In this assignment, students will pull together the change proposal   project components they have been working on throughout the course to   create a proposal inclusive of sections for each content focus area in   the course. At the conclusion of this project, the student will be   able to apply evidence-based research steps and processes required as   the foundation to address a clinically oriented problem or issue in   future practice.

Students will develop a 1,250-1,500 word paper that includes the   following information as it applies to the problem, issue, suggestion,   initiative, or educational need profiled in the capstone change proposal:

1. Background
2. Problem statement
3. Purpose of the     change proposal
4. PICOT
5. Literature search strategy   employed
6. Evaluation of the literature
7. Applicable     change or nursing theory utilized
8. Proposed implementation     plan with outcome measures
9. Identification of potential     barriers to plan implementation, and a discussion of how these could     be overcome
10. Appendix section, if tables, graphs, surveys,     educational materials, etc. are created

Review the feedback from your instructor on the Topic 3 assignment,   PICOT Statement Paper, and Topic 6 assignment, Literature Review. Use   the feedback to make appropriate revisions to the portfolio components   before submitting.

Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA   Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to   beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for   successful completion.

You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Please refer   to the directions in the Student Success Center.

2

RUNNING HEAD-PICOT STATEMENT PAPER-INFECTION CONTROL

PICOT Statement Paper

Infection Control

Nnenna Nwagbo

Grand Canyon University

NRS-490-0502-Professional Capstone and Practicum

12-15-2019

Picot Statement

Hand hygiene in hospitals prevents cross-infection. The observation and hygiene of the hands by health workers in order to prevent cross-border infections is extremely important many health facilities also face major problems due to poor adherence with many of these strategies and guidelines for improving hand hygiene, through the introduction of large hospital services. Therefore, it is very important to maintain hand hygiene in order to prevent and reduce cross infections. This paper addresses challenges found in the area of hand hygiene, as well as possible actions and remedies by formulating, problem, intervention comparison, outcome, time and length (PICOT).

Problem

The main issue that other issues focus has been identified as health workers. For a variety of reasons, health workers do not value manual grooming. One problem identified is that though education has been provided, Lack of integration between theory and practice is a major factor and also environmental factors such as work load, availability of resources and convenience of those resources affect learning or adhering and practice outcomes (Mortell, M., 2012). Health care providers must find that manual hygiene is suitable for their work and must be aware that non-compliance increases patient morbidity, disease and costly health care. There may be resources available to health workers in all medical areas, but the necessary and expected adherence with hand hygiene is not yet accomplished. Another issue that is easily ignored is lack of knowledge or experience of environmental contamination (Beggs, Knibbs, Johnson & Morawska, 2015).

Intervention

Safe environment is very essential for the care and treatment of patients, since it decreases the occurrence of HAIs. It promotes the protection of patients and prevention of diseases (Aziz, A., 2014). Several steps must be taken in order to interfere. Such phases include preparation, leadership and assistance (Role Model), recognizing threats and implementing mitigating approaches, promoting staff recording of incidents, motivating staff to engage on safety issues and also providing safe patient outcomes to both patients and employees. A well-designed hand hygiene plan for all health care workers must be in operation and track better grooming of their own hands as the pursuit would contribute to a large reduction of acquired hospital infections (Sick-Bennett, DiBiase, Willis, Wolak, Weber, & Rutala, 2016).

Comparison

The study was conducted for two days, and the participants were not asked how better information could be obtained. For analysis, three medical areas have been established. One area was area one which was patients ‘ fast pace, the other area was the triage area and the third was the usual area where patients ‘ procedures and admissions were carried out. The participants featured senior nurses (more than 5 years, senior doctors and newly-embarked nurses who were 1-2 years old. Before and after the patients were treated all the workers were tracked. The personnel were also tracked during the procedures and the senior doctors were tested. This was registered to make a comparison. The findings were that the 5 periods of hand hygiene involved clean hands before and after a patient was handled, clean hands before and after the procedure and also clean hands while touching the area. Three out of five senior nurses did not clean their hands before any procedures and before the patients were touched. Senior doctors who did not stick to hand washing until contacting clients were the worst performers. Workload was an important factor for the washing of hands. Better compliance was seen in the zone with fewer patients. Staffs were not informed of the observation because if informed prior to the observation, they would have behaved differently (Winship, & McClunie-Trust, 2016).

Outcomes

A strong source for the research was consistent hand hygiene monitoring and reporting. It was evident that the fields with the best resources were complied with, the ability to practice hand sanitation and good patient care were increased in area with less workload. When activities are not overwhelmed by health workers, clients are better taken care of and the healthcare system was also more successful. Personal input on efficiency was given, and that optimization of operational procedures seemed to be a fruitful way of enhancing adherence with hand hygiene while growing workload, while improving quality care and outcomes. (Scheithauer, Kamerseder, Petersen, Brokmann, Lopez-Gonzalez, Mach Schulze-Robbecke &Lemmen, 2013).

Timing

Hand hygiene training must be a regular practice and reassessment. The people identified in this study have been retrained and will be followed up in approximately two weeks to ensure that all the personnel are educated and that the education is integrated as acknowledgement, introduction, duration, explanation and thanks to patients (AIDET) included to all health care providers in this facility.

CONCLUSION

All health care workers must receive education on the value of hand hygiene, which should not be a one-time activity, but a regular learning and re-assessment of adherence and supervision in order to ensure enforcement of all health workers. Regular evaluations and practical documentation are needed to identify the largest barrier to compliance with hand hygiene.

References

Aziz, Ann-Marie, (2014). Hand Hygiene Compliance for Patient Safety. British Journal of Healthcare Management, 20 (9)

Beggs, C., Knibbs, L. D., Johnson, G.R., Morawska, L. (2015). Environmental Contamination and Hospital-Acquired Infection: Factors that are easily overlooked. Indoor Air, 25: 462-474, DOI: 10.111/ina.12170

Mortell, M. (2012). Infection Control, Hand Hygiene Compliance: is there a theory-practice-ethics gap? British Journal of Nursing, 21(17) p. 1011-1014

Sickbert-Bennett, E.E., DiBiase, L. M., Schade Willis, T. M., Wolak, E. S., Weber, D. J., & Rutala, W. A., (2016). Reduction of Healthcare-Associated Infections by Exceeding High Compliance with Hand Hygiene Practices: Emerging Infectious Diseases. Retrieved from:

http://www.cdc.gov/eid

. 22

Scheithauer, S., Kamersedre, V., Petersen, P., Brokmann, J C., Lopez-Gonzalez, L-A., Mach, C., Schulze-Robbecke, R., & Lemmen, S W., (2013). Improving Hand Hygiene Compliance in the Emergency Department: getting to the point. BioMed Central Infectious Diseases, 13: 367. Retrieved from:

http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2334/13/367

Winship, S., & McClunie-Trust, P. (2016). Factors Influencing Hand Hygiene Compliance Among Nurses: An Integrative Review, Koi Tioki Nursing Research, 7(1)

2

CAPSTONE PROJECT TOPIC SELECTION AND APPROVAL

Capstone Project Topic Selection and Approval

Nnenna Nwagbo

Grand Canyon University

NRS-490-0502- Professional Capstone and Practicum

December 8, 20

1

9

Running head: ASSIGNMENT TITLE HERE

1

Running head: CAPSTONE PROJECT TOPIC SELCTION AND APPROVAL

Capstone Project Topic Selection and Approval

Identified Issue

Since i visited and interacted with my mentor in her workplace, we decided to base my research on the integration of my capstone project for safe workers or acuity-based work research, some of which are patiently focused. The charge nurse of the pending shift change is currently developing client duties for the upcoming switch. An authorized acuity device is not used for the function of patient activities or staff.

Setting

The practicum site is a 127-bed community-based psychiatric hospital and a behavioral health department in Riverside university health system, which is a medical educational school. Psychiatric emergency services are available on the site for all genders. Facilities provide evaluations, emergencies and referrals to other mental health care as necessary. Emergency treatment services (ETS) Specializes in mental and emotional distress assessment and treatment. Medication and referral to others in mental health facilities can be given to patients who arrive at ETS and released back. Some patients may be admitted to the hospital for further treatment. My specific focus will be on the Inpatient units.

Issue Description

Acuity tests the quality of a patient’s nursing care. The change of a nurse according to the need of patient is governed by an acuity-based recruitment framework and not by pure patient numbers (O’Keeffe, 2016). Acuity is the degree to which treatment is to be carried out in a hospital. Greater acuity people need more care, so that the nursing-patient rate is lower. Adequate nursing staff is important to enhancing the safety and maintenance of patients, although poor work puts patients at risk and pushes nurses out of jobs’ (O’Keeffe 2016).

Impact of the Issue

The shortage contribute to depression, illness, call offs, and job frustration. Nurse need to work for long hours in extremely demanding circumstances. In these conditions, nurses who work are more likely to make mistakes and medical mistakes. “The unfortunate outcome is that the standard of patient care is vulnerable to a variety of preventable risks, including medication errors and increased mortality levels.” (Knudson, 2013). If the rate of nursing staffing is so low, nurses are sometimes required to jeopardize patient care. Unsafe nursing staff is a dangerous profession that contributes to clinical errors, worse outcomes and nursing injuries and burnout that jeopardizes the safety of staff and patients. (Knudson, 2013).

Significance of the Issue

Only seven states require hospitals to have health and staff control boards responsible for their policies. Such states are, among others: CT, IL, NV, OH, OR, TX, WA (Jones, Whyley, Doyle and Bevan, L, 2018). California is the only State to have the minimum nursing to patient ratios necessary to be managed by all the units at all times in law and regulations.(Jones, Whyley, Doyle & Bevan, L, 2018). Inadequate staff increases the risk of preventable harm to the client. “Because nursing salaries are the greatest administrative expense of acute care, most companies consider reducing the costs of nursing jobs. When resources are limited or existing staff do not fulfill patient care expectations, healthcare providers may be required to restrict the level of care appropriate for optimal and healthy patient outcomes.

(Pearce, Morgan, Matthews, Martin, Ross, Rochin & Welton, 2018).

Proposed Solution

Patient acuity is a critical component of the healthcare profession. Task dependent models of recruitment were shown to improve patient outcomes and to boost the performance of nurses. Current technology for acuity calculation allows rational, right and effective measurements to support personnel decision taking (Kidd & Grove, 2014).

References

Africa, L. M. (2017). Transition to Practice Programs: Effective Solutions to Achieving

Strategic Staffing in Today’s Healthcare Systems. Nursing Economic$, 35(4), 178–183.

Retrieved from

https://search-ebscohost-

com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ccm&AN=124650130&site=ehost-

live&scope=site

Buhlman, N. (2016). Nurse staffing and patient – experience outcomes: A close connection.

American Nurse Today, 11(1), 49–52. Retrieved from
https://search-ebscohost-

com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ccm&AN=112468163&site=ehost-

live&scope=site

Jones, A., Whyley, H., Doyle, J., & Bevan, L. (2018). Development of approaches and

legislation to optimise nurse staffing levels. Nursing Standard, 33(5), 27–31.

https://doi-

org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.7748/ns.2018.e11202

Kidd, M. & Grove, K. (2014). A new patient-acuity tool promotes equitable nurse-patient

assignments. American Nurse Today, 9(3). Retrieved from

https://www.americannursetoday.com/a-new-patient-acuity-tool-promotes-equitable-nurse-patient-assignments/

Knudson, L. (2013). Nurse staffing levels linked to patient outcomes, nurse retention.

AORN Journal, 97(1), C1-9. Retrieved from

https://search-ebscohost-

com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ccm&AN=104303767&site=ehost-

live&scope=site

New American Nurses Association Resource Helps RNs Make the Case for Optimal

Nurse Staffing. (2016). Colorado Nurse, 116(1), 9. Retrieved from

https://search-

ebscohostcom.lopes.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ccm&AN=113187681&sit

e=ehost-live&scope=site

O’Keeffe, M. (2016). Acuity-adjusted staffing: A proven strategy to optimize patient care.

American Nurse Today, 11(3). Retrieved from

https://www.americannursetoday.com/acuity-adjusted-staffing-proven-strategy-optimize-patient-care/

Pearce, P. F., Morgan, S., Matthews, J. H., Martin, D. M., Ross, S. O., Rochin, E., & Welton, J.

M. (2018). The Value of Nurse Staffing: ANA Principles Redevelopment and Direction

for the Future. Nursing Economic$, 36(4), 169–176. Retrieved from

https://search-

ebscohostcom.lopes.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ccm&AN=131366441&sit

e=ehost-live&scope=site

Literature Evaluation Table

Student Name: Nnenna Nwagbo

Change Topic (2-3 sentences): The topic focuses on infection control among patients admitted in the hospital. The People who are focused on are those with the need for long term care.

Criteria

Article 1

Article 2

Article 3

Article 4

Author, Journal (Peer-Reviewed), and

Permalink or Working Link to Access Article

Authors: Catherine Godfrey and Jeffrey T. Schouten
Link- doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000000034

Authors: Heather S. Reisinger et. Al
Link: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2013.04.016

Authors: B. Allegranzi and H. Sax and D. Pittet
Link: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0195-6701(13)60003-1

Authors: Catherine Godfrey, Christie Villa, Liza Dawson, Susan Swindells, and Jeffrey T. Schouten,
Link: doi: 10.1097/QAI.0b013e3182845b95

Article Title and Year Published

Article Title: Infection Control Best Practices in Clinical Research in Resource-Limited Settings
Year Published: 2014

Article Title: Comprehensive survey of hand hygiene measurement and improvement practices in the Veterans Health Administration
Year published: 2015

Article Title: Hand hygiene and healthcare system change within multi-modal promotion: a narrative review
Year Published:
2015.

Article Title: Controlling Health Care Associated Infections in the International Research Setting
Year Published: 2014

Research Questions (Qualitative)/Hypothesis (Quantitative), and Purposes/Aim of Study

The purpose of the study is to describe best practices for infection control programs in acute care setting.

The article aims to identify variability in hand hygiene practices.

The article aims to discuss the need for system change in developing hand hygiene improvement intervention practices.

The article aims to discuss ways of controlling infections acquired in healthcare facilities.

Design (Type of Quantitative, or Type of Qualitative)

Design: Descriptive and explanatory

Design: Survey

Descriptive and explanatory study

Design: Survey

Setting/Sample

Sample: Infection control practitioners

Sample: Veterans Health Administration

Sample: Acute care setting

Sample: Clinical research sites

Methods: Intervention/Instruments

The study involved controlled trials that were selected at random.

The national survey covered
Measurement for hand hygiene compliance and improvement practices to ensure compliance.

Method: feasibility and impact study.

Method: The survey was conducted to find out about formal intervention programs for infection control.

Analysis

Analysis was done to observe compliance with infection control programs

Survey results of one hundred and forty-one healthcare centers were analysed

Review of reports on hand hygiene studies

Survey results from seventy-four sites were analysed

Key Findings

Low rates of adherence to infection control programs

A majority of VHA medical centers measure compliance rates and have instituted intervention practices.

Necessary infrastructure is crucial in enhancing hand hygiene

Organizational support such as staff training and surveillance helps in infection control.

Recommendations

The article recommends the development of infection control standards for patient care (Schouten, 2014)

The article recommends the need to standardize surveillance and compliance monitoring across all VHA medical centers (Reisinger et Al. 2014).

The article recommends the need for system change to improve hand hygiene intervention strategies (Allegranzi et Al., 2014).

The article recommends the need to adopt infection control policies in all clinical research sites (Godfrey et Al., 2014)

Explanation of How the Article Supports EBP/Capstone Project

The study on infection control programs supports the capstone project.

The survey supports the capstone project through the study of measurement of hand hygiene compliance rates and intervention practices

Demonstrating the need for necessary infrastructure that will ensure hand
hygiene compliance is in support of the capstone project.

The survey on infection control policies in healthcare facilities supports the capstone project.

Criteria

Article 5

Article 6

Article 7

Article 8

Author, Journal (Peer-Reviewed), and

Permalink or Working Link to Access Article

Authors: Helena C. Maltezou and Sabine Wicker
Link: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2012.09.017

Authors: Walter Zingg, Alison Holmes, Anna-Pelagia Magiorakos, and Didier Pittet
Link: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70854-0

Authors: Cornelia Hoffmann, Lutz Buchholz and Paul Schnitzler
Link: https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6673-8-20

Authors: Hassan Ahmed Khan, Aftab Ahmad, and Riffat Mehboob
Link: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtb.2015.05.001

Article Title and Year Published

Article Title: Measles in health-care settings
Year Published: 2016

Article Title: Hospital organization, management, and structure for prevention of health-care-associated infection: a systematic review and expert consensus
Year Published: 2015

Article Title: Reduction of needlestick injuries in healthcare personnel at a university hospital using safety devices
Year Published: 2015

Article Title: Nosocomial infections and their control strategies
Year Published: 2015

Research Questions (Qualitative)/Hypothesis (Quantitative), and Purposes/Aim of Study

The role of health-care setting in the transmission of measles.

The aim of the study was to identify key components for the implementation of infection control programs

The objective of the study was to examine the effect of introduction of safety devices in reducing needlestick injuries.

The study aimed to discuss ways of controlling nosocomial infections.

Design (Type of Quantitative, or Type of Qualitative)

Descriptive and explanatory study

Design: Descriptive and explanatory study

Design: Descriptive and explanatory study

Design: Descriptive and explanatory study

Setting/Sample

Health-care setting

Health-care setting

Health-care setting

Health-care setting

Methods: Intervention/Instruments

Methods: Diagnosis of outbreak cases

Method: Systematic review

Method: Extraction and review of data from laboratory information systems.

Method: Systematic review

Analysis

Analytical analysis of infection control measures in health-care setting

A detailed systematic review on organization of infection control policies in hospitals

An analysis of needlestick injuries before and after introduction of safety devices

Analysis of control of nosocomial infections

Key Findings

Sufficient vaccination coverage is a key infection control measure

Staff training and surveillance are key components of infection control programs in hospitals.

The introduction of safety devices greatly reduces infections acquired in hospitals

The use of proper infection control practices can reduce the spread of nosocomial infections

Recommendations

The article recommends the need for sufficient vaccination coverage to eliminate measles (Maltezou et Al., 2017).

The article recommends the implementation of multimodal and multidisciplinary infection control programs (Zingg et Al., 2015).

The article recommends the implementation of safety devices to improve healthcare personnel and patients’ safety (Hoffmann et Al., 2017)

The article recommends the need to devise a surveillance methodology to reduce transmission of nosocomial infections (Khan et Al., 2015).

Explanation of How the Article Supports EBP/Capstone

The article supports the capstone project through the study of infection control of health-care associated outbreak of measles.

The article supports the capstone project by identifying several key components for implementation and monitoring of infection control

The article supports the capstone project by recommending the implementation of safety devices in healthcare facilities.

The article supports the capstone project by providing ways of devising infection control programs to compare and control infection rates

References

B. Allegranzia, H. S. (2015, February). Hand hygiene and healthcare system change within multi-modal promotion: a narrative review. Retrieved from Journal of Hospital Infection: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195670113600031

Catherine Godfrey, C. V. (2014, April 01). Controlling Health Care Associated Infections in the International Research Setting. Retrieved from NCBI: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3801291/

Cornelia Hoffmann, L. B. (2015, July 29). Reduction of needlestick injuries in healthcare personnel at a university hospital using safety devices. Retrieved from Biomedcentral: https://occup-med.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1745-6673-8-20

Hassan Ahmed Khan, A. A. (2015, July). Nosocomial infections and their control strategies. Retrieved from Science Direct : https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2221169115000829

Heather Schacht Reisinger, J. Y. (2015, November). Comprehensive survey of hand hygiene measurement and improvement practices in the Veterans Health Administration. Retrieved from American Journal of Infection Control: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0196655313008870

Helena C. Maltezou, a. S. (2016, July). Measles in health-care settings. Retrieved from Science Direct: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0196655312012618

Schouten, C. G. (2014, January 01). Infection Control Best Practices in Clinical Research in Resource-Limited Settings. Retrieved from NCBI: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3930462/

Walter Zingg, A. H.-P. (2015, February). Hospital organisation, management, and structure for prevention of health-care-associated infection: a systematic review and expert consensus. Retrieved from Science Direct: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1473309914708540

Runninghead: LITERATURE REVIEW 1

LITERATURE REVIEW 3

LITERATURE REVIEW

Nnenna Nwagbo

Grand Canyon University- NRS 490

01/20/2020

Introduction

Hand hygiene in hospitals prevents cross-infection. The observation and hand hygiene by health care workers in order to prevent cross-border infections is extremely important many health facilities also face major problems due to poor adherence with many of these strategies and guidelines for improving hand hygiene, through the introduction of large hospital services. Therefore, it is very important to maintain hand hygiene in order to prevent and reduce cross infections. This paper focuses on analysis and comparison between eight articles, all addressing hand hygiene and infection control in hospital among health care workers.

Comparison of research questions

The evaluation of literature used in the capstone project reveals various similarities and differences in the research questions. Most articles used in the project have research questions that directly aim at Hand hygiene and infection control in hospital among health care workers. Studies by Catherine Godfrey and Jeffrey T. Schouten (2014) have research study that describes best practices for infection control programs in acute care setting. Heather S. Reisinger et. Al (2014) has research article that focus on identifying the variability in hand hygiene practices among health care workers.

Allegranzi and H. Sax and D. Pittet(2015) explicitly examined the need for changes in hand-hygiene practices to improve intervention. Catherine Godfrey, Christie Villa, Liza Dawson, Susan Swindells, and Jeffrey T. Schouten (2014), these are groups of researchers that combined to discuss ways of controlling infections acquired in healthcare facilities.

The fifth article by Helena C. Maltezou and Sabine Wicker (2016) focuses on the role of health-care setting in the transmission of measles. The topic of the sixth document empirical review by Walter Zingg, Alison Holmes, Anna-Pelagia Magiorakos, and Didier Pittet(2016) is that the key components of infection control systems were defined for implementation. The seventh article researches the effect of introduction of safety devices in reducing needle stick injuries. (Cornelia Hoffmann, Lutz Buchholz and Paul Schnitzler, 2016)The last article by Hassan Ahmed Khan, Aftab Ahmad, and Riffat Mehboob(2015) researches the ways of controlling nosocomial infections in hospitals.

Comparison of sample populations

The research by Catherine Godfrey and Jeffrey T. Schouten (2014) in their study sampled infection control practitioners. The study involved controlled trials that were selected at random.

Heather S. Reisinger et. Al (2014) sampled Veterans Health Administration. Measurement for hand hygiene enforcement and measures to ensure conformity is protected by the national survey. Allegranzi and H. Sax and D. Pittet(2015) sampled Acute care setting with feasibility and impact study that uses a descriptive and explanatory method. Catherine Godfrey, Christie Villa, Liza Dawson, Susan Swindells, and Jeffrey T. Schouten (2014) sampled clinical research sites. The study examined formal infection management intervention programs.

The article by Helena C. Maltezou and Sabine Wicker (2016) sampled Health-care setting with a research methods of Diagnosis of outbreak cases. Walter Zingg, Alison Holmes, Anna-Pelagia Magiorakos, and Didier Pittet(2015) also used a sample of Health-care setting focusing on Systematic review method. Cornelia Hoffmann, Lutz Buchholz and Paul Schnitzler (2015) used similar sample of Health care setting with a different study of Extraction and review of data from laboratory information systems. In the article by Hassan Ahmed Khan, Aftab Ahmad, and Riffat Mehboob(2015) sample Health-care setting, system review method was used with the analysis of control of nosocomial infections.

A comparison of limitations

The first article by Catherine Godfrey and Jeffrey T. Schouten (2014) had a limitation of low rates of adherence to infection control programs. Limitations of the research by Heather S. Reisinger et. Al(2014) included majority of VHA medical centers not measuring compliance rates and does not have instituted intervention practices. B. Allegranzi and H. Sax and D. Pittet(2015) had a limitation of Necessary infrastructure crucial in enhancing hand hygiene. The limitation of research by Catherine Godfrey, Christie Villa, Liza Dawson, Susan Swindells, and Jeffrey T. Schouten (2014) is Organizational support such as staff training and surveillance which helps in infection control.

Helena C. Maltezou and Sabine Wicker (2016) had a limitation of sufficient vaccination coverage which is a key infection control measure. Walter Zingg, Alison Holmes, Anna-Pelagia magiorakos, and Didier Pittet(2015) had a limitation of staff training and surveillance which are the key components of infection control programs in hospitals. Cornelia Hoffmann, Lutz Buchholz and Paul Schnitzler (2016) had no limitation and conflicts during the study as there was introduction of safety devices that greatly reduces infections acquired in hospitals. Hassan Ahmed Khan, Aftab Ahmad, and Riffat Mehboob(2015) had one limitation which was proper use infection control practices which can reduce the spread of nosocomial infections.

Conclusion

All eight studies focused on hand hygiene and infection control but from a different angle. Each of the research questions studied by each study is relevant in finding information about the prevalence of hand hygiene among health care workers, causes, interventions, and barriers to these interventions. The studies were done for different settings and samples, which was great since it is from various locations helping in getting a good picture of hand hygiene and infection control among health care workers. All the studies also had limitations due to the nature of the research, but still, the findings create a real description of the issue. The articles help form a foundation for further study. Further research should be done on various energy transfer mechanisms for implementation of hand hygiene and infection control among health care workers.

References

B. Allegranzia, H. S. (2015, February). Hand hygiene and healthcare system change within multi-modal promotion: a narrative review. Retrieved from Journal of Hospital Infection: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195670113600031

Catherine Godfrey, C. V. (2014, April 01). Controlling Health Care Associated Infections in the International Research Setting. Retrieved from NCBI: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3801291/

Cornelia Hoffmann, L. B. (2015, July 29). Reduction of needlestick injuries in healthcare personnel at a university hospital using safety devices. Retrieved from Biomedcentral: https://occup-med.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1745-6673-8-20

Hassan Ahmed Khan, A. A. (2015, July). Nosocomial infection and their control strategies. Retrieved from Science Direct : https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2221169115000829

Heather Schacht Reisinger, J. Y. (2015, November). Comprehensive survey of hand hygiene measurement and improvement practices in the Veterans Health Administration. Retrieved from American Journal of Infection Control: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0196655313008870

Helena C. Maltezou, a. S. (2016, July). Measles in health-care settings. Retrieved from Science Direct: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0196655312012618

Schouten, C. G. (2014, January 01). Infection Control Best Practices in Clinical Research in Resource-Limited Settings. Retrieved from NCBI: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3930462/

Walter Zingg, A. H.-P. (2015, February). Hospital organization, management, and structure for prevention of health-care-associated infection: a systematic review and expert consensus. Retrieved from Science Direct: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1473309914708540

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Benchmark – Capstone Project Change Proposal – Rubric

No of Criteria: 16 Achievement Levels: 5

Criteria

Achievement Levels

Description

Percentage

Unsatisfactory 0-71%

0.00 %

Less Than Satisfactory 72-75%

7

5.0

0 %

Satisfactory 76-79%

79.00 %

Good 80-89%

89.00 %

Excellent 90-100%

100.00 %

Content

60.0

 

 

 

 

 

Background

5.0

Background section is not present.

Background section is present, but incomplete or otherwise lacking in required detail.

Background section is present. Some minor details or elements are missing but the omission(s) do not impede understanding.

Background section is present and complete. The submission provides the basic information required.

Background section is present, complete, and incorporates additional relevant details and critical thinking to engage the reader.

Problem Statement

5.0

Problem statement is not present.

Problem statement is present, but incomplete or otherwise lacking in required detail.

Problem statement is present. Some minor details or elements are missing but the omission(s) do not impede understanding.

Problem statement is present and complete. The submission provides the basic information required.

Problem statement is present, complete, and incorporates additional relevant details and critical thinking to engage the reader.

Change Proposal Purpose

5.0

Purpose of change proposal is not present.

Purpose of change proposal is present, but incomplete or otherwise lacking in required detail.

Purpose of change proposal is present. Some minor details or elements are missing but the omission(s) do not impede understanding.

Purpose of change proposal is present and complete. The submission provides the basic information required.

Purpose of change proposal is present, complete, and incorporates additional relevant details and critical thinking to engage the reader.

PICOT

5.0

PICOT is not present.

PICOT is present, but incomplete or otherwise lacking in required detail.

PICOT is present. Some minor details or elements are missing but the omission(s) do not impede understanding.

PICOT is present and complete. The submission provides the basic information required.

PICOT is present, complete, and incorporates additional relevant details and critical thinking to engage the reader.

Literature Search Strategy

5.0

Literature search strategy is not present.

Literature search strategy is present, but incomplete or otherwise lacking in required detail.

Literature search strategy is present. Some minor details or elements are missing but the omission(s) do not impede understanding.

Literature search strategy is present and complete. The submission provides the basic information required.

Literature search strategy is present, complete, and incorporates additional relevant details and critical thinking to engage the reader.

Literature Evaluation

5.0

Literature evaluation is not present.

Literature evaluation is present, but incomplete or otherwise lacking in required detail.

Literature evaluation is present. Some minor details or elements are missing but the omission(s) do not impede understanding.

Literature evaluation is present and complete. The submission provides the basic information required.

Literature evaluation is present, complete, and incorporates additional relevant details and critical thinking to engage the reader.

Utilization of Change or Nursing Theory (2.2)

5.0

Theory utilization is not present.

Theory utilization content is present, but incomplete or otherwise lacking in required detail.

Theory utilization content is present. Some minor details or elements are missing but the omission(s) do not impede understanding.

Theory utilization content is present and complete. The submission provides the basic information required.

Theory utilization content is present, complete, and incorporates additional relevant details and critical thinking to engage the reader.

Proposed Implementation Plan with Outcome Measures (3.2)

5.0

Implementation plan is not present.

Implementation plan is present, but incomplete or otherwise lacking in required detail.

Implementation plan is present. Some minor details or elements are missing but the omission(s) do not impede understanding.

Implementation plan is present and complete. The submission provides the basic information required.

Implementation plan is present, complete, and incorporates additional relevant details and critical thinking to engage the reader.

Identification of potential barriers to plan implementation, and a discussion of how these could be overcome (2.3)

5.0

Identification of potential barriers to plan implementation and /or discussion component is not present.

Identification of potential barriers to plan implementation with a discussion component is present, but is incomplete or otherwise lacking in required detail.

Identification of potential barriers to plan implementation with a discussion component is present. Some minor details or elements are missing but the omission(s) do not impede understanding.

Identification of potential barriers to plan implementation with a discussion component is present and complete. The submission provides the basic information required.

Identification of potential barriers to plan implementation with a discussion component is present, complete, and incorporates additional relevant details and critical thinking to engage the reader.

Appendices Inclusive of Practice Immersion Clinical Documentation (1.2)

5.0

Appendices are not present.

Appendices are present, but incomplete or otherwise lacking in required detail.

Appendices are present with minor elements missing that do not impede understanding.

Appendices are present and complete. The submission provides the basic information required.

Appendices are present, complete, and incorporates additional relevant details and critical thinking to engage the reader.

Evidence of Revision

10.0

Final paper does not demonstrate incorporation of feedback or evidence of revision on research critiques.

Incorporation of research critique feedback or evidence of revision is incomplete.

Incorporation of research critique feedback and evidence of revision are present.

Evidence of incorporation of research critique feedback and revision is clearly provided.

Evidence of incorporation of research critique feedback and revision is comprehensive and thoroughly developed.

Organization and Effectiveness

30.0

 

 

 

 

 

Thesis Development and Purpose

10.0

Paper lacks any discernible overall purpose or organizing claim.

Thesis is insufficiently developed or vague. Purpose is not clear.

Thesis is apparent and appropriate to purpose.

Thesis is clear and forecasts the development of the paper. Thesis is descriptive and reflective of the arguments and appropriate to the purpose.

Thesis is comprehensive and contains the essence of the paper. Thesis statement makes the purpose of the paper clear.

Argument Logic and Construction

10.0

Statement of purpose is not justified by the conclusion. The conclusion does not support the claim made. Argument is incoherent and uses noncredible sources.

Sufficient justification of claims is lacking. Argument lacks consistent unity. There are obvious flaws in the logic. Some sources have questionable credibility.

Argument is orderly, but may have a few inconsistencies. The argument presents minimal justification of claims. Argument logically, but not thoroughly, supports the purpose. Sources used are credible. Introduction and conclusion bracket the thesis.

Argument shows logical progression. Techniques of argumentation are evident. There is a smooth progression of claims from introduction to conclusion. Most sources are authoritative.

Clear and convincing argument presents a persuasive claim in a distinctive and compelling manner. All sources are authoritative.

Mechanics of Writing (includes spelling, punctuation, grammar, language use)

10.0

Surface errors are pervasive enough that they impede communication of meaning. Inappropriate word choice or sentence construction is used.

Frequent and repetitive mechanical errors distract the reader. Inconsistencies in language choice (register) or word choice are present. Sentence structure is correct but not varied.

Some mechanical errors or typos are present, but they are not overly distracting to the reader. Correct and varied sentence structure and audience-appropriate language are employed.

Prose is largely free of mechanical errors, although a few may be present. The writer uses a variety of effective sentence structures and figures of speech.

Writer is clearly in command of standard, written, academic English.

Format

10.0

 

 

 

 

 

Paper Format (use of appropriate style for the major and assignment)

5.0

Template is not used appropriately, or documentation format is rarely followed correctly.

Appropriate template is used, but some elements are missing or mistaken. A lack of control with formatting is apparent.

Appropriate template is used. Formatting is correct, although some minor errors may be present.

Appropriate template is fully used. There are virtually no errors in formatting style.

All format elements are correct.

Documentation of Sources (citations, footnotes, references, bibliography, etc., as appropriate to assignment and style)

5.0

Sources are not documented.

Documentation of sources is inconsistent or incorrect, as appropriate to assignment and style, with numerous formatting errors.

Sources are documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, although some formatting errors may be present.

Sources are documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, and format is mostly correct.

Sources are completely and correctly documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, and format is free of error.

Total Percentage  100