DOCX 9000. Professional Doctoral Capstone/Project

Attention Wizard_ Kim. 

    This is from my chair: GM, Patricia, Please see your document attached. You need to proof-read your work before you send it to me. I still see you talking about Job Satisfaction and Employee Performance. 

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    Remember you are studying Leadership Style and quality measures. Please review the examples below the form and also correct the remaining form in a fresh form below. Please correct and send back immediately. 

Dr. B.

See the attached,

PhDProspectus Form

Students | Complete your

doctoral prospectus

within this form. Write your responses in the white spaces using a scholarly tone and include in-text citations and APA reference entries, where appropriate. You can click on underlined terms and headings for descriptions, resource links, and examples located in the

Appendix

. For additional prospectus information and resources, refer to the

Doctoral Research Coach

. Complete the

Research Design Alignment Table

within this form using the information from earlier sections and self-assess your research design alignment. Submit this completed form into

MyDR

for formal evaluation and feedback when your committee chair indicates that you are ready to do so.

Student’s Name | Patricia Igboneje-Asor Student ID | AO1006588

Program and Specialization* |DHA Submission Date | 2/09/2021

*Remember that your study focus must be within the realm of your program and specialization area.

Evaluators Only | Complete this section and provide feedback on responses and rubric scores in the form where noted.

Second Committee Member Name: Dr. Bull Overall Assessment: Choose score.

PhD Program Director: Dr. Kourtney Nieve Overall Assessment: Choose score.

Title

In 12 words or less, what is the working title for this study? Include the topic, variables/concepts, and relationship between them, and the most critical keywords.

Investigate Tthe relationship between nurse manager leadership styles and their impact on patient care quality measuresof care depicted by the patient outcomes within Southeast US

Supporting Literature

The first step in developing your prospectus is to search the literature related to the general area you want to investigate (see the social problem below). In your review of the recent empirical literature, what keywords did you search, and in what databases?

The keywords and databases searched included Leadership styles, J ob Satisfaction, transformational leadership, Laissez-Faire leadership and quality of health care, training and development, communication. (More quality measure needed here)
The keywords were searched using Google Scholar and Walden Online Library Database to identify related studies published within the Walden University College of Health Sciences, European Scientific Journal, Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences, and Department of Nursing Administration, Faculty of Nursing, Cairo University, among other government sources so as to support the research findings of the study.

Provide at least 10 brief summaries of recent, scholarly (peer-reviewed) articles that support/justify a current and relevant problem in your discipline or professional field. Source(s) supporting your framework should be included. Include the complete APA reference entry, followed by (a) an in-text citation; (b) what was studied; (c) what was found, and (d) why this research is important in relation to your study. This evidence provides the justification for your research problem.

Hirtz, P. D., Murray, S. L., & Riordan, C. (2015). The Effects of Leadership on Quality. Engineering Management Journal, 19(1). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265487734_The_Effects_of_Leadership_on_Qu Comment by David Bull: All references should be formatted like this.
Hirtz, Murray, & Riordan research using the non-experimental correlation design on the effect of a leadership style of various nurse manager on the level of job satisfaction within organizations. The research conducted on professionals with more than one-year experience in the nursing practice indicated a positive relationship between transformational leadership and an increase in the level of satisfaction among the nurses. This research serves as an important platform for development of the research topic mainly because the research only used the analysis of only one type of leadership. Thus the study also provides an effective template that can be used in developing the research including the most effect method of analyzing the data which involves descriptive statistics followed by inferential statistics due to the clarity of the method and research findings in answering the question about the leadership styles applied by nursing leadership on the quality of healhcare.
Albagawi, B. (2019). Leadership styles of nurse managers and job satisfaction of staff nurses: Correlational design study. European Scientific Journal ESJ, 15(3). https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2019.v15n3p254.
The study by Albagawi (2019) aims at determining the link between leadership styles exhibited by nurse leaders and managers with the aspect of job satisfaction within Ha’il City, Saudi Arabia. Based on the correlation analysis as well as the analysis of the work quality index of employees surveyed, there was a positive relationship between transformational leadership style and job satisfaction whereby as compared to transactional, and laissez-faire leadership, the transformational leadership style had a more statistically significant relationship with job satisfaction. This notion is further supported by the high prevalence of nurses for leaders who exhibited transactional leadership styles. However, the impact of other leadership styles, which is not as clear from the research suggests more research so as to identify the impact of other types of leadership styles on the employee job satisfaction. This provision supports the need for more research to identify the correlation between the two variables.
Khairunnisa, P., & Nadjib, M. (2019). Effect of leadership style on service quality and job satisfaction among hospital nurses: A systematic review. Strengthening Hospital Competitiveness to Improve Patient Satisfaction and Better Health Outcomes.
https://doi.org/10.26911/the6thicph-fp.04.32

The research by Khairunnisa and Nadjib sought to effectively identify the most effective type of leadership among healthcare professionals critical in appraising the level of integration and care among healthcare nurses. The authors conducted a survey of related topics research articles whereby they included articles published within the last ten years to investigate the problem. The research findings indicated a huge influence of leadership style and strategy on increasing job satisfaction among nurses as well as improving the quality of service offered to those patients identified through their effect on the commitment and performance levels of individual employees. The research articles review dating back 10 years support the research topic by acting as a source of information in regards to the variance between related articles based on their findings in relation to the relationship between the two variables. However, the information provided only supports the analysis of only one type of leadership, transformational hence suggesting the heed for analysis of the effects of other types of leadership styles on job satisfaction.
Hussein, S., & Wahidi, I. (2018). Leadership and job satisfaction in the healthcare sector: An exploratory study in Lebanon. International Business Research, 11(7), 46-55. https://doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v11n7p46.
Hussein & Wahid (2018) conduct an Exploratory Study in Lebanon to identify the relationship between leadership and job satisfaction within the healthcare sector. Analysis of the factors that affect job satisfaction by the author from data collected by the responses reveal a close relationship between all the variables and the job satisfaction variable. The authors provide a model towards developing effective leadership styles by providing the most relevant characteristics desired in a leader. The research is significant in supporting the body of knowledge towards supporting the hypothesis whereby an improved relationship between leaders and the subordinates not only supports high job satisfaction, but also develops derives higher performance from the organization’s workforce.
Moura, A., Bernardes, A., Balsanelli, A. P., Zanetti, A. C., & Gabriel, C. S. (2017). Leadership and nursing work satisfaction: an integrative review. Acta Paulista de Enfermagem, 30(4). https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0194201700055
The article by Moura et al., (2017) investigates the relationship between leadership and nursing level of job satisfaction through an integrative review of various research articles related to the research topic ranging from periods between 2011 to 2016. The result findings indicated that there is high need for development of capacity among nursing professionals mainly because of the significance of nursing leadership on job satisfaction. The integrative review provides a simplified but thorough template for conducting the cumulative case study mainly because it adopts similar approaches in comparing the different research articles towards investigating the research topic.
Solomon, A. (2019). The Relationship of Nurse Manager’s Leadership Styles in Maintaining a Just Culture. Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies, Walden University, 1-180. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=9024&context=dissertations
In his article, Solomon introduces the aspect of a just culture in analyzing the effectiveness of a Nurse Manager’s Leadership Styles. The author mainly associates transformational and transactional leadership styles with efforts from leaders to constantly improve the workplace environment mainly because they are normally best positioned to influence a wide variety of nursing practice environmental aspects such as motivation by formulating effective compensation strategies among others to support this initiative. The findings were inconclusive although the study provided a better understanding of the relationship between unit-level just culture perceptions and other variables. This article complements other articles supporting the effectiveness of a manager’s leadership style on improving perceptions about the level of influence of a leader’s leadership style on the subordinate nurses. Subsequently, it also supports the need for more research in regards to the research topic.
Perez, J. W. (2014). Impact of Nurse Managers’ Leadership Styles on Staff Nurses’ Intent to Turnover. Nursing Theses and Capstone Projects, 1-39.
https://digitalcommons.gardner-webb.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1030&context=nursing_etd

There is a wide variety of indicators of job satisfaction one of them being the employee intent to turn over. Thus, Perez sought to establish the relationship between Nurse Managers leadership styles and the intent to turnover by employees. The results indicated a positive relationship between a professional’s intent to turnover among other indicators such as employee absence, which was identified as one of the factors that indicate low levels of job satisfaction. Gaining a broad spectrum on issues affecting job satisfaction helps develop an argument on the active role of nursing leaders in Herzberg’s two-factor theory. An example is whereby an environment which natures professional development is recognized as having higher perceptibility to retain employees more than organizations that don’t support such initiatives.
Bušatlić, S. B., & Mujabašić, A. (2018). Herzberg’s two-factor theory of job satisfaction comparative study between private and public high school teachers in Canton Sarajevo. International Journal of Business Management & Research, 8(6), 27-48. https://doi.org/10.24247/ijbmrdec20184
Research by Bušatlić, & Mujabašić a more generalized approach towards analyzing the relationship between job satisfaction and leadership style by analyzing the teacher’s environment. The research, which was restricted to the high schools in Canton Sarajevo supports the application of the Herzberg’s two factor theory in the research whereby the employee’s job satisfaction was affected by both the hygiene and the motivational factors such as interpersonal relationship with subordinates, salary, status, and workplace environmental conditions among others. The research article plays an important role in providing some of the most effective approaches towards improving the level of job satisfaction among employees that can be applied across other sectors. Subsequently, it highlighted the importance of recognition as a motivating intervention although it doesn’t have to be financially rewarding.
Hassard, J., Teoh, K., & Cox, T. (2018). Job satisfaction: Theories and definitions: OSHwiki. OSHWiki. Retrieved January 15, 2021, from https://oshwiki.eu/wiki/Job_satisfaction:_theories_and_definitions#:~:text=feel%20at%20work.-,Theories%20of%20job%20satisfaction
The article by Hassard et al., 2018 provides an in depth overview of the various job satisfaction theories applicable in explaining how it is related to the aspect of organizational environment including leadership. Some of the theories discussed under the article include Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs, Herzberg’s two factor model and the dispositional approach. This article is crucial in developing the theoretical framework of the study mainly because the theories provided correlate with improvement, or deterioration of job satisfaction. An example of such a theory is the Herzberg’s motivator-hygiene approach which establishes the conditions necessary for example a conducive work environment in facilitating employee motivation among employees through other motivators like recognition that cannot be effective without accomplishment of hygienic conditions.
Alloubani, A., Akhu-Zaheya, L., Abdelhafiz, I. M., & Almatari, M. (2019). Leadership styles’ influence on the quality of nursing care. International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJHCQA-06-2018-0

13

8
Alloubani et al., 2019 conducts an investigation into the leadership styles from registered nurses’ perspective and their effects on the quality of nursing offered within both public and private institutions. According to the author, transformational leadership style was identified as the most prevalent, and preferable leadership style within nursing healthcare settings based on the quality of healthcare attained from practicing healthcare under transformational leadership. This study is crucial in identifying one of the most prevalent measurements that can be applied in evaluating the impact of leadership styles on subordinates within healthcare settings. It is also worth noting that quality index serves as one of the most applied measurements of job satisfaction hence providing an overview of some of the measurement criteria to use in the research.

Rubric Standard | Justified >
Is evidence presented that this problem is significant to the discipline and/or professional field?

Problem

What was the

social problem

that prompted you to search the literature to find out more? Write in complete sentences using a scholarly tone.

The situation or issue that prompted me to search the literature is the poor patient quality measure/outcomes on nursing units in hospitals as a result of ineffective managerial leadership styles of nurses. Leadership style impacts nursing performance which translates to poor patient quality measures ….. to eliminate the disparities that exist in regards to the attributes of a manager on the quality and effectiveness of the management of a healthcare setting. The problem is mainly as a result of the wide disparity exhibited among contemporary healthcare societies.

Now that you have read and summarized some of the recent literature to understand your problem, and given what other researchers are exploring, what meaningful
gap
have you identified that your study will address? (What have others not yet explored about this problem that you will contribute with your study?)

Although researchers have investigated this issue, the topic has not been explored in this way: (There is littles or no information on nurse manager leadership styles in relation to ………….specially in hospitals within the southeastern region of the United States. Please look at example below the form and write this properly. This needs to be a line or two. Despite the availability of a variety of studies analyzing the differences between effectiveness of different types of leadership styles on job satisfaction, there is insufficient knowledge to support a generalized understanding of how different aspects of leadership styles applied in different healthcare settings to support improvement of the general level of satisfaction among healthcare workers. It is worth noting that healthcare settings adopt different leadership styles according to the prevailing situations as opposed to overreliance of transformational leadership as suggested by most research studies conducted. Additionally, the situational leadership style which is applied in temporary situations has not been addressed by most of the studies conducted hence providing an insight into huge gap into wholly understanding the effects of leadership styles on job satisfaction better outcome performances relative to hospitals with one or no accredited-designation status. This notion is supported by research findings that suggested further studies related to effectiveness of leadership styles within different healthcare settings (Moura et al., 2017). Comment by David Bull: Delete this

Based on all of the above information (social problem, literature review, gap), in one sentence, what is your
research problem

?

The specific research problem that will be addressed through this study is there is lack of information on how…………. to examine the relationship between nursing leadership style and the level of subordinate job satisfaction within healthcare settings and whether different types of leadership styles are applicable in different healthcare settings and how they impact job satisfaction levels. Comment by David Bull: Why are you talking about job satisfaction here?

Rubric Standard | Meaningful >
Has a meaningful problem and gap in the research literature been identified?

Rubric Standard | Original >
Does this project have potential to make an original contribution?

Purpose

To address your stated research problem, what is the purpose of your study? Will you describe, compare, explore, examine, etc.? Complete the purpose sentence below and be sure to clarify your variables/concepts of interest.

The purpose of this Qualitative study is to (See example below and write a sentence for me here) conduct quantitative and cumulative case study to establish the exact relationship between different nurse leadership styles on job satisfaction and employee performance levels of the nurses. Comment by David Bull: Choose one: Qualitatiev or quantitative. This statement here means you want to do a mixed methods study. Is that what yiou want to do?

Framework (Conceptual or Theoretical)

What theory(ies) and/or concept(s) support (frame) your study and who are the original authors? Provide an in-text citation with your response, and the complete APA reference entry with summary in the Background section.

The theories and/or concepts that ground this study include the theory of healthcare management which encompasses various virtues that affects the quality of healthcare outcomes. The concept of healthcare quality is a variable that is normally interrelated with several elements around the organization that is best described by theories of job satisfaction such as the Herzberg’s two factor theory which describes the fact that employee satisfaction often occurs within two dimensions including hygiene issues and motivation. This notion is interrelated to the healthcare management theories since it describes the necessary environmental conditions for optimal performance of employees. The theory emphasizes on the need for accomplishment of an effective hygienic environment that involves issues to do with salary, working conditions, interpersonal relationship and security before pursuing motivational elements including recognition, achievement, and advancement as a quality improvement intervention (Busatlic & Mujabasic, 2018 p.32). The various elements identified under the theory are interwoven with the characteristics associated with different leadership styles, for example, value for advancement by transformational leaders as opposed to transactional leaders and situational leaders who use other hygienic factors like salary as the quality of healthcare provided. Thus, the theoretical framework using the Herzberg’s two factor theory aims at establishing the link between the two variables, quality of healthcare and leadership style based on the various elements identified under the theory which are linked to the leadership characteristics to explain the impact of the hygiene in facilitating motivational factors within the various facilities analyzed by previous research. Subsequently, the Donabedian model will be used to complement the theoretical framework by providing an overview of some of the factors that affect the quality of healthcare including job satisfaction through the use of the structure, process and Outcome model. It is worth noting that leadership styles and quality of healthcare are both positively related to the quality of healthcare provided within hospitals, thus, indicated a high potential for a relationship between the two variables (Farman et al., 2017 p.518; Alloubani 2019 p.12). Only discuss the leadership theory and the Donabedian model and how they relate to your study Comment by David Bull: Please note you are not studying satisfaction.
I need two theories here; 1. Leadership theory
2. Patient outcomes or quality measures (the Donabedian model)
These will form your conceptual framework or theory guiding your study.
See example below the form

How do these theories and/or concepts relate to your research problem, purpose, and the nature of your study?

The logical connections between the framework presented and the nature of my study include analyzing whether there is a correlation between the characterizing factors of leadership styles on the levels of job satisfaction of nurses since leaders are responsible for providing an effective environment to trigger intrinsic motivation from the nurses thus leading to improved job satisfaction levels. This notion will be facilitated by applying the cumulative case study in the analysis. The Donabedian model will be used for this particular purpose by interlinking leadership styles to job satisfaction, which according to research is related to improved quality of health care. Comment by David Bull: Explain how the model and the leadership theory you select relate to your study. Again see example below

Rubric Standard | Grounded >
Is the problem framed to enable the researcher to either build upon or counter the previously published findings on the topic?

Research Question(s) and Hypotheses (if applicable)

List the question(s) that you plan to use to address the research problem. Your question(s) must align with your study purpose and include the variables and/or concepts and how they will be examined.

RQ1: Depending on the leadership style applied within the contemporary healthcare systems, what is the general quality of healthcare provided?
H0 – Transactional leadership styles don’t have statistically significant relationship with improved quality of healthcare. Comment by David Bull: Transactional leadership style must be discussed in the conceptual framework. Comment by David Bull: You have to identify specific quality outcomes as per model and then ask your research questions clearly.
H1 – Transactional leadership styles have statistically significant relationship with improved levels of quality of healthcare.
RQ2: What is the impact of leadership style on employee performance. Comment by David Bull: You are not studying employee performance. You are studying leadership style and patient (either emergency room, clinical, etc ) quality measures
H0 – There is a no correlation between quality of healthcare and employee performance.
H1 – There is a high correlation between quality of healthcare and employee performance.
RQ3: What is the impact of leadership style on quality of care indicated by employee performance.
H0 – There is a no correlation between leadership style and employee performance.
H1 – There is a high correlation between leadership style and employee performance
Please redo this research questions again specially addressing your research topic.

Nature of the Study

What systematic approach/method and research design do you plan to use to address your research question(s)?

To address the research questions in this Mixed Method study, the specific research design will include
Please see example here

QN Example

To address the research questions in this quantitative study, the specific research design will include a repeated-measure design (Frankfort-Nachmias & Nachmias, 2008) with objective ratings of student work products examined across time. This quantitative analysis should help pinpoint the amount of growth from the beginning to the end of the project.

Reference entry for the work on which this research design is based:

Frankfort-Nachmias, C., & Nachmias, D. (2008). Research methods in the social sciences cd-rom spss cd-rom vol 15. (7th ed.). Worth Pub.

QL Example

To address the research questions in this qualitative study, the specific research design will include a single descriptive case study (Yin, 2014) with interviews with students and faculty. This qualitative analysis using pattern matching and cross case analysis will improve the understanding of the process by which doctoral students in online programs arrive at a viable problem statement for their dissertations.

Reference entry for the work on which this research design is based:

Yin, R. K. (2014). Case study research: Design and methods (Fifth edition). SAGE.

· Mixed methods, primarily quantitative—for sequential, concurrent, or transformative studies, with the focus on quantitative methods

· Mixed methods, primarily qualitative—for sequential, concurrent, or transformative studies, with the focus on qualitative methods

a cumulative case study model whereby the research will use an aggregate of secondary data from past research data collected at different times for the purposes of having a deeper understanding of the relationship between leadership styles and job satisfaction among nurses (Hayes, Kyer & Weber,2015). Subsequently, quantitative analysis was conducted on numerical data collected from empirical studies from within a 10 years so as to identify any changes in the effects of the variable on job satisfaction through statistical significance analysis. The data will then be analyzed using the theoretical and conceptual frameworks for their relationship in supporting a generalized view of the research topic. Comment by David Bull: How are you specifically analyzing the data?? For quantitative – you use SPSS.
Reference entry for the work on which this research design is based:
Hayes, R., Kyer, B., & Weber, E. (2015). The Case Study Cookbook.
https://web.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-project/Available/E-project-121615-164731/unrestricted/USPTO_CookbookFinal

For your planned research design, what type of data will you need and what data collection tools and sources will provide it?

For my planned research design, I will need to historically collect data from 15 empirical research studies published between 2020 and 2010 in regards to the impact of leadership style on job satisfaction and impact of job satisfaction on employee performance. Some of the data sources to used include the Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection, European Scientific Journal, National Center for Biotechnology Information, Ethiopian Journal of Health Science, International Conferences, Digital Commons@Gardner-Webb University, Biomed Central, and research Gate Comment by David Bull: Write the date properly. You’re going backwards (210 – 2020).

What data points from these sources do you plan to use to answer your research question(s)?

Common data will be extracted from all of the research articles identified under the annotated bibliography for use in the research. Information to be extracted from all the research studies include Authors, country or year, leadership theoretical reference, data collection instruments, Job satisfaction significance levels and outcomes of the studies. It is worth noting that such information is crucial since this is an integrative research involving analysis of previous research studies.

What limitations, challenges, and/or barriers might you need to address while conducting this study (e.g., access to participants, access to data, requirements for storing data, separation of roles or other ethical considerations, instrumentation fees, etc.)?

Some of the limitations that need to be addressed during the research include access to information such as patient outcomes from individual sources such as hospitals. Thus, the research will avoid the use of a specific hospital as a point of reference and instead used generalized sources of information including the research articles.
Additionally, credibility of the information used in the study might be put into question mainly because of the fact that data was primarily outsourced from secondary sources hence providing the possibility for use of poor quality data.
Conflicting research results in regards to effectiveness of a leadership style on different healthcare situations. Since the research is integrative, the most apparent research findings will be used in analyzing the research topic.

Rubric Standard | Feasible >
Can a systematic method of inquiry be used to address the problem; and does the approach have the potential to address the problem while considering potential risks and burdens placed on research participants?

Significance

How will your study address the meaningful, discipline-specific issue that you identified and therefore contribute to your field, discipline, professional practice, etc. contributing to positive social change?

This study is significant in that It provides an accumulative result of the wide range of the research studies conducted in regard to the effects of the leadership styles on the level of job satisfaction exhibited by employees. It is worth noting that most studies have focused on the elements affecting job satisfaction including the environmental and motivational factors but there has been little research conducted to provide a generalized view of the effects of leadership styles on job satisfaction. Comment by David Bull: Please read over your work. You are not researching satisfaction. Read example below the form for correct format.

References
Albagawi, B. (2019). Leadership styles of nurse managers and job satisfaction of staff nurses: Correlational design study. European Scientific Journal ESJ, 15(3).
https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2019.v15n3p254

Alloubani, A., Akhu-Zaheya, L., Abdelhafiz, I. M., & Almatari, M. (2019). Leadership styles’ influence on the quality of nursing care. International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance.
https://doi.org/10.1108/IJHCQA-06-2018-0138

Bušatlić, S. B., & MUJABAŠIĆ, A. (2018). Herzbergs two-factor theory of job satisfaction comparative study between private and public high school teachers in Canton Sarajevo. International Journal of Business Management & Research, 8(6), 27-48.
https://doi.org/10.24247/ijbmrdec20184

Farman, A., Kousar, R., Hussain, M., Waqas, A., & Gillani, S. A. (2017). Impact of Job Satisfaction on Quality of Care Among Nurses on the Public Hospital of Lahore, Pakistan. DOI: 10.21276/sjmps
Hassard, J., Teoh, K., & Cox, T. (2018). Job satisfaction: Theories and definitions: OSHwiki. OSHWiki. Retrieved January 15, 2021, from
https://oshwiki.eu/wiki/Job_satisfaction:_theories_and_definitions#:~:text=feel%20at%20work.-,Theories%20of%20job%20satisfaction,Model%3B%20and%20the%20dispositional%20approach

Hayes, R., Kyer, B., & Weber, E. (2015). The Case Study Cookbook.
https://web.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-project/Available/E-project-121615-164731/unrestricted/USPTO_CookbookFinal

Hussein, S., & Wahidi, I. (2018). Leadership and job satisfaction in the healthcare sector: An exploratory study in Lebanon. International Business Research, 11(7), 46-55.
https://doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v11n7p46

Khairunnisa, P., & Nadjib, M. (2019). Effect of leadership style on service quality and job satisfaction among hospital nurses: A systematic review. Strengthening Hospital Competitiveness to Improve Patient Satisfaction and Better Health Outcomes.
https://doi.org/10.26911/the6thicph-fp.04.32

Moura, A., Bernardes, A., Balsanelli, A. P., Zanetti, A. C., & Gabriel, C. S. (2017). Leadership and nursing work satisfaction: an integrative review. Acta Paulista de Enfermagem, 30(4).
https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0194201700055

Negussie, N., & Demissie, A. (2013). Relationship Between Leadership Styles of Nurse Managers and Nurses’ Job Satisfaction in Jimma University Specialized Hospital. Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences, 23(1), 49–58.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3613815/

Perez, J. W. (2014). Impact of Nurse Managers’ Leadership Styles on Staff Nurses’ Intent to Turnover. Nursing Theses and Capstone Projects, 1-39.
https://digitalcommons.gardner-webb.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1030&context=nursing_etd

Solomon, A. (2019). The Relationship of Nurse Manager’s Leadership Styles in Maintaining a Just Culture. Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies, Walden University, 1-180.
https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=9024&context=dissertations

.

Rubric Standard | Impact >
Does this project have potential to affect positive social change?

Rubric Standard | Objective >
Is the topic approached in an objective manner?

Partner Site Masking Self-Check
Walden capstones typically mask the identity of the partner organization. The methodological and ethical reasons for this practice as well as criteria for exceptions are outlined
here
(link to posted guidance).

☒ Check here to confirm that you will mask the identity of the organization in the final capstone that you publish in ProQuest.
☐ If you perceive that your partner organization’s identity would be impossible to mask or if there is a strong rationale for naming the organization in your capstone, please check this box so that your Program Director can review your request for an exception. If granted, that exception must be confirmed by the IRB during the ethics review process. The IRB will also ensure that your consent form(s) and/or site agreement(s) permit naming the organization.

Research Design Alignment Table | Using an alignment table can assist with ensuring the alignment of your research design.

Research Design Alignment Table Video Tutorial (YouTube)
|
Doctoral Research Design Alignment Appointments or Office Hours

Note
. At the prospectus stage, not all items in the table below can be identified (e.g., data points, data analysis). Please complete the items that you have identified in this form. During proposal development, you will revisit this plan to adjust, as needed, and finalize your research design.

See above under data points.

Research Problem, Purpose, and Framework

Provide one sentence for each. These must align with all rows.

Research Question(s), Method, & Design

List one or more RQs, as needed; select method; identify design. Use a separate form for additional RQs.

Data Collection Tools & Data Sources

List the instrument(s) and people, artifacts, or records that will provide the data for each RQ.

Data Points

List the variables, specific interview questions, scales, etc. that will be used for each RQ.

Data Analysis

Briefly describe the statistical or qualitative analysis that will address each RQ.

Problem: Investigate relationship between leadership style and employee performance

Purpose: Determine relationship between leadership style and employee performance.

Framework: Herzberg’s two factor theory, Donabedian model Comment by David Bull: You are studying leadership style not motivation – Herzberg

RQ1: Examine effect of leadership style on job satisfaction

Method: Quantitative

Design: Cumulative case study.

Synthesis historical data from 15 empirical research studies conducted between period 2010-20 in regards to job satisfaction levels 2. Performance based on number employee performance success 3. Leadership attributes

– Employee performance

– Job satisfaction

Cumulative case study coupled with quantitative analysis whereby the articles research findings will be synthesized and analyzed using the theories of motivation and job satisfaction as well as statistical analysis.

Quantitative Data Analysis

RQ2: Examine effects of job satisfaction on employee performance

Method: Mixed Method

Design: Cumulative case study

and statistical regression.

Collect information from 15 publicly available, but peer reviewed empirical studies conducted within the last 10 years with the main data points revolving around quality of care and level of job satisfaction

See above under data points.

Cumulative case study coupled with quantitative analysis whereby the articles research findings will be synthesized and analyzed using the theories of motivation and job satisfaction as well as statistical analysis.
Quantitative Data Analysis

RQ3: Examine relationship between leadership style and employee performance.

Method: Quantitative
Design: Cumulative case study

Collect information from 15 publicly available, but peer reviewed empirical studies conducted within the last 10 years in regards to 1. Leadership style and 2. Employee performance

Cumulative case study coupled with quantitative analysis whereby the articles research findings will be synthesized and analyzed using the theories of motivation and job satisfaction as well as statistical analysis.
Quantitative Data Analysis

Note. The information in the first column must align with all rows, and each individual RQ row must show alignment across the columns for that row.

Once your Research Design Alignment Table is completed, reflect on your design alignment. Ask yourself:

1. Is there a logical progression from the research problem to the purpose of the study?

2. Does the identified framework ground the investigation into the stated problem?

3. Do the problem, purpose, and framework in the left-hand column align with the RQ(s) (all rows)?

4. Does each RQ address the problem and align with the purpose of the study?

5. Does the information across each individual row match/align with the RQ listed for that row?

· By row, will the variables listed address the RQ?

· By row, will the analysis address the RQ?

· By row, can the analysis be completed with the data points that will be collected?

Rubric Standard | Aligned >
Do the various aspects of the prospectus align overall?

Appendix

The Doctoral Prospectus

The
Doctoral Prospectus
is a brief document that provides preliminary information about your dissertation research and is used in two ways:

· It serves as the tentative
plan for developing the proposal
and is evaluated to ensure doctoral-level work (e.g., feasibility, alignment, etc.).

· It provides information used to assign the committee University Research Reviewer.

Prospectus milestone approval from the committee chair, second committee member, and a program-level designee is required for you to move forward and work on your proposal. The plan is subject to change, and parts of your research design may need to be adjusted after you complete your exhaustive review of the literature during proposal development.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

Title

Quantitative (QN) Example

Differences in the Quality of Problem Statements Written Throughout the Capstone

Qualitative (QL) Example

How Online Doctoral Students Develop a Dissertation Problem Statement

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

Background Literature

Probably the most important step in the research process is

searching recent, peer-reviewed literature

and reading articles related to the general area you want to investigate. The area is based on an identified
social problem
. As you read and learn, you will narrow your focus. This is how you will identify a discipline-specific research problem.

[Note:

Scholarly, empirical

articles and

how to find them

.]

First, you’ll need to determine your search terms or

keywords

and the

databases

you should search. As you conduct your search of the literature, stay organized by keeping a

search log

.

Thoreau

Search Log Example

Database

Search Terms

Results

Notes

Thoreau

online doctoral program completion; limited to peer reviewed, 2016-present

1175

Search too broad; Narrow by using multiple terms

online doctoral program completion AND ABD; limited to peer reviewed, 2016-present

13

Much better; Several relevant articles found

Education Source

Etc.

Example for this Form

The keywords and databases searched included
ABD
, online doctoral program completion, doctoral capstone completion, online research training, and online learning in the databases Education Source, ERIC, and SAGE Journals, as well as in a Thoreau multidata base search.

As you

read and evaluate literature

, you also need to organize your research. A

literature review matrix

is one way to help you visualize what has and hasn’t been done in your field. It will help you understand the scholarly works related to your area of interest. The importance of organizing and recording your review of literature cannot be overstated. You will refer to your notes as you write, so start on the right track from the beginning!

[Suggestion: If you keep your search log in an Excel workbook, use the second tab in the same workbook for your literature review matrix.]

For this form, include the complete, APA reference entry and (a) an in-text citation; (b) what they studied; (c) what they found; and (d) why this is important in relation to your study. This evidence provides the justification for your research problem. These sources provide
justification
that this problem is meaningful to the discipline or professional field. These references should ideally be from the past 5 years. Reference entries related to the framework should be included here, too. [Note: During proposal development, you will conduct an

exhaustive

review and

synthesize

your sources, rather than summarize.]

Example (for one article; at least 10 are required)

Ismail, H. M., Majid, F. A., & Ismail, I. S. (2013). “It’s complicated” relationship: Research students’ perspective on doctoral supervision. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 90, 165–170. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.07.078

(a) Ismail, Majid, and Ismail (2013); (b) focused on the student experience with supervision while learning to conduct research; (c) found three issues of lack of positive communication, lack of expertise, and power conflicts; and (d) this is important in relation to my study because it may help explain progress on the development of a problem statement in the capstone process.

Rubric Standard | Justified >
Is

evidence

presented that this problem is significant to the discipline and/or professional field?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

Problem

Social Problem

The situation or issue being experienced by a population or within your discipline that prompted you to search the literature to find out more is sometimes called a social problem. It is the issue that students see “on the ground” so to speak. The social problem is often what prompts students to think about a topic of interest. Usually such a topic is one that students identify with, sometimes having personally experienced some aspect of the problem as it exists in the world.

Example

The issue that prompted me to search the literature is the low completion rate of students in doctoral programs. It is common knowledge in the education discipline that only about half of the students who enter doctoral programs will complete, and the lack of progress is often due to the dissertation process. A search in The Chronicle of Higher Education will result in numerous articles about supporting doctoral students with their capstone research to improve the completion rates of doctoral programs.

Gap

The need to address an identified

gap in the research literature

must be clear and there must be current relevance to the discipline and area of practice. Keep in mind that a gap in the research is not, in and of itself, a reason to conduct research. The gap relates to the rubric standard: Meaningful.

Example

Although researchers have investigated this issue, there is very little or no literature on the development of problem statements by students in online doctoral programs.

Research Problem

A research problem is a focused topic of concern, a condition to be improved upon, or troubling question that is supported in scholarly literature or theory that you study to understand in more detail, and that can lead to recommendations for resolutions. It is the research problem that drives the rest of the dissertation: the purpose, the research questions, and the methodology.

QN Example

In one sentence, the specific research problem is
that it is not known whether the quality of problem statements written by online doctoral students varies over time in the program.

QL Example

In one sentence, the specific research problem is
that there is a lack of information on how online doctoral students go about developing their research problem statement for their dissertations.

Rubric Standard | Meaningful >
Has a meaningful problem and gap in the research literature been identified?

Rubric Standard | Original >
Does this project have potential to make an original contribution?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

Purpose

To address your stated research problem, what is the purpose of your study? Will you describe, compare, explore, examine, etc.? Be sure to clarify your variables/concepts of interest. For example:

· In quantitative studies, state what needs be studied by describing two or more factors (variables) and a conjectured relationship among them related to the identified gap or problem.

· In qualitative studies, describe the need for increased understanding about the issue to be studied, based on the identified gap or problem.

· In mixed-methods studies, with both quantitative and qualitative aspects, clarify how the two approaches will be used together to inform the study.

QN Example

The purpose of this quantitative study is to examine differences in the quality of problem statements written by doctoral students in online programs during the various stages of their doctoral studies.

QL Example

The purpose of this qualitative study is to improve the understanding of the process by which doctoral students in online programs arrive at a viable problem statement for their dissertations.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

Framework

The framework includes the

theories and/or concepts

relevant to your topic. Align the framework with the problem, purpose, research questions, and background of your study. This theoretical or conceptual framework is the basis for understanding, designing, and analyzing ways to investigate your research problem (data collection and analysis). Provide the original scholarly literature (citing original authors) on the theory and/or concepts, even if it is more than 5 years old. Please do not cite secondary sources.

Example Theoretical Framework

The theories and/or concepts that ground this study include Perry’s (1970) theory of epistemological development.

Example Conceptual Framework

The theories and/or concepts that ground this study include Perry’s (1970) theory of epistemological development, focusing specifically on the concepts of online learning and the pedagogical challenges associated with online learning and dissertation writing.

Next, explain how these theories and/or concepts relate to your research problem, purpose, and the nature of your study. Your topic/approach should align with the identified framework so that you will either build upon or counter the previously published findings on the topic.

Example Connection for the Theoretical Framework

The logical connections between the framework presented and my study approach include Perry’s theoretical work, which has been used extensively in all aspects of higher education, albeit more frequently with undergraduates than with doctoral students. The approach provides details on cognitive-structural changes that emerge as a result of development and learning.

Example Connection for the Conceptual Framework

The logical connections between the framework presented and my study approach include Perry’s theoretical work, which has been used extensively in all aspects of higher education, albeit more frequently with undergraduates than with doctoral students. Further, subsequent research and application of Perry’s theory offer guidance on ways to facilitate academic development, thus allowing for insight into the pedagogical challenge of the dissertation.

Rubric Standard | Grounded >
Is the problem framed to enable the researcher to either build upon or counter the previously published findings on the topic?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

Research Question(s) and Hypotheses (if applicable)

List the overarching

question and/or a series of related questions

that are informed by the study purpose, that will be used to address the research problem. A research question informs the research design by providing a foundation for:

· generation of null and alternative hypotheses in quantitative studies,

· questions necessary to build the design structure for qualitative studies, and

· a process by which different methods will work together in mixed-methods studies.

QN Example

RQ1: Based on objective ratings by doctoral faculty, what are the differences in the overall quality of problem statements as students’ progress through the doctoral study process?

H
01—Based on objective ratings by doctoral faculty, there are no statistically significant differences in the overall quality of problem statements as students’ progress through the doctoral study process.

H
1—Based on objective ratings by doctoral faculty, there are statistically significant differences in the overall quality of problem statements as students’ progress through the doctoral study process.

QL Example

For students with a high-quality problem statement at the dissertation stage, what themes emerge in their reports of the process that they used to develop it?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

Nature of the Study

Explain the systematic approach/method and research design you plan to use to address your research question(s). Examples of study design are as follows:

·

Quantitative—for experimental, quasiexperimental, or nonexperimental designs; treatment-control; repeated measures; causal-comparative; single-subject; predictive studies; or other quantitative approaches

· Qualitative—for basic/generic qualitative design, ethnography, case study, grounded theory, narrative inquiry, phenomenological research, policy analysis, or other qualitative traditions

· Mixed methods, primarily quantitative—for sequential, concurrent, or transformative studies, with the focus on quantitative methods
· Mixed methods, primarily qualitative—for sequential, concurrent, or transformative studies, with the focus on qualitative methods

· Other—for another design, to be specified with a justification provided for its use

QN Example
To address the research questions in this quantitative study, the specific research design will include a repeated-measure design (Frankfort-Nachmias & Nachmias, 2008) with objective ratings of student work products examined across time. This quantitative analysis should help pinpoint the amount of growth from the beginning to the end of the project.

Reference entry for the work on which this research design is based:
Frankfort-Nachmias, C., & Nachmias, D. (2008). Research methods in the social sciences cd-rom spss cd-rom vol 15. (7th ed.). Worth Pub.

QL Example
To address the research questions in this qualitative study, the specific research design will include a single descriptive case study (Yin, 2014) with interviews with students and faculty. This qualitative analysis using pattern matching and cross case analysis will improve the understanding of the process by which doctoral students in online programs arrive at a viable problem statement for their dissertations.

Reference entry for the work on which this research design is based:
Yin, R. K. (2014). Case study research: Design and methods (Fifth edition). SAGE.

Then, for your planned research design, present the type of data you will need, and a list of possible data collection tools and sources that could be used to address the proposed research question(s), such as test scores from college students, employee surveys, observations of a phenomenon, interviews with practitioners, historical documents from state records, de-identified medical records, or information from a federal database. At this point, you should have an idea of the type of data needed to address your research question(s). Explain whether you will be collecting primary data (collected by the you, the researcher) or accessing secondary data (preexisting or public data collected by others). If you are collecting data, you should present the tentative plan for instrument(s) and potential participants. If using secondary data, identify the data source, how the data will be accessed. Possible

secondary data sources

, by program, are available on the Center for Research Quality website. [Note. This is your tentative plan, so keep in mind that things might need to be modified during the proposal stage—particularly after you have completed your exhaustive review of the literature.]

QN Example

For my planned research design, I will need to request access to preexisting/secondary data from the W University’s online doctoral program related to problem statement development of at least 300 students.

QL Example

For my planned research design, I will need to recruit both student and faculty participants for individual interviews. Interview protocols will be developed to address the problem and purpose of the study.

Next, provide the data points from these sources you plan to use to answer your research question(s). Data points are the specific variables or type of information that you will use in your analysis. For example, they may include items on a survey or types of interview questions (not the actual survey or interview questions). If using secondary data, you must ensure the data include the variables or data points that you need to address your research question.

QN Example

The program collects and rates doctoral problem statements written at four key points in a doctoral student’s career: the premise, the prospectus, the proposal, and the doctoral study writing stage. The data will be deidentified and contain the scores by stage of program for 300 online doctoral students. Other data may be collected from surveys of instructors.

QL Example

The data will include responses to the faculty and student interview questions regarding how online doctoral students go about developing their research problem statement for their dissertations.

Finally, provide information on limitations, challenges, and/or barriers that may need to be addressed when conducting this study. These may include access to participants, access to data, separation of roles (researcher versus employee), instrumentation fees, etc. If you are thinking about collecting data on a sensitive topic or from a vulnerable population, an early consultation with the Institutional Review Board (IRB; IRB@waldenu.edu) during your prospectus process is recommended to gain ethics guidance that you can incorporate into your subsequent proposal drafts and research planning. [Note. Find more information on research ethics and potential “red flag” issues on the

IRB Guides and FAQs

.]

QN Example

A potential barrier when using secondary data is that data access will probably include a partner-site agreement and potentially an external research ethics review (IRB), which may take some additional time. A possible barrier for collecting survey data is difficulty in recruitment of participants. I will attend IRB Office Hours to ask questions about these issues.

QL Example

A potential barrier when collecting primary data include partner site agreement and possible difficulty recruiting participants for interviews. Ensuring clear separation of my role at the institution from my role as researcher may also be a challenge.

Rubric Standard | Feasible >
Can a systematic method of inquiry be used to address the problem; and does the approach have the potential to address the problem while considering potential risks and burdens placed on research participants?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

Significance

Here you explain how your study addresses the meaningful, discipline-specific issue that you identified and will therefore contribute to your field, discipline, professional practice, etc. contributing to positive social change. Detail how your findings might support professional practice or allow practical application (answer the So what? question).

Example

This study is significant in that it will fill a gap in understanding by focusing specifically on development of problem statements by students in online doctoral programs. The results of this study should aid doctoral committees and academic programs in helping students to succeed in their final projects, thus supporting eventual degree attainment. Education has long been a force for social change by addressing inequities in society. Because a broad range of students attends online institutions, supporting their successful attainment of a terminal degree allows for increased diversity among individuals in key academic and scholarly leadership positions.

Rubric Standard | Impact >
Does this project have potential to affect positive social change?

Rubric Standard | Objective >
Is the topic approached in an objective manner?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

My Doctoral Research (MyDR)

If you have not done so already, you should familiarize yourself with the

My
DR

system. The MyDR system was designed to assist you and your committee in navigating your doctoral research journey, from the very beginning through the final approval. The various landing pages in MyDR will track your progress and will serve as a central location for resources to support that progress. There is a process flow tool in which you exchange and store faculty evaluations of and feedback on your work as you progress along that journey.

You will be entered into the MyDR system when both your committee chair and second member nominees are approved by the academic program. At that point, you will be able to access MyDR from the homepage of your dissertation completion course in Blackboard. The first document that you will submit for approval in MyDR will be your prospectus.

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