?
?*
1
1
1
E
*
a1
g
1
1
i l
e
ta
a
eE
1
E
E
1
I
iE
r r
E
e
1
*
1
a
E
E
e
1
E
E
1
ie
B
iB
a
E
€i
E
e
E
E
}[i
aE
la
1E
l*E
E
s*
ts
E
?E
+g
E
iE
E
iie
si
E
l1
ll1
1
E
E
E
E
1E
11
E
E
at
E
?E
la
*i?
la
aE
lE
E
aE
B
ffi
lE
?
e?
s:
s
B
a
I
i
q5
*a
q
Ii}
F
ar
qH
9
eE
IE
a
a;
le
ii
E
ffi
i=
‘r3
$
=*
*B
lE
.3
+
gE
F
34
5d
3
I o E N
E
D
O
A
jx (D
: 0.
n
n J:
– .{-
: = 7 j :. :_ ,
il ll
il
.-\ A
‘
-a
*F
il+
f$
}g
[i$
6$
g+
fg
gE
gr
gE
E
gi
iii
ig
lri
E
gI
eF
$E
i;$
ii+
]E
iig
f
$r
E
E
6i
iF
fE
$E
$I
3E
i$
g
IH
E
$E
IE
gl
rIE
fE
E
$F
F$
,
J
lr)
^1
5 /,=
=<
,
i/D
;
az
D
;;a ,..
J
H
-=
v -.r
+
rl
--
o /t,
(-
H
=Z
i
o
-4
,
=
7!
4
'A
)
'-
:jT
g
Z
;-r
dr
J
:5 iio
o
lr1
-o
lo
+H
=-
^)
'<
D
=1
ra
=H -) E-
^
h
z
^5
F
H
r/
!
^
I
r
;.r
'-
'.t
Za
\J
ai
A
Z.
L)
:
r-
_
5,
"
o
^,
t^
:5
a3 E
[f
r E
A
It
F
.?
T3
d
fi'
5Z
L=
_
E
=,
; =
1:
=
=
=
2;
:
=
E
:f
Ti
E
:Z
;=
_
l1
"*
!;!
iiE
i
iZ
:V
i i
r=
='
=7
i
12
=
-=
=
:
=
=-
=i
3
=.
?
*=
7i
=
i
i 1
'-
=-
' ;
lL
E
eE
iT
i:t
=
ij=
,?
ili
ue
Z
z
t!1
11
t
z:
z
i+
l'?
. ?
57
=,
t
7'
7i
-E
i=
**
i't
!
47
7=
:i=
Z;
?
11
i+
=t
1z
z
?+
I v
ili
lil
e1
iz
i i
;z
lil
g?
?i
a
ii?
ltl
ii
*7
ti
i7
=,
E
=:
7a
l=
#=
E
Z=
=;
i*
,1
i?
,{;
-7
i E
-i+
?
i*=
ii
3E
"i
1
7a
;i.
Z
l
;n
ie
2+
aa
=a
ff
1=
*ii
iii
; =
;A
L;
i!1
-1
E
?l
; 1
i;i
=:
t;i
l 3
$i
+
*;
=
i?
1E
!-=
t:E
i;
i;'
t;*
?i
: i
i
z
tE
E
?;
=
i*i
a
fii
is
:;?
i*
*r
rli
3
; i
t{=
;;i
i?
}r
c-
E
ia
;E
'=
==
=*
ai
Il
; i
+E
TE
1
z=
r
7
iii
=!
':
?i
-i
72
7E
i *
=
i€
=
i 1
=:
;r-
.
=s
is
E
lF
+i
*;
i ii
:ii
iIi
i
iti
ili
lll
ii
l a
!ii
==
i*;
+:
lp
ci
ie
x
ill
=i
?r
r;
lli
;;l
[[i
E
is
i:
il1
?=
a:
s
rp
a
tiz
li
E
?i
?l
{{
?
lE
i1
i;i
li
lii
i,:_
V
iE
=
r i
gH
E
E
F
at
^i
i?
?;
s*
i+
L
i\a
lS
*
a
!.;
-r
!;q
;'s
;i
A
i
i-l
iii
:g
ig
gf
*
tii
zs
r,
?
==
=:
Lr
;T
ri
51
E
;-
ii=
a:
'N
,
uu
l
Z
I
We provide professional writing services to help you score straight A’s by submitting custom written assignments that mirror your guidelines.
Get result-oriented writing and never worry about grades anymore. We follow the highest quality standards to make sure that you get perfect assignments.
Our writers have experience in dealing with papers of every educational level. You can surely rely on the expertise of our qualified professionals.
Your deadline is our threshold for success and we take it very seriously. We make sure you receive your papers before your predefined time.
Someone from our customer support team is always here to respond to your questions. So, hit us up if you have got any ambiguity or concern.
Sit back and relax while we help you out with writing your papers. We have an ultimate policy for keeping your personal and order-related details a secret.
We assure you that your document will be thoroughly checked for plagiarism and grammatical errors as we use highly authentic and licit sources.
Still reluctant about placing an order? Our 100% Moneyback Guarantee backs you up on rare occasions where you aren’t satisfied with the writing.
You don’t have to wait for an update for hours; you can track the progress of your order any time you want. We share the status after each step.
Although you can leverage our expertise for any writing task, we have a knack for creating flawless papers for the following document types.
Although you can leverage our expertise for any writing task, we have a knack for creating flawless papers for the following document types.
From brainstorming your paper's outline to perfecting its grammar, we perform every step carefully to make your paper worthy of A grade.
Hire your preferred writer anytime. Simply specify if you want your preferred expert to write your paper and we’ll make that happen.
Get an elaborate and authentic grammar check report with your work to have the grammar goodness sealed in your document.
You can purchase this feature if you want our writers to sum up your paper in the form of a concise and well-articulated summary.
You don’t have to worry about plagiarism anymore. Get a plagiarism report to certify the uniqueness of your work.
Join us for the best experience while seeking writing assistance in your college life. A good grade is all you need to boost up your academic excellence and we are all about it.
We create perfect papers according to the guidelines.
We seamlessly edit out errors from your papers.
We thoroughly read your final draft to identify errors.
Work with ultimate peace of mind because we ensure that your academic work is our responsibility and your grades are a top concern for us!
Dedication. Quality. Commitment. Punctuality
Here is what we have achieved so far. These numbers are evidence that we go the extra mile to make your college journey successful.
We have the most intuitive and minimalistic process so that you can easily place an order. Just follow a few steps to unlock success.
We understand your guidelines first before delivering any writing service. You can discuss your writing needs and we will have them evaluated by our dedicated team.
We write your papers in a standardized way. We complete your work in such a way that it turns out to be a perfect description of your guidelines.
We promise you excellent grades and academic excellence that you always longed for. Our writers stay in touch with you via email.