Management has moved an extraordinary separation along the continuum of improvement. This gradual development has led to management having a unique position that its influence is felt in all activities of our life. The management process was first witnessed during the period of human civilization and even before that. During this early period, several groups of people such as military personnel utilized discrete practices and experiences, which later culminated to become theories.

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Classical approach was the first one to be adopted in management and it resulted from the initial efforts to build up an assemblage of administration thought. The approach accentuated on soundness and making organizational employees more proficient in their activities. Moreover, it offers a convenient structure that enables the future managers to conduct their education and training (Freeman, 2010). Managers utilized this approach by striving to increase organizational efficiency that will lead to an increase in organizational production. This approach can be separated into three principle particular areas; lower level management analysis/scientific management, comprehensive analysis of management, and bureaucratic management (DuBrin, 2011). Classical approach has made huge commitments to the advancement of management theories by taking into viewpoint the three essential purposes from the above mentioned subdivisions of the approach.

The scientific approach was mostly adopted in lower level management and is a process, which involves investigating how an undertaking circumstance can be organized to get the highest production from employees (Goetsch & Davis, 2014). By finding one best way, workers will be able to concentrate when performing a task and this results to a high production. Administrative management theory, on the other hand, was utilized since it focuses on organizational efficiency through a comprehensive analysis of the management. This approach has helped organizations to save on the operational costs, thus realizing increased profits. The bureaucratic management theory also had some contribution in organizational management since it focuses on the formal system of organizations whose role and levels are clearly defined in a hierarchical nature with the aim of maintaining efficiency and effectiveness. By considering the roles played by the three distinct subdivisions of the classical approach, it can be concluded that this approach featured the inclusive character of management standards, which later turned into management theories.

Neoclassical management approach was adopted later in order to solve the seal the loopholes of the classical theory. This particular approach placed so much attention on jobs and machines, which later shifted towards the human side management. By focusing on the human side management, it contributed to a better understanding of human behavior in the organization and at work. Additionally, it created awareness with the mind-boggling job of the human factor in the industry (Walker, et al., 2008). Organizations that utilize this management approach have had a chance to realize new techniques and ideas that enable them to have a better understanding of human behavior. This approach contributes to management theories by recognizing a premise as a social system that is subject to the notions and social examples of leadership, job environment, motivation, group dynamics, and the member of the organization (Walker, et al., 2008). Moreover, the adoption of this approach has changed the perspective of seeing employees as valuable resources rather than as tools to be used in an organization. By deliberating on the contributions made by this approach, it can be observed that it established the framework for later improvement in management theory.

Dell Corporation Company has a useful and decentralized organizational structure. The company urges distinctive departments to connect with each other with the end goal to contribute thoughts that improve the quality of the business organization. The company’s hierarchical structure characterizes the various capacities given by Dell Corporation and may incorporate; business instruction, improvement, and worldwide. The company’s decentralized structure gives enables all organizational employees to easily learn from their peers and the top management team, since basic leadership originates from different administration levels.

The manager at the technical level plans and control the specific operations and discrete tasks that involves the manufacturing of technology gadgets according to customer specifications. He or she also motivates his employees by developing a performance sheet of the technical function besides conducting regular training with the aim of assisting them to develop new and unique electronic accessories that are needed for business development. The manager also co-ordinate the physical production of goods such as electronic accessories. He or she delegates their juniors to accept corporation technologies, accessories of these types of products to be used in the next major markets in the electronic industry.

The administrative level manager is responsible in planning and integration of work at the technical level besides conducting recruitment process of professional staff. The manager also control all the resources needed by the beneficiaries of the products or services provided and for performance of the technical function. The also conduct training for all departmental managers. They delegate responsibilities to departmental mangers, which is crucial to the organization’s strategic capability in all primary activities.

The manager at the institutional level plans and controls the wide destinations and crafted by Dell Corporation all in all. The manager selects activities and build up the association in connection to the more extensive social condition and external agencies. He or she serves to motivate the organizational employees by preparing retreats and respective departmental trainings. The manager also coordinates the link between the technical level and the administrative level besides delegating responsibilities to the managers of the two organizational structural level.

 The management structure of Apple Inc. is hierarchical. It was developed by the company’s founder with the aim of ensuring centered acknowledgment of his creative thoughts and a clear vision for the business. This structure supports strategies that push for further technological innovation. However, a decentralization structure has been assumed later in lower management levels for decision making to a certain extent in order to encourage inventiveness and innovation at different levels, which suit industry demands and the current global market (Whiteley & Hessan, 2008). The organization also has products based managers whose collaborative strategy results in the development of unique products based on customer preferences. The top manager provides promotional opportunities, conduct training, and appraisal activities to employees in order to motivate them to increase their production. The manager is also responsible for coordinating and conducting tight control over all the aspects of the business, such as all the production and sales operations of the company (Whiteley & Hessan, 2008). The manager also delegates responsibilities with regards to production, sales, and marketing activities to the respective departments in order to promote sustainable production of electronic products.

The different management styles adopted by the two companies

Dell Company has adopted a democratic management style where the leader delegates duties to the informed and qualified employees. The company’s founder believes that everybody is accountable for every action that they undertake (Holzner, 2006). He has divided the company into three main division in order to enhance specialization of duties for ease in management. The top management of the company direct information that passes on to the subordinates who are also given a chance to communicate their ideas that will be integrated into the decisions that are to be made by the top management body (Holzner, 2006). This particular type of management styles, which focuses on the human side management employs neoclassical theory. The company makes considerations to all ideas that are contributed by all employees to benefit the organization, thus displaying a great association between the administration and its employees. This participatory management style enables the less talented and inventive employees to quickly gain clear directives through close supervision whereas the more experienced employees are accorded little supervision to support their assurance and trust and this will serve to build a high degree of trust, which boosts their overall output. Dell Company also utilizes an authoritative management style, which requires employees to memorize all the necessary information so that they are able to quickly make viable decisions.

Democratic leadership style create employee job satisfaction besides encouraging them to be innovative and creative when solving organizational issues and problems. This style of leadership also builds strong and supportive team members. Democratic leadership is time consuming and may sometimes appear uncertain, which may derail the operations of the organization (Manning & Bucher, 2013).

Apple Company employs an autocratic style of management and this has helped the organization to make quick decisions, which have facilitated speedy implementation of plans. Managers always feel satisfied when using this type of management since they are able to exercise their full responsibility upon their subordinates this style of management is also effective under instances where the subordinates are less knowledgeable and experienced (Pawar, 2014).

This type of management style falls under a classical theory where managers exercise full powers over their subordinate staff. This management style encourages absenteeism and high level of job termination due to associated stress. Under Tim Cook leadership, Apple has adopted a democratic style of management where the management employed an open-door policy besides encouraging a collaborative environment at the company (Pawar, 2014). Tim Cook utilized neoclassical theory in his management and this has encouraged employees to participate in the decision making of the company. Even though these theories were utilized during different periods of time, the end result was the same, that is, the company ultimately realized massive success.

References

DuBrin, A. J., 2011. Essentials of management.. s.l.:Cengage Learning..

Freeman, R. E., 2010. Strategic management: A stakeholder approach.. s.l.: Cambridge university press.

Goetsch, D. L. & Davis, S. B., 2014. Quality management for organizational excellence. x. s.l. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.

Holzner, S., 2006. How Dell does it. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Manning, M. L. & Bucher, K. T., 2013. Classroom management: Models, applications, and cases.. s.l.: Pearson.

Pawar, D., 2014. Styles of leadership. International Journal of Research in all Subjects in Multi Languages, 2(7), pp. 12-14.

Walker, G. H., Stanton, N. A., Salmon, P. M. & Jenkins, D. P., 2008. A review of sociotechnical systems theory: a classic concept for new command and control paradigms. Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 9(6), pp. .479-499..

Whiteley, R. & Hassan, D., 2008. Customer-centered growth: five proven strategies for building competitive advantage.. s.l.: Basic Books.