Respond to 2 different students with one or more of the following by 11:59 p.m., Saturday,:

1. A link that brings in new information or helps the student you’re responding to
2. A substantial question (not, “what do you think?”)
3. A  politely worded critique that shows either a flaw in your classmate’s logic, misunderstanding of the data, or a failure to fully answer the questions
4. A politely worded reply to any of the above. 

Nitra’s WORK

Article 1: Thompson, A. E., & Voyer, D. (2014). Sex differences in the ability to recognise non-verbal displays of emotion: A meta-analysis. Cognition & Emotion, 28(7), 1164–1195. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2013.875889 (Links to an external site.)

Article 2: Rosip, J. C., & Hall, J. A. (2004). Knowledge of Nonverbal Cues, Gender, and Nonverbal Decoding Accuracy. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 28(4), 267–286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-004-4159-6 (Links to an external site.)

3. Topic

As stated in Thompson and Voyer’s study, “The present meta-analysis sought to answer two specific questions. First, are there significant sex differences in emotion recognition for the overall sample of studies? Second, what variables moderate them?” (2004, p.1173). Rosip and Hall explores the underlying mechanisms that affect nonverbal decoding. To test this, four methods were used to test participants’ knowledge of nonverbal cues utilizing the Test of Nonverbal Cue Knowledge (TONCK).

5. Sampling method and procedure

In order to conduct their analysis, Thompson and Voyer (2014) conducted a database search of studies published in English up to 31 December 2012 and included including the terms emotion recognition, affect recognition, nonverbal sensitivity and interpersonal sensitivity. Results were then further limited to works cited by authors Hall and McClure, who conducted meta-analyses regarding sex differences in emotion recognition. The population consisted of the 9,311 articles found in the original search for emotion recognition, affect recognition, nonverbal sensitivity and interpersonal sensitivity. Then, using purposive sampling, they whittled down the population to a sample by applying different filters to find studies that fit specific characteristics (Neuman, 2017). Participants for Rosip and Hall’s study (2004) were students from Northeastern University fulfilling an introductory psychology requirement. Due to the qualitative nature of this study, getting a representative sample of the population was not as important as gathering information to increase knowledge about the subject (Neuman, 2017). Random sampling was used to create the tests used in study methods 1 – 4. The initial population included findings from nonverbal communication textbooks, monographs, and edited volumes. The sampling frame was formulated with a table of random numbers used to determine the page numbers of findings that would be included in the study (Rosip & Hall, 20014).

6. Made you think…

Both articles further support that women are more accurate at interpreting nonverbal cues. One of the key ideas behind my topic is whether the sex of the sender and receiver of nonverbal cues affects the accuracy of interpretation. In Thompson and Voyer’s study, sex of the actor was taken into consideration as a moderator when reviewing overall results of nonverbal decoding. Sex of actors was divided into three categories: male, female and not reported. Due to the majority of samples falling in the not reported category, the data was skewed and requires further research to formulate a conclusion. This made me realize that the sex of the actor and the interpreter must be intentionally and I need a good sample size to conduct my research.

Debra’s Work

. Citation: Article 1- Priyadharshini Krishnaswamy, & Shoba Nair. (2016). Effect of Music Therapy on Pain and Anxiety Levels of Cancer Patients: A pilot study. Indian Journal of Palliative Care, (3), 307. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1075.185042
Citation: Article 2- Archie, P., Bruera, E., & Cohen, L. (2013). Music-based Interventions in Palliative Cancer Care: A Review of Quantitative Studies and Neuro-biological Literature. Supportive Care in Cancer, (9), 2609. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-013-1841-4

2. Book Citation: Neuman, W.L. (2017). Understanding Research. Boston, MA; Pearson/Allyn and Bacon

3. Topic 1:
In article one that was selected for this assignment was titled “Effect of Music Therapy on Pain and Anxiety Levels of Cancer Patients: A Pilot Study. So this was a pilot study meaning that this was an experiment and project. This was first done to see the adverse outcomes, the possible cost, and even the duration of the experiment. It was done also to see if it could be improved in any way before the actual research studies. It was a quantitative research and was done on a relevant population. In describing the methods of what type of sampling was done I would say that it was a quantitative study, and comparative study. The description of the procedure was as follows: study was done on fourteen cancer patients admitted for pain relief under the Department of Pain and Palliative Medicine, of a tertiary care hospital, having moderate to severe pain (numerical pain rating scale [NRS] – of 4 to 10). Priyadharshini Krishnaswamy, & Shoba Nair. (2016).
In this study the method of convenience sampling was used. Meaning that the patients used were those close at hand and either those that were easy to access at the time of the study. It can also be called opportunity sampling because they fit the description of those needed to be tested with the music therapy to alleviate pain and anxiety management.
The test group patients were subjected to music therapy for 20 min while the control group patients were kept occupied by talking to them for 20 min. The NRS scale was used to assess the pre- and post-interventional pain scores and the Hamilton anxiety rating scale was used to assess the pre- and post-interventional anxiety scores in the two groups. ). Priyadharshini Krishnaswamy, & Shoba Nair. (2016).

Topic 2:
In article 2 that was selected was titled “Music-based Interventions in Palliative Cancer Care: a Review of Quantitative Studies and Neurological Literature”. This was not a pilot study but a research that was clearly done for results on palliative cancer care. This study was directly related because it also dealt with palliative cancer care for patients that was involved in needing a non-pharmacological method for pain and anxiety. The difference with this study is that it focused more on the literature pertaining to the studies that were pertaining to music –based intervention. As with the first discussion the articles also dealt with the research literature that was selected for the study. This was because out of the studies that were completed the few out of all was needed to make a complete study. As with the other studies that were completed prior to this assignment all came to the same conclusion.
Available evidence suggests that music-based interventions may have a positive impact on pain, anxiety, mood disturbance, and quality of life in cancer patients. Advances in neurology may provide insight into the potential mechanisms by which music impacts these outcomes. Archie, P., Bruera, E., & Cohen, L. (2013). The descriptive methods for this study was mostly randomized controlled.
4. Sampling procedure method:

Convenience- In the first article journals the information that was provided allowed me to discover the term of the different types of sampling. I was struggling with the idea of trying to figure out how the subjects were selected. But now I realize that as long as the subjects are experiencing the same symptoms and the subjects also have cancer and are looking for and willing to be subjected to the treatments that this is an easier way to conduct the study and not have to wait from responses in different places. This was the definition of convenience sampling. Some may say that this is a cheap way of sampling methods but I don’t see it that way. It’s fast and it is acceptable I believe that for cancer patients since the intervention is applied for a short period of time that the results can be very helpful. It’s great for pilot studies and other studies that need quick results. I was able to see that they could use the subjects that are near and open to the intervention being applied. This was also a great help in knowing that if you start with a pilot study it gives you an idea of if there is going to be a big cost or if there is going to be road blocks that will affect your study. It can give you a small preliminary study to help you know the feasibility and some of the adverse events that you might encounter. This is very important in research and can save you a lot of time on the importance of your study.
Randomized Controlled-In the second article study with the articles that were selected and then a few days of the actual treatment procedure for the patients that were selected. The main point was the review of the quantitative literature. This study used the articles from 1970 to 2012. Some people do not realize that well-designed, carefully executed random sample yields results that are equally, or even more accurate, than attempting to reach everyone else in population. (Neuman, W.L. p71. 2017).
Examples like the census is a good example of what is used when speaking of randomized sampling. It can be very detailed and give excellent results in literature studies. I chose this study also because the results were very specific in knowing that with the pain from having cancer and the anxiety level that it causes when receiving the diagnosis can interfere with life in general including just enjoying to live and even in a person’s sleep pattern. These are important to monitor to keep a patient in otherwise good health in other areas of their life.
5. Sampling procedure
First article- I would say the first article used a comparative study but most medical studies also use a stratified or simple random sample because they want to make sure that they ensure reliability. Simple random sampling also include that sometimes to say that the study needs more than one study would not be out of line. The stratified sampling is also a short cut method that makes it easier to draw a true random sample.
Second articles-Five simple randomized controlled trials (RCTs) (total N=391) were analyzed in a 2011 Cochrane Review [13]. Prerecorded music was provided perioperatively for 15 out of 30 breast cancer patients undergoing mastectomy [14], during bone marrow biopsy for 29 out of 59 hematologic malignancy patients [15], as a single 30-min session in 62 out of 126 adult patients with various malignancies [16], during lumbar puncture in 20 out of 40 pediatric leukemia patients [17], and as a single session with guided imagery in 65 out of 136 adult patients with various malignancies [18]. Archie, P., Bruera, E., & Cohen, L. (2013).

6. Made you think…
These articles help me apply and develop my understanding of my research because it gave me a broader view of not only how many articles were used but also they were detailed with their individual methods of how the study was conducted. All the articles had conclusion that were alike and if there were differences it was stated in the research. It also assisted me in getting to know what type of procedures were used, what type of sampling were used. My research view has broadened because I feel as though I could come up with different questions. Most of all my second article included a portion on quality of life. That’s important to a patient that is going through cancer treatments and want to live their best with less pain as possible.

References:

Priyadharshini Krishnaswamy, & Shoba Nair. (2016). Effect of music therapy on pain and anxiety levels of cancer patients: A pilot study. Indian Journal of Palliative Care, (3), 307. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1075.185042

Neuman, W. L. (2017). Understanding research. Boston, MA: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon