*Satgur Singh, **Er. Mandeep kaur

 
Abstract — The Demand of Mobile Communication systems is increasing day by day. New concepts and methods are necessary which required the need for new Technologies to satisfy the demand of this world of network. Smart Antenna system is one of those, which reduces the co-channel interference and maximize the user capacity of communication system, By shaping and locating the beam of the antenna on the mobile or the target thus decreasing interference to other users. The Main purpose of smart antenna system is the selection of smart algorithms for adaptive array. By using beam forming algorithms the weight of antenna arrays can be adjusted to form certain amount of adaptive beam to track corresponding users automatically and to minimize interference arising from other users by introducing nulls in their directions. Thus interferences can be suppressed and the desired signals can be extracted. Many algorithms are introduced due to advancement in technology. Every algorithms has different convergence characteristics and complexity of algorithm, according to our need we use particular algorithm in communication system.
Keywords — Smart Antenna, LMS (Least mean square), RLS (Recursive least square), NLMS (Normalized Least Mean Square), Sample Matrix Inversion (SMI), Constant Modulus Algorithm (CMA), VSSNLMS (Variable step size NLMS).
I. INTRODUCTION:
Conventional base station antennas in existing communication systems are either Omni directional or sectorised. There is waste of resources since the majority of transmitted signal power radiates in directions other than the desired user directions and signal power radiated through the Cell area will be interference by any other user than the desired one. Signal power radiated throughout the cell area will increase interference and reduce SNR. Although sector antenna decreases the interference by dividing entire cell into sector, But some levels of interface still exist.

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To overcome the above problem of the communication system the Smart antenna introduced. Smart Antenna system combines an antenna array with a digital signal-processing capability to transmit and receive in an adaptive manner. Such a configuration technically enhances the capacity of a wireless link through a combination of diversity gain, array gain and interference reduction. Increased capacity translates to higher data rates for a given number of users or more users for a given data rate per user.
In other manner, the system which can automatically change the directionality of its radiation patterns in response to its signal environment. By this manner, increase the performance characteristics (such as capacity) of a wireless system. All elements of the

Fig 1: Block Diagram of Smart Antenna System
adaptive antenna array have to be combined in order to adapt to the current channel and user. A Smart antenna is therefore a phased or adaptive array that adjusts to the environment that is, for the adaptive array, the beam pattern changes as the desired user and the interference move and for the phased array the beam is steered or different beams is selected as the desired user moves. This weight adaptation is the “smart” part of the smart antenna system. It is possible to investigate a wide range of beam forming algorithms without the need to modify the system hardware for every algorithm. For this, now we are focusing on improving the performance of the beam forming algorithms rather than on designing new hardware, which is very expensive and time consumption. There are many algorithms for beamforming concept ,Every algorithm has its own merits and demerits ,according to our need we use that algorithm which satisfies our need,which are given below:-
II) BEAMFORMING TECHNIQUES:-
A) Least Mean Square Algorithm:
This algorithm was first developed by Widrow and Hoff in 1960. Shahera HOSSAIN et al.(2008)[ ] proposed that LMS is a gradient based technique where in a quadratic performance surface is assumed. The performance surface that is cost function can be established by finding the Mean Square Error (MSE). The cost function is a quadratic function of the weight vector w. The minimum of the performance surface is reached when the MSE tends to its minimum value & this is made possible by finding out the gradient of MSE with respect to weight vectors & equating it to zero. The Weights of adaptive antenna are adjusted in the negative direction of the gradient to minimize the error. In LMS, the weights are updated using,
w(k+1) = w(k)+ μ e*(k)x(k)
whereas e(k) =d(k) – wH (k)x(k)
μ=Step size that determines the speed of convergence of LMS algorithm.
The weights here will be computed using LMS algorithm based on Minimum Squared Error (MSE).
y(n)=wH (n)x(n)
e(n) =d(n) −y(n)
w (k+1) = w(k)+ μ e*(k)x(k)…
step size μ is a positive real-valued constant which controls the size of the incremental correction applied to the weight vector as we proceed from one iteration cycle to the next.
The performance of the algorithm depends on the step size parameter, which controls the convergence speed. The LMS algorithm is initiated with an arbitrary value W(0) for the weight vector at n= [1], [6], [23], [25].
For the weight vector is seen to converge and stay stable for
0max
Whereas λmax is the maximum eigen value of the matrix R.
The Response of the LMS algorithm is determined by three principal factors step-size parameter, number of weights, and Eigen value of the correlation matrix of the input data vector. The LMS Algorithm has many drawbacks which are solved by other algorithm.
B) Sample Matrix Inversion (SMI) Algorithm:
T.B. LAVATE et al.(2010) [5]proposed that LMS algorithm is slow in convergence & not suitable for mobile communication & this drawback of LMS is eliminated by sample matrix inversion (SMI) method. The sample matrix is a time average estimate of the array co-relation matrix using K time samples. If the random process is ergodic in the co-relation the time average estimate will equal the actual co-relation matrix .If we use a K-length block of data & we define the matrix Xk(k) as the kth block of x vectors ranging over K data snapshots, the time average estimate of array co-relation matrix is,
R=XK(k) XKH (k)/K
And the time average estimate of the co-relation vector is,
r= d*(k) XK(k)/K……
The SMI weights for kth block of length K as
WSMI = R-1r
WSMI = [ XK(k) XKH H (k)]-1 d*(k) XK(k)
From equation (4) it is seen that the weights of the antenna array will be updated for each incoming block of data.
C) NLMS (Normalized Least Mean Square) Algoritm:
Shahera HOSSAIN et al.(2008)[4] proposed ,the Normalized least-mean-square (NLMS) algorithm, which is also known as the projection algorithm, is a useful method for adapting the coefficients of a finite-impulse response (FIR) filter for a number of signal processing and control applications. It can persist over a wide range of step-sizes. Theoretically, LMS method is the most basic method for calculating the weight vectors. However, in practice, an improved LMS method, the Normalized-LMS (NLMS) is used to achieve stable calculation and faster convergence. The NLMS algorithm can be formulated as a natural modification of the LMS algorithm based on stochastic gradient algorithm
Gradient noise amplification problem occurs in the standard form of LMS algorithm. This is because the product vector xne*nin Equation (11) at iteration, n applied to the weight vector wnis directly proportional to the input vector xn. This can be solved by normalized the product vector at iteration
n 1 with the square Euclidean norm of the input vector xnat iteration n. The final weight vector can be updated by,
W(n+1)= w(n)+ μ/||x(n)2.x(n) e*(n)
Where the NLMS algorithm reduces the step size μ to make the large changes in the update weight vectors.This prevents the update weight vectors from diverging and makes the algorithm more stable and faster converging than when a fixed step size is used. Equation ( ) represents the normalized version of LMS (NLMS), because step size is divided by the norm of the input signal to avoid gradient noise amplification due to x(n) [ ]
Sometimes x(k) which is the Input signal becomes very small which may cause W(K + 1) to be unbounded. However, to avoid this situation; σ which is a constant value is added to the denominator which made the NLMS algorithm be described as
W(n+1)= w(n)+ μ/||σ + x(n)2||.x(n) e*(n)
we can conclude that NLMS has a better performance than LMS algorithm.
D) Constant Modulus Algorithm
Susmita Das [8]proposed that the configuration of CMA adaptive beamforming is the same as that of the Sample Matrix Inversion system except that it requires no reference signal. It is a gradient-based algorithm that works on the theory that the existence of interference causes changes in the amplitude of the transmitted signal, which otherwise has a constant envelope (modulus). The minimum shift key (MSK) signal, for example,is a signal that has the property of a constant modulus .The weight is updated by the equation
W(n+1)=W(n)+ µx(n)e(n)*
where µ is the step-size parameter(n) is the input vector,and
e(n)=y(n)(R2-|Y(n)|2
where R2=E.[X(n)]4/[X(n)]2 ………….
D) RLS ALGORITHM
In Recursive least square (RLS) algorithm, the weights are updated by the following equation.
W(n)=W(n −1)+K(n)ζ* (n) n=1,2,……
Where, K(n) is referred to as the gain vector and ζ (n) is a priori estimation error which is given by the equation:
ζ (n)=d(n)-w(n-1)x(n)The RLS algorithm does not require any matrix inversion computations as the inverse correlation matrix is computed directly. It requires reference signal and correlation matrix information.
E) VSSNLMS(Variable step size NLMS) Algorithm:
Ali Hakam et al.(2014) proposed that the main aim of the developed Variable Step Size (VSS) NLMS algorithm is to replace the fixed step size μ that is used in NLMS by a variable one. This is to avoid a trade-off issue between convergence rate and steady-state MSE. In this algorithm a large step size is used in the initial stages to speed the rate of convergence and a smaller step size is used near to the steady state of the Mean Square Error (MSE) to obtain an optimum value. To achieve this, μ is multiplied by P(k) which is randomly chosen from the uniform distribution [0 1]
and each time of the N iteration times. Then to control the variable step value, it is multiplied by a curve function that is
as follows:

ζ(k) = (6/N)2[(K-(N/6)]2+0.001 1≤k≤N/6
.001 N/6Where N is the input signal number.
By Multiplying equation (9) by the random numbers P(k) and the normalized step size
parameter µ, the variable step size develops to:
µ(K) = P(K) ζ(K) µ
Substituting the variable step size (10) to the conventional fixed step size NLMS algorithm (8), the proposed algorithm is shown as:
W(k+1)=W(K)+µ(K)e(K)x(k)/σ+ ||x(K)||
TABLE
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT ALGORITHMS

LMS

Easily implemented method for on-line estimation of time-varying system parameters.
The performance of the algorithm depends on the step size parameter, which controls the convergence speed and the variation of the learning curve.The LMS algorithm do not involve any matrix operations.

LMS algorithm is least demanding in computational complexity.
Simplicity and ease of computation
It does not require off-line gradient
estimations or repetition of data.

The rate of convergence is slow for a small value of μ but this gives a good estimation
of the gradient vector since a large amount of data is
taken into account. The algorithm requires knowledge
of the transmitted signal sending periodically some known pilot sequences that is known to the receiver

RLS

It requires reference signal and correlation matrix
Information
The RLS
algorithm also converges much more quickly than the LMS
algorithm

RLS algorithm does not require any matrix inversion
computations as the inverse correlation matrix is computed
directly

the
computational
complexity
hasbeen increased.

CMA

works on the theory that the existence of
interference causes changes in the amplitude of the
transmitted signal, which otherwise has a constant envelope
(modulus)

usefulness of CMA when channel conditions are rapidly changing.

disadvantage of the CMA is slow convergence
time. The slow converges limits the usefulness of the
algorithm in
the dynamic
environment

NLMS

known as the projection
algorithm, is a useful method for adapting the
coefficients of a finite-impulse response (FIR) filter for
a number of signal processing and control applications.
It can persist over a wide range of step-sizes.

Normalized LMS(NLMS) is used to achieve stable calculation and faster convergence.
prevents the update weight vectors from diverging
and makes the algorithm more stable and faster
converging than when a fixed step size is used.

NLMS algorithm
requires a minimum of one additional multiply, divide,
and addition over the LMS algorithm to implement for
shift – input data.

IV) APPLICATIONS:
Use of adaptive antenna in existing systems will reduce power consumption and interference while enhancing spectral density in wireless system which is the need of wireless communication systems.
V) CONCLUSION:
Smart Antenna systems are antennas with intelligence and the radiation pattern can be varied without any mechanically changed. The principle reason for the growing interest in smart antenna systems is the capacity increase and low power consumption. Smart antennas will increase the SIR by simultaneously increasing the useful received signal level and lowering the interference level.
VI) REFERENCES:
[1] Ali Hakam, Raed Shubair, Shihab Jimaa, and Ehab Salahat,”Robust Interference Suppression Using a New LMS Based Adaptive Beamforming Algorithm” in 17th IEEE Mediterranean ElectrotechnicalConference,Beirut,Lebanon,13-16 April 2014.
[2] H. Takekawa,T. Shimamura and S. Jimaa, “An efficient and effective variable step size NLMS algorithm,” in 42nd Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, October, 2008.
[3] Leandro Vieira dos Santos, Jacqueline Silva Pereira,”Least Mean Square Algorithm Analysis for a High Capacity Mobile Long Term Evolution Network” IEEE 2013.
[4] Shahera HOSSAIN, Mohammad Tariqul ISLAM and Seiichi SERIKAWA,” Adaptive Beamforming Algorithms for Smart Antenna Systems”,International Conference on Control, Automation and Systems 2008,Oct. 14-17, 2008 in COEX, Seoul, Korea.
[5] T.B. Lavate, V.K. Kokate, G.S. Mani,” Non blind and blind adaptive array smart antenna beam forming algorithams for w-cdma mobile communication systems “,Second International Conference on Computer Engineering and Applications,2008.
[6] Vishal V Sawant,Mahesh Chavan,”Performance of Beamforming for Smart antenna using Traditional LMS algorithm for various parameters”,Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Electronics, Signal Processing and Communication Systems.
[7] Haitao Liu, Steven Gao, and Tian-Hong Loh,”Small Director Array for Low-Profile Smart Antennas Achieving Higher Gain”,IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 61, no. 1, January 2013.
[8] Susmita Das, IEEE Member,”Smart Antenna Design for Wireless Communication using Adaptive Beam-forming Approach”
[9] Anurag Shivam Prasad, Sandeep Vasudevan , Selvalakshmi R,” Analysis of Adaptive Algorithms for Digital Beamforming in Smart Antennas”IEEE-International Conference on Recent Trends in Information Technology, ICRTIT MIT, Anna University, Chennai. June 3-5, 2011