Provide the case number in the subject line of the Discussion thread.
List three questions you might ask the patient if he or she were in your office. Provide a rationale for why you might ask these questions.
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Identify people in the patient’s life you would need to speak to or get feedback from to further assess the patient’s situation. Include specific questions you might ask these people and why.
Explain what physical exams and diagnostic tests would be appropriate for the patient and how the results would be used.
List three differential diagnoses for the patient. Identify the one that you think is most likely and explain why.
List two pharmacologic agents and their dosing that would be appropriate for the patient’s antidepressant therapy based on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. From a mechanism of action perspective, provide a rationale for why you might choose one agent over the other.
For the drug therapy you select, identify any contraindications to use or alterations in dosing that may need to be considered based on the client’s ethnicity. Discuss why the contraindication/alteration you identify exists. That is, what would be problematic with the use of this drug in individuals of other ethnicities?
If your assigned case includes “check points” (i.e., follow-up data at week 4, 8, 12, etc.), indicate any therapeutic changes that you might make based on the data provided.
Explain “lessons learned” from this case study, including how you might apply this case to your own practice when providing care to patients with similar clinical presentations
ZERO PLAGIARISM
Please pay attention to the case study
PATIENT FILE
69
PATIENT FILE
The Case: The case of physician do not heal thyself
The Question: Does the patient have a complex mood disorder, a
personality disorder or both?
The Dilemma: How do you treat a complex and long-term unstable
disorder of mood in a diffi cult patient?
Pretest Self Assessment Question (answer at the end of the case)
Frequent mood swings are more a sign or symptom of a mood disorder
than they are of a personality disorder
A. True
B. False
Patient Intake
• 60-year-old man
• Chief complaint is “being unstable”
• Patient estimates that he has spent about two thirds of the time over
the past year being in a mixed dysphoric state and about one third as
depressed, but waxing and waning every few days, or even every few
hours
Psychiatric History: Childhood and Adolescence
• As a young child, had symptoms of generalized anxiety and
separation anxiety
• Also, as a child, remembers “emotional trauma” from mother, herself
with recurrent episodes of either unipolar or bipolar depression who
was often physically unavailable because of hospitalizations, or
emotionally distant when depressed at home
• Has had a lifetime of multiple turbulent interpersonal relationships
since childhood, with family members, with friends and especially
with women
• As an older child and adolescent, continued to have not only
subsyndromal generalized anxiety but developed at least
subsyndromal levels of OCD with ruminations, checking and rigidity
• He was told these were good traits and would make him a good
student, which he was, with good grades through high school and
college, gaining admission to medical school
Psychiatric History: Adulthood
• Diagnosed as major depression for the fi rst time at age 23, early in
medical school
– Was his worst depression so far, as other depressions previously
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PATIENT FILE
70
characterized as unhappiness and transient depressed moods
of a few days duration and with more anxiety than depression,
improving without treatment
– Actively suicidal and overdosed on his medications at this time but
recovered
– In retrospect, patient believes that he has long experienced
rejection sensititivity with up to 2 depressive episodes per year
since age 16 up to the present
• No clear history of any full syndromal manic or hypomanic episodes
• Since age 23, however, has had many episodes lasting a week or
more of irritability, infl ated self esteem, increased goal-directed work
activity, decreased need for sleep, overtalkativeness, racing thoughts,
psychomotor agitation and risky behavior; could also experience
euphoria or expansiveness to a signifi cant degree but only for 2 or 3
days at most and usually shorter
• He interpreted these as good traits, indicative of creative persons, and
were the reason he was productive as well as creative
• In getting his history, it is not clear whether he has had an irritable
dysphoric temperament since childhood, a superimposed episodic
subsyndromal dysphoric mixed hypomania, or both
• First marriage ages 32–33
– Depressive episode and overdosed again when fi rst marriage
broke up
• Second marriage between 35 and 36
– Another depressive episode after breakup of this marriage
• Third marriage ages 46 to 58
– Another depressive episode after breakup of this marriage
Medication History
• Starting with his fi rst diagnosed episode of depression in medical
school, treated off and on with TCAs and benzodiazepines, starting
and stopping them over many years in relationship to his symptoms
• First received lithium at age 43, 17 years ago
• Unclear whether this was an augmentation strategy for resistant
depression or for bipolar spectrum symptoms
• Was not that helpful according to the patient
• States he has had many, many medication trials since then
• Valproate (Depakote) not tolerated
• Clonazapam (Klonopin) helped sleep
• Oxcarbazapine (Trileptal) caused dysphoria and agitation
• Verapamil caused/worsened depression
• Risperidone (Risperdal) caused depression
• Fluoxetine (Prozac) caused rapid fl eeting relief of depression, but also
insomnia and headache
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PATIENT FILE
71
• Other SSRIs caused activation and were not tolerated and
discontinued after a few doses
• Presents now only taking methylphenidate (Ritalin), which he
prescribes for himself as he does not think his physicians know as
much about his case, or what he needs, as he does and they will not
prescribe it for him
Social and Personal History
• Married and divorced 3 times, currently single
• No children
• Non smoker
• No drug abuse, rarely drinks
• Physician and successful businessman
Medical History
• Crohn’s disease
Family History
• Father: sleep disorder
• Mother: either bipolar or unipolar depression, unsure, but successfully
treated with ECT
• Maternal uncle: depression
• Maternal aunt: depression
• Maternal grandmother: hospitalized for “manic depressive disorder”
Current Medications
• Azothiaprine and Remicaid for Crohn’s
• Methylphenidate
Based on just what you have been told so far about this patient’s history
what do you think is his diagnosis?
• Recurrent major depression with an anxious/dysphoric temperament
• Bipolar II depression
• Bipolar II mixed episode
• Bipolar NOS
• Bipolar NOS superimposed upon a personality disorder (narcissistic,
borderline, other)
• Primarily a cluster B personality disorder (antisocial/histrionic/
narcissistic/borderline)
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PATIENT FILE
72
Attending Physician’s Mental Notes: Initial Psychiatric
Evaluation
• Here is a case that could be a complex combination of a mood
disorder plus a personality disorder in someone who has never
experienced mania and probably has never reached the threshold of
experiencing unequivocal hypomania as defi ned by DSM IV or ICD10
• It is very diffi cult to separate the mood disorder from the personality
disorder in a one hour initial evaluation session, plus looking at the
medical records
• A complete diagnosis will have to await spending more time with the
patient, and if possible, having access to the input of other observers
as well
• However, seems likely that there is more to this case than a mood
disorder, and probably cluster B personality traits if not personality
disorder is comorbid
How would you treat him?
• Continue his methylphenidate
• Discontinue his methylphenidate
• Start an antidepressant
• Restart lithium
• Start an anticonvulsant mood stabilizer
• Start an atypical antipsychotic
• Make sure he agrees to weekly insight oriented psychotherapy
• Consider psychoanalysis
Attending Physician’s Mental Notes: Initial Psychiatric
Evaluation, Continued
• Since the patient lives in another city, psychotherapy will have to
be an option via another mental health professional, although some
supervision of that plus advice on medications can be possible as a
consultant
• The patient is open to pursuing psychotherapy as long as he respects
the therapist
• Before recommending psychopharmacologic treatment, it would be
good to review what we know from the available history about his
response to medications already taken
• As shown from the history of this case, it can be impossible to
determine with great accuracy the effects of the medications by
taking a history. One should be skeptical of the information as it
can be unreliably reported in records and by a patient because it is
complex and the medication effects can be subtle
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PATIENT FILE
73
– How many medications were taken long enough to have had a
chance to work?
– Did some medications provoke mood instability while others
stabilized mood?
– If the person has a mood disorder with an underlying
personality disorder, will medications treat only the mood
disorder and expose the symptoms of the personality disorder,
or
– Will treating the mood disorder with medications allow the
patient to recompensate and thus have improvement not only in
mood but in personality disorder symptoms?
– These questions are better answered if you live the ups and
down along with the patient and experience the signs and
symptoms of such a patient in real time
– However, the real question is what can you do to help such a
patient and what are the realistic goals of treatment
– Finally, is treatment defi ned as medications, insight oriented
psychotherapy, or both?
• About the only thing solid here is that antidepressants seem to be
provocative at times in terms of causing activation and thus should
be given cautiously and only concomitantly with mood stabilizing
medication
• Has taken numerous mood stabilizing medications that he reported
cause depression, especially those that are used to treat mania
• He has a demanding job and is not willing to put up with much
sedation and will not accept weight gain
• It is possible that he is a bipolar spectrum patient with more
depression than mania and with more pure depressive states
alternating with mixed states of dysphoria/irritability superimposed
upon depression, but not full syndrome mixed bipolar disorder
• Thus he has four needs”
– Treat from “below” (i.e., antidepressant)
– Stabilize from “below: (i.e. prevent cycling into depression)
– Treat from “above” (in his case, not to treat euphoric mania, but
to treat irritability)
– Stabilize from “above” (i.e. prevent cycling into mixed states of
dysphoric/irritable depression)
• Highly unlikely that this will be possible with a single agent
• For now, decided to avoid an antidepressant and to stop the
methylphenidate which may help depression but at the expense of
destabilizing him and causing cycling into irritable mixed states
• For now, a low side effect mood stabilizing agent with antidepressant
and maintenance potential (i.e., treating from below and stabilizing
from below) such as lamotrigine seems to be a good bet
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PATIENT FILE
74
• After this is given, might consider adding lithium which he has
tolerated in the past although unclear what therapeutic actions it
had for him; however, might treat and stabilize him from above in
synergy with lamotrigine for a total therapeutic picture
Case Outcome: First Interim Followup, Week 12
• Patient fl ies back for a followup appointment 3 months later
• Has stopped methylphenidate and his psychiatrist in his home city
started lamotrigine by slow upward titration, but a bit faster and to a
higher dose than recommended and now taking 400 mg/day
• Mood stabilized but at a level of low grade consistent depression with
decreased libido and sexual dysfunction
• Told to reduce lamotrigine to 200 mg and wait another month or two
because it can take a while yet for lamotrigine’s antidepressant effect
to kick in and its mood stabilizing effects may have already started
Case Outcome: Second Interim Followup, Week 16
• Phone consultation
• Learned that the patient decided that lamotrigine was making him
depressed and ruining his sex life, so discontinued it and completely
relapsed in terms of depression
• Patient agrees to restart lithium after blood and urine tests from his
physician
Case Outcome: Third, Fourth, and Fifth Interim Followup Visits,
Weeks 20, 24 and 28
• Phone consultations
• Patient has normal labs and starts lithium at week 20 only has a
blood level of 0.4, so told to increase dose
• At week 24 calls and states that higher doses give him unacceptable
diarrhea and exacerbates his Crohn’s disease symptoms, so he is
back down to the low dose of lithium
• Also, restarted methylphenidate as needed for dysphoric mood and
low energy
• Told to increase his lithium again, more slowly and not to 1800 mg/
day which caused diarrhea but only to 1500 mg a day or 1500
mg alternating with 1800 mg/day on alternate days and to stop his
methylphenidate
• Also told to restart lamotrigine titrating up to only half his previous
dose, namely 200 mg/day with the strategy that both drugs together
would allow him to take each in lower tolerable doses for him, yet
working together to add their therapeutic effects
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PATIENT FILE
75
Case Outcome: Sixth and Seventh Interim Followup Visits,
Weeks 32 and 36
• Brief phone consults with the patient and his psychiatrist on the
phone together
• Getting regular psychotherapy “whatever”
• Monitored by his local psychiatrist monthly face to face appointments
• Lithium level 0.7, occasional tremor and diarrhea but mostly tolerable
• Mood is stable and overall “feels much better”
Case Outcome: Eighth Interim Followup, Week 40
• Emergency phone call
• Can’t get a hold of his psychiatrist where he lives
• Patient calls from a football stadium where his alma mater is playing
in a big football game
• “I’m in trouble”
• Patient states he has been much troubled recently about always
feeling somewhat dysphoric, not really worse recently, but just tired
of never being “well”
• Denies psychosocial stressors but feels desperate and suicidal
• Now at the football game, his thoughts are entirely about suicide,
making his will, shooting others at the game, and killing himself
• Fortunately, he states he neither has a gun with him nor does he own
one
• Has weird reaction to the football game, because when his team
scores, he is not euphoric but bursts into tears
• “help me”
What would you do now?
• Tell him to call his local psychiatrist
• Tell him to go to the emergency room
• Tell him to call the suicide hot line
• Tell him to settle down and that you will either call in a prescription for
an antipsychotic or coordinate it with his local psychiatrist
• Tell the patient to fi nd another consultant
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PATIENT FILE
76
Case Outcome: Eighth Interim Followup, Week 40, Continued
• Told the patient to settle down and you would call his psychiatrist to
meet him at his local emergency room which he agrees to do after
the game ends
• Also patient states he feels much better now that he has spoken on
the phone, and also now that his team is now winning
• Local psychiatrist sees him in the emergency room and starts him on
aripiprazole 2.5 mg increasing if tolerated and not effective to 5.0 mg
1 to 3 days later, increasing to 7.5 mg if tolerated and not effective 1
to 3 days later
Case Outcome: Ninth Interim Followup, Week 41
• One week later, phone consult with his psychiatrist on the line
• Patient states he contacted his local psychiatrist the same day as
his phone call from the football stadium, and saw him a week later
(which was yesterday)
• Got the prescription for aripiprazole and the next day following the
phone call from the football stadium, left on a business trip from
California to New York
• In New York, the aripiprazole was not effective at 2.5 mg, so the next
day he became desperate and took 20 mg (not an overdose attempt,
just to hurry up the therapeutic response)
• Also increased his lamotrigine on his own to 400 mg/day
• Lowered his lithium dose
• Flew back to California
• Had gait disturbance, tremor, word-fi nding problems, memory loss,
yet still verbally provocative, desperate with recurring suicidal and
homicidal ideation
• “I want to hang myself”
What would you do now?
• Start another antipsychotic
• Reinstate the original doses of lamotrigine and lithium
• Tell the patient and his local psychiatrist to fi nd another consultant
Case Outcome: Ninth Interim Followup, Week 41, Continued
• Actually, this time, felt as though the patient was manipulating and
scolded him with his psychiatrist on the line
• Told him that his psychiatrist is the treating physician, not the
consultant, and the consultant’s advice is to see his psychiatrist and
to have future contacts with the consultant either by phone with his
psychiatrist on the line, or face to face with his psychiatrist on the line
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PATIENT FILE
77
• Told to decrease lamotrigine, increase lithium back to previous levels
and to discontinuie aripiprazole
• Also advised starting ziprasidone 40 mg at night with food
Case Outcome: Tenth Interim Followup, Week 42
• Phone call with local treating psychiatrist and the patient one week
later
• Patient was compliant with instructions
• Now states the ziprasidone “turned a switch”
• By this he means that suicidal ideation abated immediately,
depression no longer dysphoric but only low grade at worst
• Some fatigue/inertia
• Some tongue chewing suggesting a mild ziprasidone induced EPS
• Dramatically better and very pleased
• Suggest to them that the consultant will now resign from the case
• Did he live happily every after?
Case Outcome: Eleventh Interim Followup, Week 54
• About 3 months later, that is, 1 year after the initial psychiatric
evaluation, got phone call from a new psychiatrist in the patient’s
home city where the patient had transferred his care
• States that the patient decided to add fl uoxetine 10 mg, stopped
lamotrigine, tried 160 mg of ziprasidone, now back to 40 mg
• The story goes on. . . .
Case Debrief
• This intelligent and manipulative patient with a genuine mood
disorder and a personality disorder is decidedly unstable, but able to
function as a physician even though not able to maintain long-term
interpersonal relationships
• Is not very compliant, often making therapeutic decisions on his own
about how to treat his own case, especially when things are not going
well
• It is diffi cult to determine whether his periods of mood stability are
related to drug treatment or to the lack of psychosocial stressors,
but there is the sense that medications are somewhat helpful for
the worst of his mood swings even though the medications are not
helpful for his responses to psychosocial stressors
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PATIENT FILE
78
Take-Home Points
• Diffi cult patients are diffi cult
• To paraphrase Tolstoy in Anna Karenina
– “Happy families are all alike; every unhappy family is unhappy in
its own way”
– One could say in cases like this one, “Stable patients are all alike;
every unstable patient is unstable in his own way”
• Temperament and personality are factors in bipolar disorder and might
even be part of bipolar disorder and are certainly part of the barriers
to treatment effectiveness and to treatment compliance/adherence
• A realistic goal in a case like this may be less of a roller coaster,
but not full stabilization or true remission, yet well enough to stay
employed, have relationships and not be desperate, suicidal or
homicidal
• Patients tend to hate depressed states more than mixed states
whereas those around patients tend to hate the patient’s mixed
irritable states more than their depressed states
Performance in Practice: Confessions of a
Psychopharmacologist
• What could have been done better here?
– Should the consultant have stayed engaged after the intial
consultation?
– The involvement of two psychiatrists allowed the patient the
opportunity for splitting and chaos
– Should psychotherapy have played a more prominent role here?
• Possible action item for improvement in practice
– Make a more concerted effort to defi ne the role of a consultant
versus a primary psychiatrist, who is the quarterback of the team,
allowing the consultant to play a secondary role, and perhaps
in cases like this, try and ensure no direct contact with the
consultant without the primary psychiatrist also being present
– Set realistic goals for a patient like this and realize long term
stability may not be attainable
Tips and Pearls
• Lamotrigine, lithium and an atypical antipsychotic can be a useful triple
combination for unstable cases of mood and personality disorder and
combinations and doses can be found that are relatively tolerable
• Stimulants have no role in a case like this
• Antidepressants can be destabilizing in a case like this
• Physicians can be especially diffi cult to treat when they are patients
as they tend to interfere with their own treatments
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PATIENT FILE
79
Table 2: Personality disorders vs mood disorders
• Cluster A disorders (paranoid, schizoid personality disorders or
schizotypal personality disorder)
– Tend to overlap with psychotic mood disorders
• Cluster B disorders (antisocial, borderline, histrionic and
narcissistic personality disorders)
– Can be easily confused for a bipolar spectrum disorder
– Especially if no overt manic episode or any unequivocal
hypomanic episode
– Nevertheless, symptoms can empirically improve when treated
with agents for bipolar disorder
– A very confusing and chaotic condition can be the combination
of a bipolar disorder with a cluster B personality disorder
• Cluster C disorders (avoidant, dependent and obsessive
compulsive personality disorders)
– Can be confused with anxiety disorders
– Often predate the emergence of a mood disorder and can
reappear when mood disorder symptoms under control
Table 1: General symptoms of a personality disorder
overlap with general symptoms of a mood disorder,
particularly a bipolar spectrum mood disorder
• Frequent mood swings
• Anger outbusts
• Stormy professional and personal relationships
• Social isolation
• Suspicion and mistrust of others
• Diffi culty making friends
• Need for instant gratifi cation
• Poor impulse control
• Frequent drug or alcohol abuse
Two-Minute Tute: A brief lesson and psychopharmacology
tutorial (tute) with relevant background material for this case
– Distinguishing personality disorders from mood disorders
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PATIENT FILE
80
Posttest Self Assessment Question: Answer
Frequent mood swings are more a sign or symptom of a mood disorder
than they are of a personality disorder
A. True
B. False
Answer: False
Mood swings are prominent signs of both mood disorders and
personality disorders; not all mood swings are mood disorders
References
1. Stahl SM, Mood Disorders, in Stahl’s Essential
Psychopharmacology, 3rd edition, Cambridge University Press, New
York, 2008, pp 453–510
2. Stahl SM, Antidepressants, in Stahl’s Essential
Psychopharmacology, 3rd edition, Cambridge University Press, New
York, 2008, pp 511–666
3. Stahl SM, Mood Stabilizers, in Stahl’s Essential
Psychopharmacology, 3rd edition, Cambridge University Press, New
York, 2008, pp 667–720
4. Stahl SM, Lamotrigine in Stahl’s Essential Psychopharmacology The
Prescriber’s Guide, 3rd edition, Cambridge University Press, New
York, 2009, pp 259–66
5. Stahl SM, Lithium, in Stahl’s Essential Psychopharmacology The
Prescriber’s Guide, 3rd edition, Cambridge University Press, New
York, 2009, pp 277–82
6. Stahl SM, Ziprasidone, in Stahl’s Essential Psychopharmacology
The Prescriber’s Guide, 3rd edition, Cambridge University Press,
New York, 2009, pp 589–94
7. Stahl SM, Aripiprazole, in Stahl’s Essential Psychopharmacology
The Prescriber’s Guide, 3rd edition, Cambridge University Press,
New York, 2009, pp 45–50
8. Schwartz TL and Stahl,SM, Ziprasidone in the treatment
of bipolar disorder, in Akiskal H and Tohen M, Bipolar
Psychopharmacotherapy: Caring for the Patient, 2nd edition, Wiley
Press
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