Read the
Data Standards, Data Quality, and Interoperability practice brief.
Using APA format, respond to the following prompt in 1 1/2 to 2 double-spaced pages: In your own words, describe:
1.Data Standards
2. Interoperability
3.Why is a regulatory framework important?
4.What role do HIMT professionals play?
Per APA formatting, in-text citations are expected, as are a reference list page and a cover page. These pages are extra and in addition to the 1 1/2 to 2 double-spaced pages noted above.
You are welcome to cite and use sources in addition to the brief; just be sure to cite them appropriately in the APA format and include them in your reference list.
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Data Standards, Data Quality, and Interoperability (201
3
update)
Remove from myBoK
Editor’s note: This update replaces the 200
7
practice brief “Data Standards, Data Quality, and Interoperability.”
Data quality and consistency are critical to ensuring patient safety, communicating delivery of health services, coordinating
care, and healthcare reporting. Assessing the quality and consistency of data requires data standards. This practice brief
provides health information management (HIM) professionals with a clear understanding of data standards as a tool to
enable interoperability and promote data quality.
The online version of this practice brief […] is accompanied by an appendix that provides HIM professionals with a list of
standards to reference in data dictionary development, electronic health records, the exchange of health information, and
general data management processes to ensure information integrity and reliability. Evaluation of data validity, reliability,
completeness, and timeliness are accomplished through a combination of human and machine processes in healthcare, and
the list of data standard sources is a helpful reference guide when more detailed information is required.
Data Standards and Regulatory Framework
Data standards are “documented agreements on representations, formats, and definitions of common data. Data standards
provide a method to codify invalid, meaningful, comprehensive, and actionable ways, information captured in the course of
doing business.” Rules to describe how the data is recorded to ensure consistency across multiple sources is another way to
think of data standards. Without data standards and data quality, the future of interoperability is bleak. Data fields and the
content of those fields need to be standardized.
Standards development organizations (SDOs) address a variety of aspects of health information and informatics. For
example, the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and Health Level Seven (
HL7
) target clinical data
standards. Insurance and remittance standards are a focus of the Accredited Standards Committee (ASC) X12. Standards to
transmit diagnostic images are developed through Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM). The
National Council for Prescription Drug Programs (
NCPDP
) represents pharmacy messages.
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), HL7, ASTM, and others develop data models and
frameworks. See the table on page 65 for a breakdown of regulatory agencies responsible for working with the American
National Standards Institute (ANSI) to drive data standards to achieve interoperability.
The AHIMA Leadership Model states that HIM professionals should serve as the leaders in healthcare organizations and in
their professional community for ensuring that data content standards are identified, understood, implemented, and managed.
As leaders, HIM professionals will need to collaborate with internal and external partners to meet interoperability and
health information exchange agreements, influence the development of standards to meet organizational needs, and
participate in the development of standards to address local and national industry needs.
Leadership actions for HIM professionals include but are not limited to:
Increase knowledge and understanding of data content standards
Assess organizational readiness
Conduct a data content standards requirements analysis
Develop a local data dictionary to support enterprisewide interoperability
Advance the development of data content standards
Select integrated electronic systems that support data content requirements
Contribute to domain knowledge by participating in relevant professional association work and mentoring others
Contribute to the development and harmonization of industry and professional standards
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Interoperability Ensures EHR Compatibility
The Office of the National Coordinator for Health IT (ONC) defines interoperability as ensuring that healthrelated
information flows seamlessly. Information needs to follow the patient regardless of geographic, organizational, or vendor
boundaries. Interoperability refers to the architecture or standards that make it possible for diverse EHR systems to work
compatibly. The importance of interoperability goes far beyond the confines of the EHR. Information must flow into and out
of health information exchanges—available to the patient at the right time, at the right place, and containing data that is
accurate and complete.
ONC provides “building blocks” to bring awareness to maintaining and sustaining standard interoperability. These current
initiatives are working to standardize:
Meaning through the use of standardized healthcare vocabularies
Structure by leveraging standards in
HL7
Transport using secure email protocols
Security through National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)adopted encryption standards
Services through open and accessible application programming interfaces (APIs)
There are many SDOs who are involved in the development and publishing of healthcare informatics standards at national
and international levels. These standards are crucial to the capturing and sharing of clinical information in our electronic
health information systems.
Regulatory Agencies in Standard Development
Multiple regulatory agencies are currently responsible for working with the ANSI standard development
organization to drive data standards that help achieve interoperability, including those listed in the table below.
Regulatory Agency Data, Mapping, and Messaging Standards
The Centers for Medicare and
Medicaid Services (CMS)
provides a list of data resources
including standard terms and
abbreviations that promotes
naming and semantic consistency.
The “meaningful use” EHR Incentive Program was developed
to allow care providers to implement EHR technology in three
stages. Stage 1 focuses on data capture and sharing of data,
stage 2 focuses on clinical processes such as information
exchange and patientcontrolled data, and stage 3 aims to focus
on improving patient outcomes. The incremental phases allow
care providers to adopt standards into their daily workflow.
The Office of the National
Coordinator for Health
Information Technology (ONC)
promotes flexible implementation
standards that are able to change
incrementally, emphasizing
usability and workflow design to
facilitate data exchange.
Meaningful use stage 2 EHR certification criteria delineates
data standards.
The Agency for Healthcare
Research and Quality (AHRQ)
promotes the development of IT
systems which identify specific
criteria.
The National Strategy for Quality Improvement in Health Care
(National Quality Strategy) is a nationwide effort to align
public and private interests to improve the quality of health and
healthcare for all Americans. Part of the Affordable Care Act,
the National Quality Strategy is guided by three aims that
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provide better, more affordable care for an individual and the
community.
The National Quality Strategy (NQS) promotes “national
standards while supporting local, community, and statelevel
activities that respond to local circumstances.”2 The NQS also
works to align quality efforts among commercial and
government activities, and across federal agencies.
Standards Development
In order to drive interoperability, the adoption of messaging standards is primarily driven by regulation. There are also
stakeholder groups hard at work on harmonization efforts to manage information in standardized processes to enable data
sharing. A consensus process gathers interested individuals from industry and consumer groups, specialty domains,
agencies, professional organizations, and vendors to develop a concept and express it in a recommended course of action or
standard. Then, a document is drafted to further refine the concept and work through details by an interactive voting process
to assure that the completed standard has been accorded fair review prior to publishing.
ASTM publishes standard test methods, specifications practices, guides, terminologies, and classifications. ASTM E138
4
and E31.25 (2013) Standard Practice for Content and Structure of the Electronic Health Record (EHR) describes a logical
data organization and content (common data model) of an EHR. The model is used by an organization according to the
major informational structures and content of the EHR. A patient’s health record plays five unique roles:
1. It represents the patient’s health history.
2. It provides a method for clinical communication and care planning among the individual healthcare practitioners
serving the patient.
3. It serves as the legal document describing the healthcare services provided.
4. It is a source of data for clinical, health services, and outcomes research.
5. It serves as a major resource for healthcare practitioner education.
HL7 is one organization that is developing international standards for interoperability and messaging including the
Consolidated Clinical Document Architecture (CCDA) and EHR functional model. HL7 develops international standards,
which sometimes must be modified to meet the “meaningful use” EHR Incentive Program or reimbursement systems criteria
unique to the United States. HL7 collaborates with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) for international
balloting.
ISO, the world’s largest developer of voluntary standards, has many technical committees (TCs) that span a variety of
products and services. ISO/TC 215 Health Informatics primarily develops voluntary standards in the field of information for
health and health information and communication technology to promote interoperability. ISO/TC 215 includes standards for
areas such as healthcare delivery, disease prevention and wellness promotion, public health and surveillance, and clinical
research related to health services.
Health informatics standards will play significant roles as electronic data management increases. It is important that HIM
professionals learn about informatics in order to serve as a professional resource to healthcare organizations. HIM
professionals can participate in the standards development process by evaluating proposed standards and recommending
new ones. There has never been a greater need for input from the HIM perspective in the domain of data standards.
Areas for standardization in healthcare include health information exchanges (HIE), clinical data harmonization, and
documentation.
Data Standards for Health Information Exchange
Health information exchange organizations are an important part of improving efficiency and reducing cost for healthcare
delivery, and global standards will make a difference in the way healthcare professionals capture and use health information
worldwide.
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To foster adoption of standardized language to meet the mandates of the meaningful use program, HL7 is offering free
access to their standards. HL7’s CCDA is a library of templates that help facilitate exchange. While multiple record types
fall under the CCDA, they all provide a common format to assist in health information exchange. This library contains the
following nine templates:
Continuity of Care Document (CCD)
Consultation Note
Diagnostic Imaging Report (DIR)
Discharge Summary
History and Physical (H&P)
Operative Note
Procedure Note
Progress Note
Unstructured Document
Each template has defined sections to harmonize the data across systems. This standard ensures the information integrity
and reliability when sharing data across HIEs or between other health IT systems.
The Role of Metadata in Standardization
Metadata is identified as a method to manage health information by indexing and applying attributes to a patient’s record at
the “granular” or dataelement level. An emerging use of metadata is the processing of large amounts of data for data
analytics. Being able to distill large amounts of data for specific data points will allow the metadata to be used to develop
and improve quality care. Metadata will be critical for leveraging the volumes, velocity, and variety of healthcare data now
available due to the increasing use of clinical information systems such as EHRs.
Though metadata will be critical for maintaining and preserving the healthcare record, there are currently no standards for
the metadata schema. The proposed HL7 EHRS RMES Functional profile will require the capture and retention of
authors, data creation time stamps, modification, view, and deletion. HL7 standards are also not mandated at this time, but
using the conformance criteria will benefit health information management professionals who are involved with the RFP
process or are assessing an EHR system.
The schema varies by organization and within jurisdictions according to business needs. HIM professionals need to direct
their organizations to consider specific business needs and the regulatory environment when making decisions about the
maintenance and management of metadata. Understanding and managing metadata is not the sole responsibility of
information technology (IT) professionals. HIM professionals should collaborate with IT to develop processes and
procedures to ensure that metadata is managed effectively within their organizations.
Metadata captures information such as the date and time that an entry was made in the health record, who accessed the
record and when, what changes have been made to the record and by whom, and the identity of staff who document sections
of the record when this information is not collected by an authentication or signature, such as portions of a template that are
completed by nursing or other allied healthcare staff. Metadata is an important tool that can be used to follow up on
documentation or compliance issues, facilitate response to requests for an accounting of accesses of the medical record, or
to meet internal or external reporting or analytics requirements.
Clinical Data Standards Harmonization
Semantic interoperability is the ability of computer systems to interchange data and to interpret and use the data according
to its meaning, rather than just its surface form. Problems arise when one term has multiple meanings or when two or more
terms refer to the same concept but are not easily recognized as synonyms. Many multistakeholder workgroups are in
existence today to address semantic interoperability. Examples include HL7, ISO, and the International Health Terminology
Standards Development Organisation (IHTSDO)—the organization that maintains SNOMED CT.
Harmonizing disparate information systems requires data translation and mapping, as well as document and messaging
standards with a regulatory framework that promotes their use. HIM professionals understand where data is created and
distributed; this knowledge can be utilized to ensure harmonization between systems. There are multiple data models as
they relate to health information exchange such as centralized, decentralized, and federated models. The type of model
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selected will determine how and where information will be collected and stored.
A centralized model collects data from local sources and stores the data in a central repository. A decentralized data model,
also called a federated model, gives an organization control of the healthcare record, providing a quick and easy way to
distribute datasharing across regions. The hybrid model is a combination of the previous two models.
Along with developing standards for meaningful use interoperability, it is important to exchange information with standalone
registry systems. When developing these standards, these systems should be considered in the forefront to eliminate manual
data collection into disparate systems. Without standards there will be unstable and inconsistent data collection resulting in
the inability to compare and improve outcomes.
When developing standards one also needs to consider the ability to connect clinical outcomes with billing data to help
determine the value of healthcare provided. The value of healthcare is the quality over the cost. Every system has its own
way of representing data. For example, relational databases have their own schema for defining tables and fields.
Ontologies are one method of managing data and providing a mechanism for disparate systems to communicate. Although
this is not a new term, it will be one that HIM professionals will hear in discussions related to interoperability and data
standards. An ontology viewed with a data standards lens is a model of knowledge that serves as a semantic translator that
is able to reconcile metadata standards, XML dialects, and database access methods.
Data Standards and Documentation of Health Services
Employing data standards in health services documentation further entails consistent, accurate, and reproducible capture of
clinical concepts using standardized terminology to describe diseases and procedures. This supports an environment
conducive to the assessment of patient management, outcomes measures for quality and performance improvement, and
clinical research. Current initiatives to measure quality and performance through data include the Joint Commission Core
Measures, CMS’ Present on Admission Indicator Reporting, CMS’ Clinical Quality Measures, and the National Committee
for Quality Assurance Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS).
Documentation describes the methods and activities of collecting, coding, ordering, storing, and retrieving information to
fulfill future tasks. Whether the information is collected, stored, and read on paper or discrete data elements are recorded,
electronically stored, and then displayed as traditional documents on a computer monitor, data content requirements remain
the same. The appropriate recording of data for patient records is required for continuous treatment of patients. The quality
and safety of medical decision making during the course of providing a health service relies on the timeliness and accuracy
of the information available.
Observations, assessments, and plans made during the care of individual patients are all important elements of
documentation. There are a variety of messaging and data content standards related to clinical documentation capture,
storage, retrieval, and use. Data structure and content standards create the framework for an optimal health record and
effective information exchange between healthcare providers. A data content standard often leverages a terminology
standard to simplify and unify the data presentation.
With increasing focus on adoption of certified EHRs, along with financial incentives to demonstrate meaningful use and
improve healthcare quality, there is increased urgency to develop definitions and standards. Specified terminology standards
definitions and classifications of individual terms, coupled with content standards for uniform capture and collection, are
essential framing structures to describe clinical concepts—such as the use of SNOMED CT for problem list identification.
Effectively sending data back and forth between organizations is accomplished with messaging standards.
Commonly used guidelines for standards in EHR systems include:
Continuity of Care Record/Document
National Council for Prescription Drug Programs (NCPDP)
Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM)
SNOMED CT
Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC)
ICD9CM
ICD10CM/PCS
RxNorm
5
6
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Current Procedural Terminology (CPT)
The National Library of Medicine’s Unified Medical Language System links more than 100 terminologies available for a
variety of use cases in healthcare.
Describing clinical concepts in a standardized format allows for meaningful performance monitoring and outcomes
measurement. In addition it supports consistent, evidencebased care through clinical decision support. The National Quality
Forum’s Quality Data Model (QDM) provides the potential for more precisely defined, universally adopted electronic
quality measures to automate measurement and compare and improve quality using electronic health information.
Recommendations for Promoting Standards
Priorities and emphasis on health informatics standards will set expectations for the healthcare industry. HIM professionals
are in a position to advocate the application of standards and educate their colleagues. Standards contribute to the
longitudinal view of health information within and among systems by calling for unified expectations about how data is
defined, stored, and transferred to meet the users’ needs. The ability to use this information to drive decisions through
business intelligence is an emerging role for HIM professionals. HIM professionals can increase their knowledge and serve
as a professional resource for their organization by:
Building knowledge in health informatics standards. Remain well informed on standards that impact patient data
and health information business processes. At a minimum, understand the relationship and major topic areas. Refer to
Appendix A for a variety of standards development organizations and their websites. Refer to Appendix B for
additional reading materials.
Investigate current data systems. Verify HIM business processes that connect to these functions. Determine
whether data definition or format changes need to be planned in preparation for regulatory implementation. See that
related HIM processes are updated as necessary.
Access information on existing healthcare standards. Review current standards and how they generally fit into the
health information systems environment in healthcare organizations.
Determine if the current healthcare standards are used in your organization. Note that although standards may
be adopted in your organization, the manner in which the standards are used can be highly customized so those
vendors can accommodate product variability, among other reasons. Investigate how your organization uses message
standards.
Form or join a quality and data analytics team in your organization. Become familiar with the types of
information being requested and where it fits into the standards realm. Create a matrix to track what types of data are
transmitted, how it is transmitted, and what standards are used.
Keep pace with the healthcare industry’s standards development. Professionally endorse these efforts.
Join a standards development organization. HIM professionals’ contribution to this work is essential to ensure
comprehensive attention to health information business processes. Membership fees are often nominal and progress
can be tracked through the standards website, organization’s Wiki page, or through personal participation in
development sessions.
Appendices
Appendix A: Data Standards Resource
Working independently, standards development organizations (SDOs), associations, government agencies, and
nongovernmental organizations have developed an array of data standards that address multiple areas in healthcare.
Different standards are required to implement electronic health records (EHRs) and facilitate interoperability.
Standards are developed both nationally and internationally. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) coordinates
the development and use of standards within the United States and represents the needs and views of US stakeholders in
standardization forums around the globe. ANSI facilitates the development of American National Standards by accrediting
the procedures of standards development organizations. ANSI accreditation signifies that the procedures used by the SDO
meet ANSI’s essential requirements for openness, balance, consensus, and due process.
The tables in this Practice Brief appendix outlines a sample of some of the common standards used today. Placing a
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standard in one category is difficult because various standards can be classified in more than one way, so in some instances,
standards are repeated in multiple categories.
Structure and Content Standards
Standards establish definitions for data elements in an EHR system. They specify the type of data to be collected in each
data field and the attributes and values of each field, all of which are captured in data dictionaries.
Resource Description Source
ASTM
Continuity of
Care Record
(CCR)
Designation: E
236905
Data content and document standard for relaying a patient’s core data set upon
transfer to support continuity of care.
ASTM
HL7 Standards:
Primary
Standards
Most frequently used HL7 standards HL7
Health Level
Seven (HL7)
Clinical
Document
Architecture
(CDA)
Release 2.0
CDA Release 2.0 provides an exchange model for clinical documents such as
discharge summaries and progress notes. By leveraging the use of XML, the HL7
Reference Information Models (RIMs), and coded vocabularies, the CDA makes
documents both machinereadable (so they are easily parsed and processed
electronically) and humanreadable (so they can be easily retrieved and used by the
people who need them). CDA documents can be displayed using XMLaware Web
browsers or wireless applications such as cell phones.
HL7
HL7 Continuity
of Care
Document
(CCD)
The CCD was developed as a collaborative effort between ASTM and HL7. It is
intended as an alternate implementation of the ASTM Continuity of Care Record for
those institutions or organizations implementing the HL7 Clinical Document
Architecture.
HL7
HL7
Communication
Standard,
Version 3
Version 3 of the HL7 Communication Standard uses a methodology based on a
reference information model (i.e., data). HL7’s primary goal for Version 3 is to offer
a standard that is definite and testable and provides the ability to certify vendor
conformance.
HL7
HL7 Version 2
Product Suite
Messaging standard for electronic data exchange. HL7
HL7 Version 3
Product Suite
Messaging standard driven by messages and electronic documents in XML syntax. HL7
National Data dictionary and data content standards for pharmacy data, developed by NCPDP
http://www.astm.org/
http://www.hl7.org/implement/standards/product_section.cfm?section=1
http://www.hl7.org/Library/standards.cfm
http://www.hl7.org/implement/standards/product_brief.cfm?product_id=6
http://www.hl7.org/Library/standards.cfm
http://www.hl7.org/Library/standards.cfm
http://www.hl7.org/Library/standards.cfm
http://www.ncpdp.org/members/stds-102508/data_dictionary_201003
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Council for
Prescription
Drug Programs
(NCPDP) Data
Dictionary
NCPDP.
Functional EHR Standards
Standards that define the components an EHR needs to support the functions for which it was designed.
Resource Description Source
HL7 Standards: EHR
Profiles
These standards provide functional models and profiles that enable the
constructs for management of electronic health records.
HL7
Public Health Data
Standards Consortium
(PHDCS ) Functional
Standards
A reference list of functions that may be present in an EHR system. The
function list is described from a user perspective with the intent to enable
consistent expression of system functionality. Through the creation of
functional profiles, this model enables a standardized description and
common understanding of functions sought or available in a given setting
(i.e., intensive care, cardiology, office practice in one country, or primary
care in another country).
PHDSC
Technical/Interoperability Standards
Standards that complement other types of standards and make interoperability possible by providing the roles, or protocols,
of how these data are actually transmitted from one computer system to another.
Resource Description Source
Digital Imaging
and
Communications
in Medicine
(DICOM)
Messaging standard for digital images. DICOM is produced and managed by the
DICOM
standards committee, which consists of vendors, user organizations, government agencies,
and trade associations.
DICOM
HL7 Arden
Syntax for
Medical Logic
Systems (v2.0
v2.9)
This specification addresses the sharing of computerized health knowledge bases among
personnel, information systems, and institutions. The scope has been limited to those
knowledge bases that can be represented as a set of discrete modules. Each module,
referred to as a Medical Logic Module (MLM), contains sufficient knowledge to make a
single decision.
HL7
HL7 Clinical
Document
Architecture
(CDA) Release
CDA Release 2.0 provides an exchange model for clinical documents such as discharge
summaries and progress notes. By leveraging the use of XML, HL7 Reference Information
Models (RIMs), and coded vocabularies, the CDA makes documents both machinereadable
(so they are easily parsed and processed electronically) and humanreadable (so they can be
easily retrieved and used by the people who need them). CDA documents can be displayed
HL7
http://www.hl7.org/implement/standards/product_section.cfm?section=4
http://www.phdsc.org/standards/health-information/F_Standards.asp
http://medical.nema.org/dicom/
http://www.hl7.org/search/index.cfm?criteria=arden+syntax
http://www.hl7.org/Library/standards.cfm
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2.0 easily retrieved and used by the people who need them). CDA documents can be displayed
using XMLaware Web browsers or wireless applications such as cell phones.
HL7 Continuity
of Care
Document
(CCD)
The CCD was developed as a collaborative effort between ASTM and HL7. It is intended
as an alternate implementation of the ASTM Continuity of Care Record for those institutions
or organizations implementing the HL7 Clinical Document Architecture.
HL7
HL7 Clinical
Context
Management
(CCOW)
The CCOW standards specify technologyneutral architectures, component interfaces, and
data definitions as well as an array of interoperable technologyspecific mappings of these
architectures, interfaces, and definitions.
HL7
HL7 Version 3
Communication
Standard
Version 3 uses a methodology based on a reference information model (i.e., data). HL7’s
primary goal for Version 3 is to offer a standard that is definite and testable and provides the
ability to certify vendors’ conformance.
HL7
HL7 Version 2.5
Communication
Standard
HL7 Version 2.5 introduced a number of new events, segments, and messages, as well as an
expanded chapter on control.
HL7
HL7 Version 2.4
Communication
Standard
HL7 Version 2.4 introduces conformance query profiles in chapter 5 and adds messages for
laboratory automation, application management, and personnel management.
HL7
HL7 Version
2.3.1
Communication
Standard
HL7 Version 2.3.1 includes an updated timing/quantity data type to manage order
occurrences, updates to facilitate public health surveillance reporting, segments and data
types to accommodate international paradigms for reporting names and pharmacy orders,
and the addition of a new field to satisfy the CMS Medical Necessity requirements for
outpatient services and federal requirements for Level 2 modifiers.
HL7
IEEE 1073 Point
of Care Medical
Device
Communication
A family of medical device communications standards which allows hospitals and other
healthcare providers to achieve plugandplay interoperability between medical
instrumentation and computerized healthcare information systems, especially in a manner
that is compatible with the acute care environment.
IEEE
NCPDP Batch
Transaction
Standard
The NCPDP Batch Transaction Format provides practical guidelines and ensures consistent
implementation throughout the industry of a file submission standard to be used between
pharmacies and processors, or pharmacies, switches, and processors.
NCPDP
NCPDP Billing
Unit Standard
NCPDP has
many standards,
should we list
them
Due to the number of processors, fiscal intermediaries, plan administrators, and Medicaid
programs, the NCPDP Billing Unit Standard was created to promote a “common billing unit
language” for the submission of prescription claims.
NCPDP
http://www.hl7.org/Library/standards.cfm
http://www.hl7.org/Library/standards.cfm
http://www.hl7.org/Library/standards.cfm
http://www.hl7.org/Library/standards.cfm
http://www.hl7.org/Library/standards.cfm
http://www.hl7.org/Library/standards.cfm
http://www.ieee1073.org/
http://www.ncpdp.org/pdf/CMSPartDSupplementalInformationReporting(NTransaction)BatchStandard
http://www.ncpdp.org/standards-info.aspx
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NCPDP
Formulary and
Benefit
Standard
This NCPDP Formulary and Benefit Standard provides a standard means for pharmacy
benefit payers (including health plans and pharmacy benefit managers) to communicate
formulary and benefit information to prescribers via technology vendor systems.
NCPDP
S&I Framework A collaborative of public and private sectors focusing on tools, services, and guidance of
health information exchange.
S&I
Framework
Vocabulary, Terminology, and Classification Systems
Systems that facilitate the organization, storage, and retrieval of healthcare data.
Standards Development Organizations
Private or government organizations involved in the development of healthcare informatics standards at a national or
international level.
Resource Description Source
AIIM AIIM is an ANSI (American National Standards Institute) accredited standards development
organization. AIIM also holds the Secretariat for the ISO (International Organization for
Standardization) committee focused on information management compliance issues, TC171.
AIIM
Accredited
Standards
Committee (ASC)
X12
ASC X12 is a designated committee under the Designated Standard Maintenance
Organization (DSMO), which develops uniform standards for crossindustry exchange of
business transactions through electronic data, interchange (EDI) standards. ASC X12 is an
ANSIaccredited standards development organization.
ASC
X12
American Dental
Association
(ADA)
The ADA is an ANSIaccredited standards developing organization that develops dental
standards that promote safe and effective oral healthcare.
ADA
ASTM
International
Formerly the American Society for Testing and Materials, ASTM International is an ANSI
accredited standards development organization that develops standards for healthcare data
security, standard record content, and protocols for exchange of laboratory data.
ASTM
European
Committee for
Standardization
(CEN)
CEN contributes to the objectives of the European Union and European Economic Area with
voluntary technical standards that promote free trade, the safety of workers and consumers,
interoperability of networks, environmental protection, exploitation of research and
development programs, and public procurement.
CEN
Clinical and
Laboratory
Standards
A global nonprofit standards development organization that promotes the development and use
of voluntary consensus standards and guidelines within the healthcare community. Its core
business is the development of globally applicable voluntary consensus documents for
CLSI
http://www.ncpdp.org/standards-info.aspx
http://www.siframework.org/whatis.html
http://www.aiim.org/
http://www.x12.org/
http://www.ada.org/
http://www.astm.org/
http://www.cenorm.be/cenorm/index.htm
http://www.clsi.org/
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Institute (CLSI) healthcare testing.
Clinical Data
Interchange
Standards
Consortium
(CDISC)
CDISC is an open, multidisciplinary nonprofit organization that has established worldwide
industry standards to support the electronic acquisition, exchange, submission and archiving of
clinical trials data and metadata for medical and biopharmaceutical product development.
CDISC
Designated
Standard
Maintenance
Organization
(DSMO)
The DSMO was established in the final HIPAA rule and is charged with maintaining the
standards for electronic transactions, developing or modifying an adopted standard.
DSMO
Health Industry
Business
Communications
Council (HIBCC)
HIBCC is an industrysponsored and supported nonprofit organization. As an ANSI
accredited organization, its primary function is to facilitate electronic communications by
developing standards for information exchange among healthcare trading partners.
HIBCC
Health Level 7
(HL7)
An ANSIaccredited standards development organization that develops messaging, data
content, and document standards to support the exchange of clinical information.
HL7
Institute of
Electrical and
Electronic
Engineers (IEEE)
A national organization that develops standards for hospital system interface transactions,
including links between critical care bedside instruments and clinical information systems.
IEEE
International
Organization for
Standardization
(ISO)
ISO is a nongovernmental organization and network of national standards institutes from 157
countries.
ISO
National Council
for Prescription
Drug Programs
(NCPDP)
A designated committee under the Designated Standard Maintenance Organization (DSMO)
that specializes in developing standards for exchanging prescription and payment information.
NCPDP
National
Information
Standards
Organization
(NISO)
An ANSIaccredited nonprofit association that identifies, develops, maintains, and publishes
technical standards to manage information. NISO standards address areas of retrieval, re
purposing, storage, metadata, and preservation.
NISO
National Uniform
Billing Committee
(
NUBC
)
A designated committee under the Designated Standard Maintenance Organization (DSMO)
that is responsible for identifying data elements and designing the CMS1500.
NUBC
http://www.cdisc.org/
http://www.hipaa-dsmo.org/
http://www.hl7.org/
http://www.ieee.org/
http://www.iso.org/iso/home
http://www.ncpdp.org/
http://www.niso.org/
http://www.nubc.org/
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National Uniform
Claim Committee
(NUCC)
The national group that replaces the Uniform Claim Form Task Force in 1995 and developed a
standard data set to be used in the transmission of noninstitutional provider claims to and
from thirdparty payers.
NUCC
Coordinators and Promoters of Standards Development
Resource Description Source
AHIMA AHIMA is the premier association of HIM professionals. AHIMA’s 67,000 members
are dedicated to the effective management of personal health information needed to
deliver quality healthcare to the public. Founded in 1928 to improve the quality of
medical records, AHIMA is committed to advancing the HIM profession in an
increasingly electronic and global environment through leadership in advocacy,
education, certification, and lifelong learning.
AHIMA
American
National
Standards
Institute
(ANSI)
ANSI coordinates the development and use of voluntary consensus standards in the
United States and represents the needs and views of US stakeholders in
standardization forums around the globe. It oversees the creation, promulgation and
use of thousands of norms and guidelines that directly affect businesses in nearly
every sector. ANSI is also actively engaged in accrediting programs that assess
conformance to standards including globally recognized crosssector programs such as
the ISO 9000 (quality) and ISO 14000 (environmental) management systems.
ANSI
Healthcare
Information
and
Management
Systems
Society
(HIMSS)
A membership organization exclusively focused on providing global leadership for the
optimal use of healthcare information technology and management systems for the
betterment of healthcare.
HIMSS
Workgroup
for
Electronic
Data
Interchange
(WEDI)
A subgroup of Accreditation Standards Committee X12 that has been involved in
developing electronic data interchange standards for billing transactions.
WEDI
Data Standards Initiatives and Resources
Resource Description Source
National eHealth
Collaborative
(
NeHC
)
A federally chartered commission that provides input and recommendations to
HHS on how to make health records digital and interoperable and ensure that
the privacy and security of those records are protected in a smooth, marketled
way. The mission of the National eHealth Collaborative (NeHC) is to help
NeHC
http://www.nucc.org/
http://www.ahima.org/
http://www.ansi.org/
http://www.himss.org/
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address barriers that could thwart the nation’s progress toward interoperability.
Certification
Commission for
Healthcare
Information
Technology
(CCHIT)
CCHIT is an independent, voluntary, privatesector initiative organized to
accelerate the adoption of robust, interoperable healthcare information
technology throughout the United States by creating an efficient, credible,
sustainable mechanism for the certification of healthcare IT products.
CCHIT
Health IT Policy
Committee
The Health IT Policy Committee will make recommendations to the National
Coordinator for Health IT on a policy framework for the development and
adoption of a nationwide health information infrastructure, including standards
for the exchange of patient medical information.
HIT
Policy
Committee
Health IT
Standards
Committee
The Health IT Standards Committee is charged with making recommendations
to the National Coordinator for Health IT on standards, implementation
specifications, and certification criteria for the electronic exchange and use of
health information. Initially, the Health IT Standards Committee will focus on
the policies developed by the Health IT Policy Committee’s initial eight areas.
HIT
Standards
Committee
Public Health
Data Standards
Consortium
(PHDSC)
The Public Health Data Standards Consortium (The Consortium) is a national
nonprofit memberbased partnership of federal, state, and local health
agencies; national and local professional associations; and public and private
sector organizations and individuals. Its goal is to empower the healthcare and
public health communities with health information technology standards to
improve individual and community health.
PHDSC
National Institute
on Standards and
Technology(NIST)
An agency of the Department of Commerce that creates many of the federal
government’s security standards, which are mandated for use in government
agencies and often by their contractors.
NIST
National Resource
for Global
Standards
A search engine that provides users with standardsrelated information from a
wide range of developers, including organizations accredited by the American
National Standards Institute (ANSI), other US private sector standards bodies,
government agencies, and international organizations.
NSSN
Office of the
National
Coordinator for
Health
Information
Technology
(ONC)
ONC is the principal federal entity charged with coordination of nationwide
efforts to implement and use the most advanced health information technology
and the electronic exchange of health information. The position of National
Coordinator was created in 2004, through an Executive Order, and
legislatively mandated in the Health Information Technology for Economic
and Clinical Health Act (HITECH Act) of 2009. The Office of the National
Coordinator for Health Information Technology provides leadership for the
development and nationwide implementation of an interoperable health
information technology infrastructure to improve the quality and efficiency of
healthcare and the ability of consumers to manage their care and safety.
ONC
Public Health The Public Health Information Network (PHIN) is CDC’s vision for PHIN
http://www.cchit.org/
http://www.healthit.gov/policy-researchers-implementers/health-it-policy-committee
http://www.healthit.gov/policy-researchers-implementers/health-it-standards-committee
http://www.nist.gov/
http://www.nssn.org/
http://www.healthit.gov/
http://www.cdc.gov/PHIN/
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Information
Network (PHIN)
advancing fully capable and interoperable information systems in the many
organizations that participate in public health. PHIN is a national initiative to
implement a multiorganizational business and technical architecture for
public health information systems.
Standards.gov Maintained and operated by the National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST), Standards.gov supports the requirements of the National
Technology Transfer and Advancement Act (NTTAA), which became law in
March 1996. The NTTAA directs federal agencies with respect to their use of
private sector standards and conformity assessment practices. The objective is
for federal agencies to adopt private sector standards, wherever possible, in
lieu of creating proprietary, nonconsensus standards.
NIST
Unified Medical
Language System
(UMLS)
A multipurpose resource that includes concepts and terms from many different
source vocabularies developed.
UMLS
United States
Health
Information
Knowledgebase
(USHIK)
USHIK is a publicly accessible registry and repository of healthcarerelated
data, metadata, and standards. USHIK is funded and directed by the Agency
for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) with management support in
partnership with the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS).
USHIK
Web Ontology
Language (OWL)
A language designed for use by software applications that process the content
of information instead of just presenting information to humans. There are
three sublanguages currently available: OWL Lite, OWL DL, and OWL Full.
OWL
Resource Description Source
Alternative Billing
Concepts (ABC)
Codes
ABC Codes contain more than 4,000 codes that describe what is said,
done, ordered, prescribed, or distributed by providers of alternative
medicine. Disciplines covered by this system include acupuncture, holistic
medicine, massage therapy, homeopathy, naturopathy, ayurvedic medicine,
chiropractors, and midwifery.
ABC
Coders
Clinical Care
Classification (CCC)
System
A classification system consisting of two interrelated taxonomies: the
CCC of Nursing Diagnoses and Outcomes, and the CCC of Nursing
Interventions and Actions. Both taxonomies are classified by care
components, or clusters of elements that represent behavioral, functional,
physiological, or psychological care patterns.
CCC
System
Current Dental
Terminology (
CDT
)
CDT is a coding system developed to report services performed by the
dental profession. CDT was formally called the Uniform Code on Dental
Procedures and Nomenclature.
CDT
http://library.ahima.org/PB/Standards.gov
http://www.standards.gov/
http://www.nist.gov/standardsgov/
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/umls
http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-features/
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/umls/sourcereleasedocs/current/ALT/
http://www.sabacare.com/
http://www.ada.org/3827.aspx
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Current Procedural
Terminology (CPT)
CPT is a comprehensive list of descriptive terms and codes published by
the American Medical Association (AMA) and used for reporting
diagnostic and therapeutic procedures and other medical services
performed by physicians.
CPT
Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders,
Fifth Edition (DSM
5)
The DSM5 is a nomenclature to standardize the diagnostic process for
patients with psychiatric disorders.
DSM5
Global Medical
Device
Nomenclature
(GMDN)
The GMDN is a collection of internationally recognized terms used to
describe and catalog medical devices—in particular products used in the
diagnosis, prevention, monitoring, treatment, or alleviation of disease or
injury in humans.
GMDN
Healthcare Common
Procedure Coding
System (HCPCS)
Code Set Level I
Level I of the HCPCS is comprised of CPT codes that are used primarily
to identify medical services and procedures furnished by physicians and
other healthcare professionals. These healthcare professionals use the
CPT to identify services and procedures for which they bill public or
private health insurance programs. Level I of the HCPCS, the CPT codes,
does not include codes needed to separately report medical items or
services that are regularly billed by suppliers other than physicians.
HCPCS
Healthcare Common
Procedure Coding
System (HCPCS)
Code Set Level II
Level II of the HCPCS is a standardized coding system that is used
primarily to identify products, supplies, and services not included in the
CPT codes, such as ambulance services and durable medical equipment,
prosthetics, orthotics, and supplies (DMEPOS) when used outside a
physician’s office.
HCPCS
International
Classification of
Diseases for
Oncology (ICDO)
The ICDO is the standard tool for coding diagnoses of neoplasms in
tumor and cancer registrars and in pathology laboratories. ICDO is a dual
classification with coding systems for both topography and morphology.
The topography code describes the site of origin of the neoplasm and uses
the same threecharacter and fourcharacter categories as in the neoplasm
section of chapter II, ICD10.
ICDO
International
Classification of
Diseases, Ninth
Revision, Clinical
Modification (ICD9
CM)
Classification system used in the United States to code and classify
diagnoses from inpatient and outpatient records and to code inpatient
procedures. ICD9CM is managed by the National Center for Health
Statistics.
ICD9CM
International
Classification of
Functioning,
Disability and Health
(
ICF
)
The ICF is a health and healthrelated classification system that reports
body functions and structures, activities, and participation.
ICF
http://www.ada.org/3827.aspx
http://www.dsm5.org/Pages/Default.aspx
http://www.gmdnagency.com/Info.aspx?pageid=2
http://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Coding/MedHCPCSGenInfo/index.html?redirect=/medhcpcsgeninfo/
http://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Coding/MedHCPCSGenInfo/index.html?redirect=/medhcpcsgeninfo/
http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/adaptations/oncology/en/
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/icd9.htm
http://www3.who.int/icf/icftemplate.cfm?myurl=homepage.html&mytitle=Home%20Page
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International
Classification of
Primary Care,
Second edition
(ICPC2)
ICPC is a reliable classification system for primary care physicians that
enable the labeling of the most prevalent conditions that exist in the
community as well as symptoms and complaints.
ICPC2
International
Statistical
Classification of
Diseases and
Related Health
Problems, Tenth
Revision (ICD10)
The ICD10 version of the disease classification system was developed by
the World Health Organization and is used to report morbidity and
mortality information worldwide. Effective with deaths occurring in 1999,
the US replaced ICD9 with ICD10 for mortality report.
ICD10
International
Statistical
Classification of
Diseases and
Related Health
Problems, Tenth
Revision, Clinical
Modification (ICD
10CM)
ICD10CM is the future US coding classification system for healthcare
professionals and institutions to report morbidity and mortality data.
ICD10
CM
International
Statistical
Classification of
Diseases and
Related Health
Problems, Tenth
Revision, Procedure
Coding System
(ICD10PCS)
ICD10PCS is the future US coding classification for institutions to report
procedure information.
ICD10
PCS
Logical Observation
Identifiers, Names
and Codes (LOINC)
The LOINC coding system electronically exchanges laboratory and
clinical information.
LOINC
MEDCIN MEDCIN is a terminology and presentation engine. It includes more than
250,000 clinical data elements encompassing symptoms, history, physical
examination, tests, diagnoses, and therapy.
MEDCIN
Medical Dictionary
for Regulatory
Activities
(MedDRA)
MedDRA is a global standard medical terminology. It is expected to
supersede or replace terminologies currently in use with the medical
product development process.
MedDRA
National Drug Code NDC is a coding system for pharmacies to report services, supplies, drugs, NDC
http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/adaptations/icpc2/en/
http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/otheract/icd9/abticd10.htm
http://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Coding/ICD10/index.html
http://loinc.org/
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/umls/sourcereleasedocs/current/MEDCIN/
http://www.meddra.org/
http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/ndc/default.cfm
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(NDC) and biologic information.
North American
Nursing Diagnosis
Association
(NANDA)
International
Taxonomy II
Organization of the NANDAInternational nursing diagnoses has evolved
from an alphabetical listing in the mid1980s to a conceptual system that
guides the classification of nursing diagnoses in taxonomy.
NANDA
Nursing Interventions
Classification (NIC)
NIC is a comprehensive, researchbased, standardized classification of
interventions that nurses perform.
NIC
Nursing Outcomes
Classification (NOC)
NOC is a comprehensive, standardized classification of patient/client
outcomes developed to evaluate the effects of nursing interventions.
NOC
Omaha System The Omaha System is a researchbased, comprehensive taxonomy
designed to generate meaningful data following usual or routine
documentation of client care.
Omaha
System
RxNorm RxNorm is a clinical drug nomenclature that provides standard names for
clinical drugs (active ingredient, strength, and dose form) and for dose
forms as administered.
RxNorm
Systematized
Nomenclature of
Dentistry
(SNODENT)
SNODENT is a systematized nomenclature of dentistry containing dental
diagnoses, signs, symptoms, and complaints.
SNODENT
Systematized
Nomenclature of
Medicine Clinical
Terms (SNOMED
CT)
SNOMED CT is a comprehensive clinical terminology and infrastructure
that enables a consistent way of capturing, sharing, and aggregating health
data across specialties and sites of care.
SNOMED
CT
Universal Medical
Device
Nomenclature
System (UMDNS)
UMDNS is a standard international nomenclature and coding system used
to facilitate identifying, processing, filing, storing, retrieving, transferring,
and communicating data about medical devices.
ECRI
WHO
Appendix B: Recommended Reading
AHIMA. “Assessing and Improving EHR Data Quality (Updated).” Journal of AHIMA 84, no.2 (March 2013): 4853
[expanded online version].
AHIMA. “Data Mapping Best Practices.” Journal of AHIMA 82, no.4 (April 2011): 4652.
http://www.nanda.org/html/taxonomy.html
http://www.nursing.uiowa.edu/centers/cncce/nic
http://www.nursing.uiowa.edu/cncce/nursing-outcomes-classification-overview
http://www.omahasystem.org/
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/umls/rxnorm/index.html
http://www.ada.org/snodent.aspx
http://www.snomed.org/
http://www.ecri.org/
http://www.who.int/medical_devices/innovation/mde_nomenclature/en/index.html
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http://library.ahima.org/PB/DataStandards#appxA 18/20
AHIMA. “Data Quality Management Model (Updated).” Journal of AHIMA 83, no.7 (July 2012): 6267.
AHIMA HIE Practice Council. “Ensuring Data Integrity in Health Information Exchange.” AHIMA, 2012.
AHIMA. “Managing a Data Dictionary.” Journal of AHIMA 83, no.1 (January 2012): 4852.
Amatayakul, Margret. Electronic Health Records: A Practical Guide for Professionals and Organizations, ffth edition.
Chicago, IL: AHIMA, 2013.
Cook, Jane. “HIM’s Expanding Role in Clinical Data Analysis and Mapping.” Journal of AHIMA 83, no.9 (September
2012): 5455.
Giannangelo, Kathy. Healthcare Code Sets, Clinical Terminologies, and Classification Systems, second edition. Chicago,
IL: AHIMA, 2010.
Johns, Merida, ed. Health Information Management Technology: An Applied Approach, third edition. Chicago, IL: AHIMA,
2010.
Kuhl, Joy. “Health Story Data Standards Included in Meaningful Use Program.” November 1, 2012.
http://journal.ahima.org/?p=7481.
Taylor, Lisa Brooks. “Show Me the Data.” Journal of AHIMA 84, no.9 (Sept 2013): 6061.
Government Health IT. “The Top 5 roadblocks HIE face.” November 14, 2011. http://www.govhealthit.com/news/top5
roadblockshiesface.
Public Health Data Standards Consortium. “Health Information Technology Standards: Information Exchange Standards.”
http://www.phdsc.org/standards/healthinformation/IE_Standards.asp.
Standards and Interoperability Framework. S & I Framework Website. http://www.siframework.org/.
Notes
1. Public Health Data Standards Consortium. “Data Standards.” Health Information Technology Standards. 2013.
http://www.phdsc.org/standards/healthinformation/d_standards.asp.
2. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. “Principles for the National Quality Strategy (NQS).”
http://www.ahrq.gov/workingforquality/nqs/principles.htm.
3. AHIMA. “AHIMA Leadership Model: Data Content Standards.” December 30, 2008.
4. ASTM International. “Standard Practice for Content and Structure of the Electronic Health Record (EHR): ASTM
E1384 07.” 2013. http://www.astm.org/Standards/E1384.htm.
5. Liener, Florian et al. Medical Data Management: A Practical Guide. New York, NY: Springer–Verlag, 2003.
6. Ibid.
7. AHIMA. “Guidelines for Developing a Data Dictionary.” Journal of AHIMA 77, no. 2 (February 2006): 64A–64D.
8. US National Library of Medicine. “Fact Sheet: Unified Medical Language System.” March 2013.
www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/umls.html.
References
AHIMA. “Data Quality Management Model (Updated).” Journal of AHIMA 83, no.7 (July 2012): 6267.
AHIMA. “HIE Management and Operational Considerations.” Journal of AHIMA 82, no.5 (May 2011): 5661.
AHIMA. “Rules for Handling and Maintaining Metadata in the EHR.” Journal of AHIMA 84, no.5 (May 2013): 5054.
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. “Meaningful Use.” August 2013. http://www.cms.gov/Regulationsand
Guidance/Legislation/EHRIncentivePrograms/Meaningful_Use.html.
http://journal.ahima.org/?p=7481
http://www.govhealthit.com/news/top-5-roadblocks-hies-face
http://www.phdsc.org/standards/health-information/IE_Standards.asp
http://www.siframework.org/
http://www.phdsc.org/standards/health-information/d_standards.asp
http://www.ahrq.gov/workingforquality/nqs/principles.htm
http://www.astm.org/Standards/E1384.htm
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/umls.html
http://www.cms.gov/Regulations-and-Guidance/Legislation/EHRIncentivePrograms/Meaningful_Use.html
6/29/2016 library.ahima.org/PB/DataStandards#appxA
http://library.ahima.org/PB/DataStandards#appxA 19/20
Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. “Enhancing the Clinical Content of Administrative Data—Present on Admission
(POA) Toolkit: Data Standards and Transmission Tools.” August 12, 2011. http://hcup
us.ahrq.gov/datainnovations/clinicaldata/tkds.jsp.
Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology. “Certification and EHR Incentives.”
http://www.healthit.gov/policyresearchersimplementers/certificationandehrincentives#standardscertificationcriteria.
National Quality Forum. “Quality Data Model.” http://www.qualityforum.org/QualityDataModel.aspx.
Prepared by
Kathy M. Johnson, RHIA
Annessa Kirby
Lesley Kadlec, MA, RHIA
Neysa I. Noreen, RHIA
Lisa Brooks Taylor, RHIA
Joy L. Updegrove, RHIA, CHC
Diana Warner, MS, RHIA, CHPS, FAHIMA
Acknowledgements
Kathy Andersen, RHIT, CCS
Cecilia Backman, MBA, RHIA, CPHQ
Marlisa Coloso, RHIA, CCS
Julie Dooling, RHIA
Katherine Downing, MA, RHIA, CHP, PMP
Diana Reed, RHIT, CCSP
Theresa Rihanek, MHA, RHIA, CCS
Cheryll Rogers, RHIA, CDIP, CCS, CTR
Angela Rose, MHA, RHIA, CHPS, FAHIMA
Terry J. SantanaJohnson, RHIT, CDIP, CCS, CCSP
Patrice Spath, MA, RHIT, CHTSIM
Lori McNeil Tolley, MEd, RHIA
Original Authors
Susan Fenton, MBA, RHIA
Kathy Giannangelo, MA, RHIA, CCS
Crystal Kallem, RHIT
Rita Scichilone, MHSA, RHIA, CCS, CCSP, CHC
The information contained in this practice brief reflects the consensus opinion of the professionals who developed it. It has
not been validated through scientific research.
Article citation:
AHIMA Work Group. “Data Standards, Data Quality, and Interoperability (2013 update)”
Journal of AHIMA 84, no.11 (November 2013): 6469 [expanded web version].
http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/datainnovations/clinicaldata/tkds.jsp
http://www.healthit.gov/policy-researchers-implementers/certification-and-ehr-incentives#standards-certification-criteria
http://www.qualityforum.org/QualityDataModel.aspx
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Copyright © 2016 by The American Health Information Management Association. All Rights Reserved.
http://library.ahima.org/copyright
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We write your papers in a standardized way. We complete your work in such a way that it turns out to be a perfect description of your guidelines.
We promise you excellent grades and academic excellence that you always longed for. Our writers stay in touch with you via email.