This will be your first essay assignment and it will be on the topic of Chapter 12, Personality.

In this first assignment we will be going overt the concepts of personality with an emphasis on Freud and Psychoanalytic study.  One of Freud’s main beliefs is that who you are came to be by past experiences in your childhood.  Most of your habits, desires, and work ethic come from experiences that happened as a child.  The bond and discipline from each of your parents is a key to how you developed in your personality.  Your culture and where you were raised has a huge factor in this as well.  Freud believed that specifically, your experiences through sex drives as a child helped shape your personality.  He came up with psycho sexual stages of development.  For your paper I would like you to explain how your habits, desires, and work ethic may have been shaped by your childhood.  You may use psycho sexual stages of development as a guide, but if this is difficult, you do not need to use it.  You will create an APA style paper that will be 3-4 pages long (not including the cover or reference page) and you will also use at least 3 sources (you can use the textbook as one of those sources)  This assignment is worth 15% of your total grade in this class.  

Chapter 12

Personality

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Chapter Preview
Psychodynamic
Humanistic
Trait
Personological/Life Story
Social Cognitive
Biological
Assessment
Health and Wellness

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Personality
A pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world

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Psychodynamic Perspectives
Theoretical view emphasizing that personality is primarily unconscious.
Understanding personality involves
exploring the symbolic meanings of
behavior and the unconscious mind
Early childhood experiences sculpt
the individual’s personality

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Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Freud and Psychoanalysis
sex drive – main determinant of personality development
Hysteria
physical symptoms without physical cause
overdetermined – multiple unconscious causes

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Personality Structure (1 of 2)
Id
instincts and reservoir of psychic energy
pleasure principle
Ego
deals with the demands of reality
reality principle
Superego
moral branch of personality; “conscience”

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Discussion: Have class identify celebrities or fictitious characters that embody the ID, EGO, and SUPEREGO, respectively.
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Personality Structure (2 of 2)
Iceberg Analogy of Human Personality

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Note: Instructor may choose to use this slide at several different points in lecture: (1) after Id/Ego/Superego are introduced; (2) after Unconscious processes and Repression are introduced; or (3) after Defense Mechanisms are enumerated. Reposition slide as appropriate.
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Defense Mechanisms (1 of 2)
Conflict between the id, ego, and superego results in anxiety.
Defense Mechanisms
reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting
reality
not necessarily unhealthy
Repression
push unacceptable impulses out of
awareness
foundation for all defense mechanisms

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Note: Instructors should note that the use of defense mechanisms is an unconscious process and that their use can be beneficial to us and/or society. For example, it would be unhealthy for anyone to be constantly and vividly focused on all the painful and loathsome experiences one has ever had.
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Defense Mechanisms (2 of 2)
Repression: forget the unacceptable
Rationalization: claim different motive
Displacement: shift feelings to new object
Sublimation: transform vile to valuable
Projection: attribute own faults to others
Reaction Formation: convert to opposite emotion
Denial: disbelieve present reality
Regression: revert to earlier, “safer” period

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Suggestion: Provide concrete illustrations of each defense mechanism
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Psychosexual Stages (1 of 2)
Oral Stage: 0-18 Months
infant’s pleasure centers on the mouth
Anal Stage: 18-36 Months
child’s pleasure involves eliminative
functions
Phallic Stage: 3-6 Years
child’s pleasure focuses on the genitals
Oedipal complex
castration anxiety

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Psychosexual Stages (2 of 2)
Latency Stage: 6 Years – Puberty
psychic “time-out”
interest in sexuality is repressed
Genital Stage: Adolescence and Adulthood
sexual reawakening
source of sexual pleasure is someone else
Fixation – Remain locked in particular developmental stage (e.g., anal retentive)

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Dissenters and Revisionists (1 of 2)
Sexuality
not pervasive force behind personality
Early Experience
not as powerful as Freud thought
Importance of Conscious thought
Sociocultural Influences

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Dissenters and Revisionists (2 of 2)
Horney’s Sociocultural Approach
both sexes envy the attributes of the other
need for security, not sex, is primary motivator
Jung’s Analytical Theory
collective unconscious and archetypes
Adler’s Individual Psychology
perfection, not pleasure, is key motivator

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Evaluating Psychodynamic Theory
Criticisms
too much emphasis on early experiences
too much faith in unconscious mind’s control
too much emphasis on sexual instincts
theory can not be tested
Contributions
importance of childhood experiences
development proceeds in stages
role of unconscious processes

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Humanistic Perspectives (1 of 3)
emphasis on a person’s capacity for personal growth and positive human qualities

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Humanistic Perspectives (2 of 3)
Abraham Maslow
third force psychology
self-actualization
peak experiences
biased since focus was on highly successful individuals

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Suggestion: Remind students of Maslow’s hierarchy from the Motivation and Emotion chapter.
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Humanistic Perspectives (3 of 3)
Carl Rogers
personal growth and self-determination
unconditional positive regard
conditions of worth
self-concept
empathy
genuineness

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Suggestion: Alert students that we will be revisiting Carl Rogers in the chapter on Therapy, and these principles will be central.
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Evaluating Humanistic Perspectives
Contributions
self-perception is key to personality
consider the positive aspects of human nature
emphasize conscious experience
Criticisms
too optimistic about human nature
promotes self-love and narcissism

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Trait Perspectives (1 of 2)
Trait
an enduring disposition that leads to characteristic responses
traits are the building blocks of personality
Trait Theories
people can be described by their typical behavior
strong versus weak tendencies

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Note: Trait theory stands in contrast to personality theorists who claim that the whole is greater than the some of its parts. While trait theorists claim that a personality can be understood by listing off the traits that go into that personality, critics insist that a tiger is more than a pile of tiger parts, and a personality is more than a pile of traits. While this slide is not yet the point for critiquing trait theory (that comes a few slides down the road) without knowing the alternative view, the statements that “Traits are building blocks” and “People can be described by their typical behavior” may come across as harmlessly banal when in fact a controversial theoretical claim is being put forth.
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Trait Perspectives (2 of 2)
Gordon All port
personality understood through traits
behavior consistent across situations
lexical approach  4500 traits
W. T. Norman
five factor model
broad traits – main dimensions of personality

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Five Factor Model of Personality (1 of 7)
Openness
Imaginative Practical
Variety Routine
Independent Conforming

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Note: Each of the five personality factors is far more than a trait. First of all, a personality factor is not a unipolar characteristic, but a bipolar continuum. For example, the factor is not simply “Imaginative” but varying degrees ranging from “Very Imaginative” to “Very Practical.” Secondly, the factor is not one continuum, but a cluster of correlated continua. For example, it is not simply “Imaginative v. Practical” but also “Independent v. Conforming” etc.
The claim is that collectively the five factors capture the basics of human personality. In other words, it is being claimed that if you can only know five things about a person, the most informative five things to know would be where they stand on each of these five factors. That is quite a strong claim. And within the context of trait theory (and within the United States), a well supported claim.
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Five Factor Model of Personality (2 of 7)
Openness
Imaginative Practical
Conscientiousness
Organized Disorganized
Careful Careless
Disciplined Impulsive

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Five Factor Model of Personality (3 of 7)
Openness
Imaginative Practical
Conscientiousness
Organized Disorganized
Extraversion
Sociable Retiring
Fun-loving Somber
Affectionate Reserved

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Five Factor Model of Personality (4 of 7)
Openness
Imaginative Practical
Conscientiousness
Organized Disorganized
Extraversion
Sociable Retiring
Agreeableness
Softhearted Ruthless
Trusting Suspicious
Helpful Uncooperative

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Five Factor Model of Personality (5 of 7)
Openness
Imaginative Practical
Conscientiousness
Organized Disorganized
Extraversion
Sociable Retiring
Agreeableness
Softhearted Ruthless
Neuroticism / Stability
Calm Anxious
Secure Insecure
Self-Satisfied Self-Pitying

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Five Factor Model of Personality (6 of 7)
Do the big five show up in the assessment of personality in cultures around the world?
Yes, especially extraversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness

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Note: More or less, they do, with extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness being the most clearly shared cross-culturally.
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Five Factor Model of Personality (7 of 7)
Do the big five personality traits show up in animals?
Yes, in dogs and hyenas.
Individual traits have been identified in: fish, lizards, birds, and orangutans

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Evaluating Trait Perspectives
Contributions
traits influence health, cognitions, career success, and interpersonal relations
Criticisms
ignores the role of the situation in behavior
ignores nuances of an individual’s personality

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Personological Perspectives
focusing on an individual’s life history or life story
Henry Murray
personology: the study of the whole
person
motives are largely unconscious
thematic apperception test (TAT)
need for achievement, affiliation,
and power
Criminal Profiling

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Life Story Approach
Dan McAdams
our life story is our identity
intimacy motivation
Psychobiography
applying personality theory to one person’s life

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Evaluating Life Story Approach
Contributions
rich record of an individual’s experience
Criticisms
difficult and time-consuming
extensive coding and content analysis
prone to bias
not easily generalized

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Social Cognitive Perspectives (1 of 4)
Emphasis is on conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals.
Incorporates principles from
behaviorism when exploring:
Reasoning
Beliefs
self reflection
interpretation of situation

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Note: You might help the students make the following connection: When they are not being treated as synonymous, the Social Cognitive Approach is closely allied with Social Learning Theory
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Social Cognitive Perspectives (2 of 4)
Albert Bandura
reciprocal determinism
behavior, environment, and cognitive factors interact to create personality

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Social Cognitive Perspectives (3 of 4)
Albert Bandura
reciprocal determinism
behavior, environment, and cognitive
factors interact to create personality
Key Processes and Variables
observational learning
personal control
self-efficacy

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Social Cognitive Perspectives (4 of 4)
Walter Mischel
Situationalism
behavior and personality vary considerably across context
CAPS Model of Personality
stability over time rather than across situations
interconnections among cognitions and emotions affect our behavior

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Reciprocal Determinism

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Evaluating Social Cognitive Theory
Contributions
focuses on interactions of individuals with their environments
suggests people can control their environment
Criticisms
too concerned with change and the situation
ignores the role of biology
very specific predictions hinder generalization

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Biological Perspectives (1 of 3)
Personality and the Brain
brain damage alters personality
brain responses correlate with personality
Eysenk’s Reticular Activation System Theory
extraverts and introverts have different base-line levels of arousal
Gray’s Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory
behavioral activation system and behavioral inhibition system

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Biological Perspectives (2 of 3)
Role of Neurotransmitters
growth of dopamine receptors stimulated by warm care-givers
disposes person to reward-sensitivity (extraversion)
less serotonin in circulation leads to negative mood (neuroticism)

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Biological Perspectives (3 of 3)
Behavioral Genetics
twin studies reveal substantial genetic influence on Big Five traits
most traits influenced by multiple genes
Evaluating the Biological
Perspective
ties personality to animal learning, brain imaging, and
evolutionary theory
criticisms (e.g., biology may be the affect, not the cause, of personality)

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Personality – Stability versus Change
Traits are stable by definition yet positive traits increase across adulthood (social maturity).

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Personality Assessment (1 of 5)
Self-Report Tests
beware social desirability
empirically-keyed tests used to get around social desirability problem
test takers do not know what is being measured
test items not related to purpose of test
MMPI is an example

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Personality Assessment (2 of 5)
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
567 items
controls for social desirability
assesses mental health and used to make hiring decisions and to determine criminal risk
Neuroticism Extraversion Openness
Personality Inventory-Revised
assesses the big five factors and 6 subdimensions

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Suggestion: It could be interesting to bring in sample questions resembling those found in these instruments.
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Personality Assessment (3 of 5)
Myers Briggs Type Indicator
four dimensions used to make personnel decisions:
extraversion-introversion
sensing-intuiting
thinking-feeling
judgment-perception
not empirically supported
Barnum effect

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Personality Assessment (4 of 5)
Projective Tests
psychodynamic approach
project own meaning on ambiguous stimuli
Rorschach Inkblot Test
personality score based on description of inkblots
questionable reliability and validity

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Suggestion: It might be interesting to ask for student responses to the Rorschach and TAT slides to simulate taking those tests.
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Personality Assessment (5 of 5)
Projective Tests
psychodynamic approach
project own meaning on ambiguous stimuli
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) or Picture Story Exercise (PSE)
series of ambiguous pictures viewed one at a time
elicited stories reveal an individual’s personality

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Suggestion: It might be interesting to ask for student responses to the Rorschach and TAT slides to simulate taking those tests.
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Other Assessment Methods
Direct Behavioral Observation
Cognitive Assessment of Attention and Memory
Peer Ratings
Psychophysiological
Measures (e.g., polygraph)
Brain Imaging

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Health and Wellness (1 of 2)
Personality Traits Correlated with Health
conscientiousness
personal control
self efficacy
optimism
type A/type B behavior pattern

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Health and Wellness (2 of 2)
Subjective Well-Being
A person’s assessment of own positive affect relative to negative affect, and evaluation of own life in general.

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Discussion: Suppose you watch a movie that is excellent for two hours, but then its ending is stupid and poorly done. Was it a good movie or a bad one? Does the bad ending ruin the movie, or does the good beginning salvage it? Alternatively, suppose you get in a major car wreck, but walk away unscathed and end up buying a somewhat better car with the insurance money: Is that overall a good event or a bad one? Is the last thing that happens the important thing? Does bad have more impact than good? Why? Not everyone will agree to any given analysis of these questions. Help the students to see that personality (personal perspective) rather than objective logic is the basis for our answers to such questions. Finally, help them see that personal perspectives that tend toward negativism can be less healthful than ones that tend toward positives.
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Chapter Review
Define personality and summarize the psychodynamic perspectives.
Describe humanistic perspectives.
Describe the trait perspectives.
Describe the personological and life story perspectives.
Describe the social cognitive perspectives.
Describe the biological perspectives.
Characterize the main methods of personality assessment.
Summarize how personality relates to health and wellness.

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Note: Instructors may use the learning objectives presented on this slide to review the chapter material.
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