How does exercising provide benefits to people with diabetes and people at risk for diabetes ?

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Term Paper Guidelines for EXS 453—Pathophysiology & Exercise

Dr. W. Jeffrey Armstrong

Each student is required to complete a literature review/term paper. The topic will pertain to some area relevant to the course and emphasis the role of exercise in a disease or medical condition of choice. The primary consideration is that the topic selected be well defined and carefully researched. In addition, the paper must be submitted according to the appropriate standards. Referencing should be in APA format (the relevant formatting guidelines are detailed below).

Similar to the paper assigned in Physiology of Exercise, this should be a modestly thorough review of the topic and the peer-reviewed scientific literature that has been published in this area. This paper should indicate that you have completed an in-depth search of the topic, have read the pertinent research articles, synthesized the information and are able to present the information in a logical, easy-to-understand format.

Begin with a brief introduction providing a background and etiology of the condition being addressed. Follow with a discussion of the disease progression and prognosis, how the condition affects one’s ability to exercise, and how exercise effects the prognosis. Conclude with exercise recommendations based on the current literature.

The body of the paper should synthesize the research and not be a mere summary of the pertinent research. Remember that you will have a leg-up on the instructor at this point, because you are the “expert” on the topic. The relevant research must be well organized and written in such a way as to keep my attention and make your point clear. (HINT: Assume I know nothing about the topic.)

In general, the topic should be focused and of interest to the writer. The assignment is to produce a well-researched document limited to approximately 8-12 pages. In general, I would expect at least one reference per page (e.g., a 12-page paper should have at least 12 references), though a succinct and thoroughly synthesized paper may be shorter (and is desirable over a wordy series of summaries).

Unlike the paper in Physiology of Exercise, this paper will not be completed in stages. There is a single due date (see syllabus), so don’t delay in starting the paper. Avoid rushing to complete the paper at the last minute. A rushed paper will invariably lead to a poor paper. This assignment should reflect a progression in writing literature reviews from the paper in Physiology of Exercise, so expect me to grade to a higher standard, and be diligent in correcting the deficiencies that might have been identified in the earlier paper. Guidelines are provided below for your benefit. Read and follow them.

The most common deficiencies at this level include incomplete or inadequate citing of information (remember most statements will be derived from other researchers and, therefore, require citation in APA format), summarizing individual studies rather than succinctly synthesizing multiple studies, reliance on webpages and popular press articles rather than quantitative and/or qualitative research, and limited use of primary sources (i.e., original research studies.

General Submission Requirements

· Text should be double-spaced with 12-point font (preferably Times New Roman) and 1-inch margins.

· Indent paragraphs (five to seven spaces—1/2”).

· Begin numbering with the first page of actual text and continue throughout the reference section.

·
Internet sources should be limited to online journals
. Personal websites and otherwise non-peer-reviewed sources should be avoided. Websites endorsed by established organizations (e.g., United Cerebral Palsy Foundation, UCP) are allowable within reason, however, researched described on these websites should be referenced to the original source, if available.

·
Use of direct quotes should be avoided
. Paraphrase rather than quote and synthesize information from multiple sources as much as possible.

·
Any statement that is not your own needs to be attributed to the source.
Avoid just tacking a reference to the end of the paragraph. This implies that only the last sentence is referenced. If the material in the paragraph is attributed to a single source, it is best to introduce this in the first sentence (e.g., “The American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM, 2013) provides recommendations for exercise programming…. Exercise Programming should…. In general, ACSM recommends….”).

· When numbers are used in the text, numbers below 10 are spelled out while numbers 10 and above are expressed numerically.

·
Use Spell Check. Papers will be marked down, if there are misspellings.

· Paragraphs should flow smoothly from avoid jumping from topic to topic. Major shifts in subject matter should be broken into multiple paragraphs.

·
You should never have paragraphs that consist on only one sentence.
Two sentences may be permissible, but generally short paragraphs are a red flag indicating that the topic needs to be developed. Elaborate in these cases.

·
Avoid lengthy paragraphs.
A paragraph, typically, should be no longer than one double-spaced page.

· Abbreviations should be used sparingly and can be used only after they have been spelled-out in the first use (e.g., “Multiple sclerosis (MS)….” can later be simply “MS”).

·
Avoid the use of first person
(i.e., “I”, “he/she”, “they”, etc.). Use language that is unbiased and sensitive to persons with disabilities. Do not use ‘men’ to refer to all adults. Some commonly used acceptable references to populations: African Americans, Native Americans, sexual orientation (not sexual preference), people with disabilities, people with AIDS (not AIDS victims or suffers), older persons not elderly, lesbians and gays (not homosexuals), etc.

· Units of measurement should be Système International d’Unités (SI). When expressing units, locate the multiplication factor midway between lines to avoid confusion with periods, e.g., ml·kg-1·min-1.

Rules for Citations

· Three to five authors list all authors in the first citation; the lead author et al. (and others) in subsequent citations: first, (Smith, Jones, Andrews, Baker, & Charles, 2001); next, (Smith et al., 2001).

· Six or more authors list the lead author et al. in all citations.

· Corporate author. If a group is readily identified by an acronym, spell it out only the first time. For example, “As reported in a government study (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 1991) . . . .” The next citation gives just the initials and year, (NIMH, 1991).

· No author. If the author is unknown, use the first few words of the reference list entry (usually the title), for example: (“Study Finds,” 1992). Use heading caps in the text when noting a title (sentence caps in references)!

· Anonymous. If the work specifically carries the designation “Anonymous” in place of an author’s name, use Anonymous as the author. Otherwise, the work has no author.

· Reprints cite the original publication date and reprint date if both are known, for example: (James, 1890/1983). Translations of classics note the date of the translation: (Aristotle, trans. 1931).

· Personal communication. E-mail and other “unrecoverable data” are cited as personal communications, for example: (C. G. Jung, personal communication, September 28, 1933). These sources do not appear in the reference list.

· Always cite page numbers after quotations. For example, the author noted, “The rats fell asleep within minutes” (Jones, 2003, p. 76). Or, Jones (1993) found “the rats fell asleep within minutes” (p. 76).

· E-documents. When quoting electronic documents without page numbers, cite paragraph numbers if given, after the paragraph symbol (¶) or abbreviation “para.” (e.g., Smith, 2000, ¶ 17). If there are no paragraph numbers, cite the nearest preceding section heading and count paragraphs from there (e.g., Smith, 2000, Method section, para. 4).

· If the citation is repeated in the same paragraph, the year may be omitted. For example (Smith et al., 2002, p. 22), then (Smith et al., p. 23).

· Use an ampersand (&) in references and parenthetical citations only; write and in plain text, for example, “Smith and Sarason (1990) explained . . . .” Or write: (Smith & Sarason, 1990).

· If there are two or more citations that shorten to the same lead author and date, give as many additional names as needed to identify them, e.g., (Smith, Jones, et al., 1991) and (Smith, Burke, et al., 1991).

· When citing multiple works by the same author, arrange dates in order. Use letters after years to distinguish multiple publications by the same author in the same year, e.g., (Johnson, 1988, 1990a, 1990b).

References

List references alphabetically by author. Spaces or punctuation precede letters after last names, Smith comes before Smithson, but note 2 below. Use first initials as appropriate, Smith, A. comes before Smith, B. When there are multiple works by the same author, list references by date, the most recent last.

· Use prefixes, if they are commonly part of the surname (e.g., de Chardin comes before Decker; MacGill comes before McGill. But do not use von (e.g., write: Helmholtz, H. L. F. von).

· Disregard apostrophes, spaces, and capitals in alphabetizing; D’Arcy comes after Daagwood; Decker comes after de Chardin. Single-author citations precede multiple-author citations (Zev, 1990 then Zev et al., 1990).

· Alphabetize corporate authors by first significant word. Do not use abbreviations in corporate names.

Rules for References

1. Authors & editors.
(New!). List up to seven authors to a work; if there are more than seven, list the first six, insert an ellipsis, then the last author. Invert all authors’ names, using first & middle initials. With two or more authors place an ampersand> & < before the final name. Note, unless they are serving in place of authors in a reference, editors' names go in their normal order (First. M. Last).

2. Character Spacing. Space once after all punctuation except inside abbreviations, ratios, and URLs where no space is required (APA, 2009, p. 87). Space once after the periods in references and initials.

3. City, State. (New!). City and state, province, or country are now required for all cities. Write: Baltimore, MD; New York, NY; Boston, MA; London, England; Paris, France. Use postal abbreviations for states, provinces.

4. Date. Use the month-day-year format for full dates, but see the sample references for newspapers.

5. E-mail and other “unrecoverable data” are cited as a personal communication, for example: (A. B. Carter, personal communication, April 1, 2005). These do not appear in the reference list.

6. Titles of Works. All titles require sentence caps (all words lowercase except for the first word, first word after a colon, and proper nouns). Article titles are not placed in quotes in references (they are when mentioned in the text). Italicize titles of books, reports, working and conference papers, dissertations, and similar documents.

Books:

American College of Sports Medicine. (2002) ACSM’s Guidelines for Clinical Exercise Physiology: Musculoskeletal, Neuromuscular, Neoplastic, Immunologic, and Hematologic Conditions. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Paffenbarger, R. S., Hyde R. T., & Wing, A. L. (1990). Physical activity and physical fitness as determinants of health and longevity. In C. Bouchard, R. J. Shephard, T. Stevens, J. R. Sutton, & B. D. McPherson (Eds.), Exercise, Fitness, and Health (pp. 33-48). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Government Reports:

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1991). Healthy People 2010: National Health and Disease Prevention Objectives (Department of Health and Human Services, Publication 91:50212). Washington, DC.

Corporate Authorship:

Institute of Financial Education. (1982). Managing personal funds. Chicago, IL: Author.

Journals:

Nicholson, J. M., & Emes, C. G. (2000). Effects of strength training on the vertical force of a chair rise in the elderly. Clinical Kinesiology, 54(2), 36-43. doi:[add if available]

Jette, A. M., Harris, B. A., Sleeper, L., Lachman, M. L., Heislein, D., Giorgetti, M., & Levenson, C. A home-based exercise program for nondisabled older adults. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 44, 644-649. doi:[add if available]

No Author Identified:

Experimental Psychology. (1938). New York: Holt.

Clinton puts ‘human face’ on health-care plan. (1993, September). The New York Times, p. B1, 16.

Web Sources:

Kerem, M. A Page About Cerebral Palsy (website). Retrieved January 9, 2001, from http://abone.superonline.com/cpalsy/.

United Cerebral Palsy of Colorado (UCPC). Understanding Cerebral Palsy (website). Retreived December 2, 2002, from http://www.ucpa.org/html/research/factsfigs.html.

VandenBos, G., Knapp, S. & Doe, J. (2001) Role of reference elements in the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123. Retrieved October 13, 2001, from

http://jbr.org/articles.html

VandenBos, G., Knapp, S. & Doe, J. (2001) Role of reference elements in the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates [Electronic version]. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123.

For more explicit APA guidelines refer to:

American Psychological Association. (2009). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

–or–

Scribe, A. (2010). APA Lite for College Papers. Retrieved August 11, 2014 from http://www styles.com/apalite.htm

(revised 3/27/19)

NAME DATE

EXS 453—Pathophysiology & Exercise

Review Paper Evaluation Framework

(Turn in with project as cover sheet)

Possible

Points Points

______ 5 Meets general submission requirements (provided, i.e., APA style, correct reference format, avoids direct quotes, etc.).

______ 10 An introduction provides a succinct, detailed description of the etiology of the disease/condition being addressed.

______ 10 The progression and prognosis of the disease/condition are thoroughly discussed.

______ 10 The role of exercise in the progression and prognosis of the disease/condition is addressed.

______ 10 The review of research is well focused, complete, relevant to the paper topic, original, well synthesized, and relies on adequate sources.

______ 10 Summary and specific recommendations for exercise indicate a specific conclusion.

______ 5 Sources appropriately cited (all statements derived from other authors require citation and clear indication from whom the statement comes)

______ 5 Adequate reference list (relies on original source material; relative to topic and available peer reviewed scientific literature; few web sources; etc.).

______ 5 Reference list meets submission standards consistent with the style (i.e., APA) used throughout the paper.

______ 10 Spelling (minus 1 point for each error)

______ 10 Grammar (minus 1 point for each error)

______ 10 Overall quality and readability.

______ Total (100 pt)

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